हिंदी भाषा का विकास
hiandi bharatiy ganaraj ki rajakiy aur madhy bharatiy- ary bhasha hai. san 2001 ki janaganana ke anusar, lagabhag 25.79 karo d bharatiy hiandi ka upayog matribhasha ke roop mean karate haian, jabaki lagabhag 42.20 karo d log isaki 50 se adhik boliyoan mean se ek istemal karate haian. sanh 1998 ke poorv, matribhashiyoan ki sankhya ki drishti se vishv mean sarvadhik boli jane vali bhashaoan ke jo aank de milate the, unamean hindi ko tisara sthan diya jata tha.
vargikaran
- hiandi vishv ki lagabhag 3,000 bhashaoan mean se ek hai.
- akriti ya roop ke adhar par hiandi viyogatmak ya vishlisht bhasha hai.
- bhasha–parivar ke adhar par hiandi bharopiy parivar ki bhasha hai.
- bharat mean 4 bhasha–parivar— bharopiy, dravi d, astrik v chini–tibbati milate haian. bharat mean bolane valoan ke pratishat ke adhar par bharopiy parivar sabase b da bhasha parivar hai.
- hiandi bharopiy/ bharat yooropiy ke bharatiy– eerani shakha ke bharatiy ary (Indo–Aryan) upashakha se vikasit ek bhasha hai.
- bharatiy aryabhasha ko tin kaloan mean vibhakt kiya jata hai.
bhasha-parivar | bharat mean bolane valoan ka % |
---|---|
bharopiy | 73% |
dravi d | 25% |
astrik | 1.3% |
chini–tibbati | 0.7% |
nam | prayog kal | udaharan |
---|---|---|
1.prachin bharatiy aryabhasha | 1500 ee. poo.– 500 ee. poo. | vaidik sanskrit v laukik sanskrit |
2.madhyakalin bharatiy aryabhasha | 500 ee. poo.– 1000 ee. | pali, prakrit, apabhransh |
3.adhunik bharatiy aryabhasha | 1000 ee.– ab tak | hindi aur hinditar bhashaean – baangla, u diya, marathi, siandhi, asamiya, gujarati, panjabi adi. |
nam | prayog kal | any nam |
---|---|---|
vaidik sanskrit | 1500 ee. poo.– 1000 ee. poo. | chhandash (yask, panini) |
laukik sanskrit | 1000 ee. poo.- 500 ee. poo. | sanskrit bhasha (panini) |
nam | prayog kal | vishesh tippani |
---|---|---|
pratham prakrit kal– pali | 500 ee. poo.– 1 ee. | bharat ki pratham desh bhasha, bhagavan buddh ke sare upadesh pali mean hi haian. |
dvitiy prakrit kal– prakrit | 1 ee.– 500 ee. | bhagavan mahavir ke sare upadesh prakrit mean hi haian. |
tritiy prakrit kal– apabhransh avahatt | 500 ee.– 1000 ee.
900 ee. – 1100 ee. |
sankramanakalin/sankrantikalin bhasha |
nam | prayog kal |
---|---|
prachin hindi | 1100 ee. – 1400 ee. |
madhyakalin hindi | 1400 ee. - 1850 ee. |
adhunik hindi | 1850 ee. – ab tak |
hiandi ki adi janani sanskrit hai. sanskrit pali, prakrit bhasha se hoti huee apabhransh tak pahuanchati hai. phir apabhransh, avahatt se gujarati huee prachin/prarambhik hiandi ka roop leti hai. vishuddhatah, hiandi bhasha ke itihas ka arambh apabhransh se mana jata hai.
- hiandi ka vikas kram- sanskrit→ pali→ prakrit→ apabhransh→ avahatt→ prachin / prarambhik hiandi
apabhransh
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
apabhransh bhasha ka vikas 500 ee. se lekar 1000 ee. ke madhy hua aur isamean sahity ka arambh 8vian sadi ee. (svayanbhoo kavi) se hua, jo 13vian sadi tak jari raha. apabhransh (ap+bhransh+ghanh) shabd ka yoan to shabdik arth hai 'patan', kintu apabhransh sahity se abhisht hai— prakrit bhasha se vikasit bhasha vishesh ka sahity.
- pramukh rachanakar-
svayanbhoo— apabhransh ka valmiki ('pum chariu' arthath ram kavy), dhanapal ('bhavissayat kaha'–apabhransh ka pahala prabandh kavy), pushpadant ('mahapuran', 'jasahar chariu'), sarahapa, kanhapa adi siddhoan ki rachanaean ('chariya pad', 'dohakoshi') adi.
avahatt
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
avahatt 'apabhransht' shabd ka vikrit roop hai. ise 'apabhransh ka apabhransh' ya 'paravarti apabhransh' kah sakate haian. avahatt apabhransh aur adhunik bharatiy aryabhashaoan ke bich ki sankramanakalin/sankraantikalin bhasha hai. isaka kalakhand 900 ee. se 1100 ee. tak nirdharit kiya jata hai. vaise sahity mean isaka prayog 14vian sadi tak hota raha hai. abdur rahaman, damodar pandit, jyotirishvar thakur, vidyapati adi rachanakaroan ne apani bhasha ko 'avahatt' ya 'avahatth' kaha hai. vidyapati prakrit ki tulana mean apani bhasha ko madhuratar batate haian. desh ki bhasha sab logoan ke lie mithi hai. ise avahattha kaha jata hai.[1]
- pramukh rachanakar-
addahaman/abdur rahaman ('sanneh rasay'/'sandesh rasak'), damodar pandit ('ukti–vyakti–prakaran'), jyotirishvar thakur ('varn ratnakar'), vidyapati ('kirtilata') adi.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ 'desil bayana sab jan mittha/te taisan jampano avahattha'
bahari k diyaan
- bharopiy parivar ki bharatiy bhashaean
- hindi bhasha ke sambandh mean kuchh vichar
- hindi bhasha-kshetr evan hindi ke kshetragat roop
- hindi-urdoo ka advait
- hindi ki antararashtriy bhoomika
sanbandhit lekh