हिन्दी की अखिल भारतीयता का इतिहास -प्रो. दिनेश्वर प्रसाद
| chitr:Icon-edit.gif | yah lekh svatantr lekhan shreni ka lekh hai. is lekh mean prayukt samagri, jaise ki tathy, aank de, vichar, chitr adi ka, sanpoorn uttaradayitv is lekh ke lekhak/lekhakoan ka hai bharatakosh ka nahian. |
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- lekhak- pro. dineshvar prasad
yadyapi hindi shabd ka prayog hariyana lekar bihar tak prachalit baangaru, kauravi, brajabhasha, kannauji , rajasthani, avadhi, bhojapuri, maithili adi kee bhashaoan ke lie yia jata hai, kiantu vartaman shatabdi mean vyavahar ki drishti se isaka arth kh di boli ho gaya hai. hindi ke roop mean yahi kh di boli bharatiy sanvidhan dvara svikrit sanpark bhasha hai tatha hindi bhashi rajyoan mean rajabhasha. bhaugolik drishti se vichar karane par yah dilli, hariyana tatha uttar pradesh ke muradabad, bijanaur, merath adi tho de se ziloan tak simit bhasha hai, jo shatabdiyoan tak brajabhasha aur avadhi kul tulana mean upekshitapray rahi hai aur aitihasik karanoan ke phalasvaroop bharatavyapi ho gee hai. aitihasik karanoan ke prasad se hi yah n keval adhunik yug mean bharat se bahar ke kee deshoan mean phail gee he, varanh sudoor atit se hi aantarrashtriy yatra karati rahi hai. prachin kal mean is kshetr se samay samay par pashchim ki or janasamudayoan ka avrajan hua hai, jinake do sabase b de sakshy aj bhi maujood hai. ve haiah yoorop ke romani ya jipsi tatha soviyat sangh ke ianki ya industani, jo tajikastan aur ujabekistan ke simavarti kshetr mean nivas karate haian. jipsi ya romani bhasha ke adhyayan se yah sanket milata hai ki ise bolane vale sumuday sanbhavatah hariyana se ge hogean. pichhali shatabdi mean sar laॅres grum ne apane ‘jipsi phokatels’ (1899 ee.) namak granth ki bhoomika mean is bhasha ke jo namoone die haian, ve aj ki kh di boli ke bahut hi samip haiah jaise ‘ja dik’, ‘kon chhal vel vudar’ (jao, dekho to, kaun l daka udhar hai) aur ‘ja dekh kon chhal aya dvar ko’ (jao dekho, kaun l daka daravaze par aya hai.) unhoanne yah sanbhavana vyakt ki hai ki jipsi-bhashi eesavi sanh ki dasavi sadi se bahut pahale bharat se bahar ge hogean. ianki ya industani namak bhasha ki khoj daॅ. bholanath tivari ne ki hai. vah ise ‘tajujbeki’ kahate haian. ‘tajujbeki’ (1970 ee.) mean unhone yah spasht kiya hai ki yah bhasha jisamean ek, do, tin (tin), mean, (maian), ham, tum o, (vah) jaise shabdoan ka prayog hota hai tatha jisaki vyakaranik sanrachana kh di boli ke bahut samip hai, moolatah hindi hai. is prakar yah kaha ja sakata hai ki yadi avrajanoan ke karan hindi adhunik yug mean deshaantaravyapi huee, to aj se bahut pahale bhi inhi karanoan se isaka aantarrashtriy prasar hua hai.
isake bharatavyapi prasar ka itihas kam rochak nahian hai. yadyapi prayah sabhi bhasha vaijnanikoan ne kh di boli ka sanbandh shauraseni apabhransh se mana hai, kiantu ‘hindishabdanushasan’ (1958 ee.) mean kisharidas vajapeyi ne is vichar paranpara ka sapraman khandan kiya hai. unhoanne apekshit sakshy prastut kar yah batalaya haiki prachin kuru janapad ki is bhasha ki poorvavarti apabhransh arthath doosari prakrit ke udaharan prapt nahian haiah ‘prakrit ka roop prapt nahian hota, to isaka arth yah nahian ki usaka astitv nahian hoga. jaise aj bhi bahut si bhashaoan mean sahity rachana nahian hoti, vaise pahale bhi bahut si prakrit apabhransh bhashaoan mean sahity nahian likha gaya. kuru janavad ki prakrit aisi hi thi. bajapeyi ji is prakrit ya apabhransh ko ‘kauravi’ kahate haian. nishchay hi prachin kauravi se vikasit adhunik bharatiy kauravi ya kh di boli dasavi shatabdi se pahale ki hai. yah bat bhi dhyan dene yogy hai ki p dos ki brajabhasha aur rajasthani ke bad hi isamean sahity lekhan praranbh hua aur vah bhi us samay, jab dilli mean muslim samrajy ki sthapana huee. isake aranbhik sahityik namoone ya to musalaman kaviyoan aur lekhakoan ki rachanaoan mean milate haian ya desh ke vibhinn bhagoan ke sadhuu sannyasiyoan dvara rachit vaniyoan mean. pauranik matavalanbi bhakt kaviyoan ne sahityik abhivyakti ke madhyam ke roop mean ise mahatv nahian diya. isake karanoan ki pariksha ke lie hamean us dharmik paridrishy par vichar karana hoga, jisaka nirman puranoan par adharit sagun bhakti dvara hua tha. chaibis avataroan mean kramashah das avataroan ko adhik mahatv mila, jisaka ek udaharan kshemedrakrit dashavatar charit hai. kiantu in das avataroan mean bhi ram aur krishna adhik mahatv prapt karate ge aur aantatah samast uttar bharat ki daivat bhavana inhi mean kedribhoot ho gee. hindi bhashi kshetr mean ram ka avalanban lene vale kavy ki rachana mukhyatah avadhi mean huee aur krishna se sabadhit kavy mukhyatah brajabhasha mean likha gaya. avadh ke sath ram aur braj ke sath krishna ke sanbandh ke karan hi kramashah avadhi aur braj ke sath krishna ke sanbandh ke karan hi kramashah avadhi aur brajabhasha ko itana mahatv mila, yadyapi avadh ke soophi kaviyoan ne bhi avadhi ka prayog kiya. apane vishisht dharmik asangoan ke karan hi hindi pradesh mean ye bhashaean itani mahatvapoorn ho gee ki inake samane is kshetr ki any bhashaean upekshitapray rahi. kh di boli aisi hi upekshit pray bhasha thi, jisake vyavahar ka koee auchity ya prarakata tatkalin pauranik matavalanbi hindi kaviyoan ke lie nahian thi.
kiantu jis samay uttar bharat mean vibhinn bhakti sanpradayoan ka pravesh hua tha, usase poorv hi dilli mean muslim samrajy ki sthapana ho chuki thi. is samrajy ki sthapana ke samay dilli mean jo musalaman akar bas ge, unamean sabase b di sankhya avibhajit panjab ke nav muslimoan ki thi, jinaki boli ka rajadhani aur usake as pas ke kshetroan par prabhav p dana svabhavik tha. rajadhani aur usake asapas ki janabhasha mean parichay dilli ke svadeshi aur videshi muslim prashasakoan aur sainikoan ke lien keval svabhavik tha, varanh avashyak bhi. sthaniy striyoan se vivah tatha prashasanik avashyakataoan ke karan sthaniy bhasha se parichay ki vivashata in do batoan ke prabhav svaroop do tin pidhiyoan mean hi dilli ke shasakoan ke ghar ki boli kh di boli ho gee aur shasak jati ke sahityakaroan ne pharasi ke atirikt kh di boli mean bhi kavy rachana ki. ashchary nahian, yadi amir khusaro (1255-1324) ne hindavi (hindi) ko apani matribhasha kaha aur isamean n keval kavita ki, varanh isake madhury aur ganbhirata par garv bhi prakat kiya. amir khusaroan dvara prayukt hone ke bad kh di boli mukhyatah musalaman kaviyoan aur lekhakoan dvara hi sahityik abhivyakti ke lie prayukt hoti rahi.
kh di boli ke bharatavyapi prachar mean dilli ke muslim samrajy ki rajadhani hone ki bhoomika bahut mahatvapoorn rahi hai, kyoanki bharat mean muslim ke vistar ke sath isaka bhi prasar hua hai. khilaji vansh ke rajatv kal mean uttar bharat ke bangal tak ka kshetr is samrajy ka aang ban gaya aur uttar bharatiy nagaroan aur kasboan, sainik chhavaniyoan or chhote-b de prashasan keandroan ki, sanpark bhasha kh di boli ho gee. in keandroan mean dilli aur usake asapas ke kh di boli bhashi muslim aur hindoo rajakarmachari, sainik aur vyapari bas ge. unake avagaman ka kram kee shatabdiyoan tak chalata raha. isase uttar bharatiy nagaroan aur kasboan ki shisht sanpark bhasha ke roop mean hindi ki j de majaboot hoti chali gee.
muslim samrajy ke dakshin bharat mean vistar ke sath hindi ka prasar aandhr, karnatak adi pradeshoan mean bhi hua. alauddin ne 1296 ee. mean dakshin bharat ke devagiri par akraman kiya. bad ke akramanoan dvara usake rajatv kal mean vidhyaparvat kshetr se lekar dakshin ke samudr tat ki bhoomi dilli samrajy ke adhin ho gee. muhammad tugalak ke samay dakshin ka adhikaansh bhag is samrajy ke adhin ho gaya, jise usane paanch bhagoan mean vibhajit kiya. usane devagiri ya daulatabad mean apani rajadhani banaee, jo madhyakalin itihas ki bahucharchit ghatanaoan mean haian. yadyapi usane paristhitiyoan ke dabav ke karan punah dilli ko rajadhani banaya, kiantu usake sath bahut b di sankhya mean dilli ke musalamanoan aur hinduoan ka avrajan dakshin bharat mean hua. unaka ek b da samuday dakshin mean sthayi roop mean bas gaya, kiantu unake avrajan se poorv hi, alauhdin ke rajatvakal mean kh di boli bolane vale hindoo aur muslim rajakarmachariyoan, sainik aur vyapariyoan ke dal dakshin bharat mean phail chuke the. bad mean ahamadanagar, bijapur, golakuanda aur bidar mean nijamashahi, adilashahi, kutubashahi aur baridashahi vanshoan ne svatantr rajyoan ki sthapana ki, jinamean baridashahi vansh ka astitv shighr hi samapt ho gaya. dakshin ke sath mugaloan ke yug mean bhi dilli ki rajanitik pratiyogitaean chalati rahi tatha akramanoan ka kram atoot jaisa raha. parinam yah hua ki dakshin mean kh di boli n keval j d pak dati gee, balki yah vahaan ke sahityik evan saanskritik paridrishy ka svabhavik aang ban gee. vahaan dakkani ya dakkhini ke nam se kh di boli ka vipul sahity rachana gaya. isamean n sirph sahity lekhan ka kary hua, varanh bijapur, golakuanda, adi muslim riyasatoan mean rajakaj ki bhasha ke roop mean ise pratishtha mili. ullekhy hai ki jis kh d़i boli ko bharatiy sanvidhan dvara svatantrata ke bad prashasanik mahatv mila hai, use lagabhag prayah chhah sau varsh poorv hi dakshin mean yah mahatv prapt ho chuka tha.
dakani ya dakkhini hindi ke rachanakaroan ki sankhya bahut b di hai. kh di boli gady ki pahali prapy pustak khvaja bandenavaj gesoodaraj ki ‘mirajul ashikin’ hai, jo soophi vicharadhara se sanbandhit hai. isaki rachana pandrahavian shatabdi ke aranbh mean huee hai. gesoodaraj ki any kee gady rachanaoan ka bhi ullekh milata hai. mulla vajahi ki ‘sabaras’ (1636 ee.) shayad dakkhini gady paranpara ki sarvaettam rachana he. dakkhini mean miraji, nijami, muhammadakuli kutubashahi adi ne uthkrishna koti ki kavita ki hai. dakkhini koee kritrim bhasha nahian thi, balki yah vahaan avrajan kar bas ge samudayoan ki sahaj, svabhavik matribhasha thi. isaka praman miraji ya shah miran ki nimnalikhit panktiyoan mean maujood haiah
hamian bol arabi kare
aur pharasi bahutere
yo hinduvi bole tab
isaka ardh bhave sab.
yah bhasha bhale so bole
pun isaka bhav khole
vo arabi bol n jane
n pharasi pachhane.
in panktiyoan se yah spasht hai ki arabi aur pharasi in logoan ke lie paraee bhasha jaisi thi. hindavi (hindi) bolakar hi inhean apana ashay samajhaya ja sakata tha.
aj ki kh di boli ke itihas aur isake vartaman svaroop ke adhyayan ke lie dakkhini ka bahut mahatv hai. vyakaranik sanrachana ki drishti se yah baangaru ke bahut samip hai. baangaru ki tarah isamean bhi akarant pulliang aur striliang sanjna shabdoan ka bahuvachan roop aan lagakar banaya jata hai, jaise ghar se gharaan, kitab se kitabaan adi. isamean aur ke lie hor ka prayog hota hai tatha ne ka prayog karta karak ke hi prasang mean nahian, varanh karm aur sanpradan karakoan ke prasang mean bhi hota hai. ye pravrityiaan baangaru (aur panjabi) mean aj bhi jivit he. isamean se ke lie sooan, syo aur syauan, ko ke badale kooan, kabhi ke lie kabhoo adi roop milate haian, jaiseah
(1) are oodhau sunau yah du:kh hasan sooan.
kahau tuk jay paradesi sajan sooan’
(2) ‘akl achde to apas kooan hor doosare kooan pachhane.’
uttar bharat mean satrahavi atharahavian shatabdi mean kh di boli gady ki jo rachanaean prastut huee, unamean bhi ye bhashik visheshataean milati hai, jaiseah kutubashatak (1613 ee.), ganesh gosath (1658 ee.), bhogalupuran (1705 ee.) adi mean dakkhini ke prasang mean yah bat vishesh roop se rekhaankit karane yogy hai ki uttar bharat mean likhit in gady rachanaoan ki tarah panjabi, rajasthani, braj aur kannauji adi ke prabhavoan se yukt hone ke bavajood isaka gady aj ke kh di boli ke gady se jitani samipata rakhata hai, utani samipata in rachanaoan ke gady ki bhi nahi. karan yah hai ki inaki bhasha par brajabhasha ka bahut gahara prabhav hai.
yadyapi dakkhini ka sahity arabi pharasi lipi mean likha gaya hai aur isamean arabi aur pharasi ke shabdoan ki sankhya bahut hai, phir bhi isamean sanskrit ki shabd sankhya kam vistrit nahian hai. dakshin mean bas ge hinduoan aur musalamanoan ki sammilit janabhasha hone ke karan dakkhini aj ki hindi aur urdoo ka sammilit poorv roop hai. kiantu milajula kar dekhane par aisa pratit hota hai ki isaki shabdavali adhunik hindi ki shatdavali se adhik samipata rakhati hai. nijami ke akhyan kavy ‘masanavi kadamarav vo padamarav’ ki panktiyaan hai.
akas ooan, patal dharati dhee.
jahaan kuchh n koee, vahaan hai tuhi..
golakuanda ke badashah muhammadakali kutubashah ki panktiyaan haiah
bikhare hai kuantal peshani oopar.
ke badal p de phat pani oopar.
kuli kutubashah ki rachanaoan mean romavali, nayan, jal, ratan od saik doan shabdoan ka b de mukt roop se prayog hua hai. isalie yah sochana svabhavik hai ki uttar bharat mean urdoo aur hindi ke nam se kh diboli ki do bhinn shailiyoan ka vikas nahian hota, to ek samasik bhasha ke roop mean isaka svaroop bahut kuchh dakkhini jaisa hota.
kh diboli ke akhil bharatiy prasar ka doosara madhyam vibhinn madhyakalin sant sanpradayoan ka pracharak samuday hai. uttar aur dakshin ke vibhinn bhashabhashi sadhu sannyasiyoan ki sanpark bhasha ke roop mean hindi ki pratishtha ho chuki thi. inaki hindi n keval hindi pradesh ki vibhinn boliyoan, balki hinditar kshetr ki boliyoan ke rangoan se iandradhanushit kh diboli thi, jise ‘sadhukk di’ bhi kaha gaya hai. kabir ki rachanaoan mean is sadhukk di ka prachur prayog hua he. lekin, kabir se bahut pahale, lagabhag dilli mean gulam vansh ki sthapana ki samanaantar, maharashtr ke mahanubhav panth ke kaviyoan dvara isake prayog ke udaharan milane lag jate haian. mahanubhav panth ke damodar pandit (baravahi shatabdi) aur kavayitri mahadayisa (terahavian chaidahavian shatabdi) ki kuchh rachanaoan ki bhasha hindi hai. is panth ke chakrapani nilabankar ne dakkhini mean ‘tisa’ sahity rachana, jo devanagari lipi mean upalabdh hua hai. nathapanth se sanbandhit varakari sanpraday ke namadev (1271-1351), ekanath (1528-1599 ee.) adi marathi kaviyoan ki hindi rachanaean prasiddh to haian hi . ekanath ki hindi gady rachanaan kh di boli gady ke sabase purane aur saph suthare udaharanoan mean hai. maharashtr uttar aur dakshin ka sandhi pradesh hai aur isane hindi ke akhil bharatiy prasar mean mahatvapoorn bhoomika sanpann ki hai. daॅ. vinayamohan sharma ne hindi ko marathi santoan ki den namak granth mean sabase pahale marathi santoan ki hindi rachanaoan ka parichay diya tha aur hal mean daॅ. yoo.em. pathan ne ‘maharashtr ke mahanubhav sahityakaroan ka hindi sahity ko yogadan’ mean in vishay se sanbandhit prabhoot nee samagri di hai. bharat ke any pradeshoan mean bhi aise bhakt kavi hue haian, jinhoanne sadhu samaj mean prachalit mishrit kh di boli ya brajabhasha mean kuchh n kuchh kavita ki hai.
vibhinn sanpradayoan ke pracharak sant aur bhakt kaviyoan ki tarah hi kh di boli ke prasar mean desh ke tirthayatriyoan ki bhoomika bhi ullekh rahi hai. uttar ke tirth yatri dakshin tatha dakshin ke tirthayatri uttar ke vibhinn dhamoan aur tirthoan ki yatra shatabdiyoan se karate rahe haian. pichhali shatabdi ke aranbhik dashakoan tak tirthayatraean paidal hi sanpann hoti thi aur desh ke vibhinn bhagoan ke dharm pran logoan ko kashi, prayag, ayodhya, vriandavan aur badarikashram vale hindi kshetr mean bahut lanbe samay tak, mee mahine yatra karate hue rahana p data tha. phalatah unaka sanpark hindi se ho jata tha aur jaise jaise muslim samrajy ke dridhikaran ke sath uttar bharatiy nagaroan ki sanpark bhasha kh di boli hoti gee, hindi ke roop mean ve uttar bharat ke yatra kshetr ke vibhinn nagaroan aur kasboan mean baranbar kh diboli hi sunane lage tatha usaka ek vyavaharik roop lekar apane apane pradesh lautane lage. dakshin ke tirthayatriyoan ko, jinamean se bahut se log dakkhini ke sanpark mean pahale hi a chuke hote, maharashtr se hi ek prakar ki vyavaharik kh di boli sunaee dene lagati. unake dvara arjit isaki shabd sanpada simit hone ke bavajood uttar bharat ki yatra ki avadhi mean unake lie atyant upadey pramanit hoti. tirthayatriyoan ki yah sanpark bhasha, jo hinditar kshetr ke pande purohitoan ki samany ajivika bhasha banati kee tatha vahaan ki vaikalpik bazar bhasha bhi ban gee, n keval uttar bharat ki yatra karane vale dakshin ki tirthayatriyoan varanh dakshin bharat ki yatra karane vale uttar ki tirthayatriyoan ke lie bhi upayogi ban gee. dakshin ke vibhinn tirthasthanoan tak jane valo vibhinn margoan par nirmit dharmashalaean, jahaan yatri rat mean thaharate the, sthaniy logoan ke sath hindi ke madhyam se hone vale sanpark ka keandr ban jati thi. in dharmashalaoan mean pas p deas ke gaanvoan ke aise log ekatr hua karate jo in yatriyoan ke pradesh, sanskriti adi ke vishay mean janakari lena chahate the aur inaki seva kar us puny ke bhagi banana chahate the jisaki vasana dharmapran vyaktiyoan mean vidyaman raha karati hai. aise avasaroan par unake bich ve log dubhashyioan ka kam karate the, jo uttar bharat ki yatra kar chuke hote aur hindi ka kisi n kisi roop mean vyavahar kar sakate the.
uparyukt rajanitik aur dharmik karanoan se kh di boli satrahavian shatabdi tak bharatavyapi ho chuki thi. isake sakshi satrahavian shatabdi ke aantim aur athaharavian shatabdi ke doosare tisare dashakoan mean yooropiy dharm pracharakoan ke lie likhit hindi vyakaran hai. pahala vyakaran jaॅn joshua kaitalar krit ‘hindustani bhasha’ hai jisaki rachana 1698 ee. mean agara mean huee. doosara vyakaran beanjamin shoolj ka ‘hindustani vyakaran’ hai, jo 1745 ee. mean dakshin ke haidarabad mean likha gaya. tisare vyakaran ka nam ‘alphabetan bramhanikam’ hai tisare lekhak kaisiyano beligatti hai. isaki rachana 1771 ee. mean patana mean huee. desh ke tin sudooravarti keandroan mean likh ge in vyakaranoan mean ek hi bat bar bar kahi gee haiah vah yah ki hindi ya hindustani inake rachana sthaloan agara, haidarabad aur patana ke parshvavarti kshetroan ki sabase mahatvapoorn sanpark bhasha hai. beanjamin shoolj ne likha hai ki is hindustani bhasha ko devanagaramh bhi kaha jata hai. ‘jab se musalaman log sare bharat ko jitakar yahaan rahane lage tab se unhoanne yahaan ki hindustani ko apani matribhasha ke roop mean svikar kiya. ‘mugaloan ke vistrit rajy mean is bhasha ka prachar prasar hai.[1] belgitti ne ise n keval patana ke asapas prachalit tatha videshi yatriyoan dvara prayukt bhasha kaha he, balki ise tatkalin bharat ki rashtrabhasha (liangua midiya) kaha hai.[2]
yahi karan hai ki ab jab pichhali sadi mean bharatiy purnarjagaran aranbh hua, to poore desh ko jo dane vali bhasha ke roop mean kh di boli ke mahatv ki or raja ramamohan ray, keshavachandr sen aur maharshi dayanand - jaise mahanh netaoan ka dhyan gaya. brahmasamaj ke pravartak raja ramamohan ray ne apane vicharoan ke prachar ke lie ‘udantamartand’ namak hindi patr prakashit kiya. ary samaj ke janmadata maharshi dayanand ne isamean apane vikhyat ‘satyarth prakash’ tatha any kee pustakoan ki rachana ki aur ise akhil bharatiy bhasha ke roop mean pratishthit karane ka sabase pahala suvyavasthit prayatn kiya. raja ramamohan ray ke jivanakal mean hi kalakatta mean phort viliyam kaॅlej ki sthapana huee, jahaan videshiyoan ko hindi sikhalane ke uddeshy se gady ki gee mahatvapoorn pustakean likhi gee. videshi eesaee dharm pracharakoan ne apane mat ke prachar ke lie hindi mean jo pustakean taiyar ki ya karaee, hindi ke prasar mean unaki bhoomika kam mahatvapoorn nahian hai. ullekhy hai ki akhil bharatiy bhasha ke roop mean hindi ke prasar aur pratishtha ki prastavana sabase pahale un mahapurushoan ne ki, jo hinditar pradeshoan ke the. yah bat bhi kam ullekhy nahian hai ki likhit bhasha ke roop mean apane vikas ke aranbhik yug se hi hindi dharmanirapeksh bhasha rahi hai. isake aranbhik kavi aur lekhak musalaman hai aur mukhyatah unhoanne hi isake dakkhini sahity ki rachana ki hai. sabase pahale unhoanne hi ise rajakiy vyavahar ki bhasha ke roop mean prayukt kiya hai. pichhali sadi se lekar aj tak eesaee mishanariyoan se sahity aur shiksha ki bhasha ke roop mean isaki pratishthaa ke lie chirasmaraniy kary kiya hai. isalie bhasha dharmavishesh ke sath isako jo dana sahi nahian hai.
hindi ke lie pichhali sadi kee drishtiyoan se mahatvapoorn hai. is sadi mean hindi gady ka n keval vikas hua, varanh bharateandu harishchandr ne use manak roop pradan kiya. isi sadi mean aise mahapurush utpann hue jinhoanne hindi ki pahachan akhil bharatiy sanpark sootr ke roop mean itihas dvara pradatt bhasha ke roop mean ki aur isake lie prayatn aranbh kiya. yah akaran nahian hai ki mahatma gaandhi ne hindi ke prashn ko svarajy ka prashn mana, kaangres ko isake prachar ka ek shaktishali madhyam banaya aur hindi prachar sansthaoan ki sthapana ki. pichhale chhah sau varshoan se bharatiy itihas ne jis bhasha ko akhil bharatiy bhasha banane ki sadhana ki, use siddhi tak le jane ka sabase b da shrey gaandhi ji ko hai.
tika tippani aur sandarbh
sanbandhit lekh
| kramaank | lekh ka nam | lekhak |
varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj
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