हिमालय

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Himalayas himalay sanskrit ke 'him' tatha 'alay' shabdoan se milakar bana hai, jisaka shabdarth 'barf ka ghar' hota hai. himalay bharat ki dharohar hai. himalay parvat ki ek choti ka nam 'bandarapuchchh' hai. yah choti uttarakhand ke tihari gadhaval zile mean sthit hai. isaki ooanchaee 20,731 phut hai. ise sumeru bhi kahate haian. himalay ek poori parvat shrriankhala hai, jo bharatiy upamahadvip aur tibbat ko alag karata hai. yah bharatavarsh ka sabase ooancha parvat hai, jo uttar mean desh ki lagabhag 2500 kilomitar lanbi sima banata hai aur desh ko uttar eshiya se prithakh karata hai. kashmir se lekar asam tak isaka vistar hai.

bhaugolik tathy

himalay parvatamala ki ganana vaijnanik vishv ki navin parvat malaoan se karate haian. isaka nirman sagar tal ke uthane se aj se paanch-chhah karo d varsh pahale hua tha. himalay ko apani poori ooanchaee prapt karane mean 60 se 70 lakh varsh lage. yah apani ooanchi chotiyoan ke liye prasiddh hai. vishv ka sarvochch shikhar mauant evarest himalay ki hai. vishv ke 100 sarvochch shikharoan mean kee himalay ki chotiyaan haian. any parvatoan ki apeksha yah kafi naya hai. himalay se sambaddh pahali parvat shrriankhala pir panjal parvatashreni hai. himalay ke ek bhag ka nam 'kaliand' hai. yahian se yamuna nikalati hai. isi se yamuna ka nam 'kaliandaja' aur 'kaliandi' bhi hai. donoan ka matalab 'kaliand ki beti' hota hai. yah jagah bahut sundar hai, par yahaan pahuanchana bahut kathin hai. apane udgam se age kee mil tak vishal himagaroan aur hianm mandit kandaraoan mean aprakat roop se bahati huee tatha paha di dhalanoan par se atyant tivrata poorvak utarati huee isaki dhara yamunottari parvat 20,731 phit ooanchaee se prakat hoti hai. himalay parvatashreni ke atirikt anaee shikhar bharat ki sabase ooanchi choti hai.

pauranik sandarbh

pauranik varnanoan mean himalay ka ullekh 'himavan' nam se milata hai. vastav mean vaidik kal se hi himavan bharatiy sanskriti ka prerana srot raha hai. rrigved mean 'himavan' shabd ka bahubachan mean (himavantah) prayog kiya gaya hai, jisase himalay ki brihat parvat shrankhala ka bodh hota hai. himalay ke majaboot shikhar ka bhi rrigved mean ullekh hai. thumb|250px|himalay
Himalayas

• atharvaved mean do any shikharoan ka varnan hai- 'trikakud' aur 'navaprabhranshan'.
• valmiki ramayan mean ganga ko himavan ki jyeshth duhita kaha gaya hai-

'ganga himavato jseshtha duhita purusharshabh.'

'tada haimavati jseshtha sarvalok namaskrita tada satimahadroo pan kritvavegan ch dahsahamh.'

• valmiki ko himavan parvat ke aanchal mean nivas karane vali vividh jatiyoan ka bhi jnan tha-

'kambojayavanaanshchaiv shakanaanpattananich, anvikshy varadaanshchaiv himavantan vichinvath.'

• mahabharat, vanaparv mean pandavoan ki himalay yatra ka b da manoram varnan hai. isake kailas, mainak, gandhamadan namak shikharoan ki kathor yatra pandavoan ne ki thi-

'avekshamanah kailasan mainakan chaiv parvatamh, gandhamadanapadaanshch shvetan chapi shilochchayamh. uparyupari shailasy bahvishch saritah shivaah prishthan himavatah punyan yayau saptadasheahani.'

• 'vishnupuran' mean sataluj, chinav adi nadiyaan himalay se sambhoot kahi gee haian-

'shatadroochandrabhagadya himavatpadanirgataah.

• puranoan ke anusar himalay maina ka pati aur parvati ka pita hai. ganga isaki sabase b di putri hai. bhagavan shankar ka nivas kailash yahian hai.
• mahabharat ke anusar paandav svargarohan ke lie yahian ae the. yudhishthar devarath mean baithakar jab sasharir svarg jane lage to unaki indr se bheant yahian huee thi.
• any puranoan mean bhi himalay ke vishay mean asankhy ullekh hai. 'himavan' nam vaidik hai tatha sarvaprachin pratit hota hai. himalay nam paravarti kal mean prachalit tha. kalidas ne isaka prayog kiya hai.

paandav aantim samay mean himalay par galane ke liye chale gaye the tatha unaka janm bhi 'shatashrriang' namak himalay ke shikhar par hi hua tha. himalay parvat mean base anek tirthoan ka varnan mahabharat mean hai. vastav mean is mahakavy ke adhyayan se mahabharatakar ki himalay ke prati agadh astha ka bodh hota hai. kalidas ko bhi himalay se adbhut prem tha. 'kumarasambhav' ke pratham sarg mean nagadhiraj himalay ka sundar kavyamay varnan hai. isamean himalay ko prithvi ka manadand kaha gaya hai-

'astyuttarasyaan dishi devatatma himalayo nam nagadhirajah poorvaparau toyanidhivagahm, sthit: prithivya iv manadandah.'

kalidas ka varnan

is sarg mean kalidas ne himalay ki anant ratnaprabhavata, apsaraoan ke alankaran prasadhan mean shamil rangin badal, parvat ke kro d mean sancharanashil meghoan ki chhaya, himachalavasi kiratoan dvara gajamuktaoan ke sahare sianhamarg ka aanveshan, vidyadhar suandariyoan ka pranayapatr lekhan, kicharandhroan mean vayu ka venuvadan, devadaru vrikshoan ke kshir se sugandhit shikhar, manipradipt giri guhaean, kinariyoan ki mantharagati, parvat guha mean chhipa hua aandhakar, chandrakiranoan ke saman dhavalapuchchh vali chamariyaan aur mriganveshi kirat-in sabhi drishyoan aur ghatanaoan ke b de hi manoram aur yatharth chitr khianche haian. 'meghadoot' mean kalidas ne himalay ko 'praleyadri' tatha ganga ka 'prabhav' tatha 'tusharagaur' parvat mana hai-

'asinanaan surabhitashilan nabhigandhaimriganaan tasya eb prabhavamachalan prapy gauran tusharaiah.'

jain granth ka ullekh

jain granth 'janboodvipaprajnapti' mean himavan ki janbudvip ke chhah varsh parvatoan mean ganana ki gee hai aur is parvatamala ke 'mahahimavant' aur 'chullahimavant' nam ke do bhag bataye ge haian. mahahimavant poorvasamudr (bangal ki kha di) tak phaila hua hai aur chullahimavant pashchim aur dakshin ki or varshadhar parvat ke niche vale sagar (arab sagar) tak vistrit hai. is granth mean ganga aur siandhu nadiyoan ka udgam chullahimalay mean sthit sarovaroan se mana gaya hai. mahahimavant ke 8 aur chull ke 11 shikharoan ka ullekh is jain granth mean hai.

gahan prabhav

thumb|250px|left|himalay ka havaee drishy hazaroan varshoan tak himalay ne dakshin eshiya ke logoan par vaiyaktik aur gahan prabhav dala hai, jo unake sahity, rajaniti, arthavyavastha aur pauranik kathaoan mean bhi pratibianbit hota hai. isaki vistrit barfili chotiyaan lanbe samay se prachin bharat ke parvatarohi tirthayatriyoan ko akarshit karati rahi haian, jinhoanne is vishal parvat shrriankhala ka sanskrit mean namakaran kiya. adhunik kal mean himalay vishv bhar ke parvatarohiyoan ke lie sabase b da akarshan aur mahanatam chunauti hai. bharatiy upamahadvip ki uttari sima ka nirdharan karane aur uttar ki bhoomi ke lie lagabhag agamy avarodh banane vali yah parvatashreni ek vishal parvat pattika ka hissa hai jo uttari afrika se dakshin-poorv eshiya ke prashaant tat tak lagabhag adhi duniya mean phaili huee hai. himalay parvatashreni lagabhag 2,500 kilomitar tak pashchim se poorv disha mean jammoo-kashmir kshetr ke nanga parvat (8,126 mitar) se tibbat mean namacha barava (7,756 mitar) tak nirbadh roop se phaili huee hai. poorv aur pashchim ke in do sudoor chhoroan ke bich do himalayi desh, nepal aur bhootan, sthit haian. himalay ke pashchimottar mean hiandukush aur karakoram parvatashreniyaan aur uttar mean tibbat ka pathar hai. dakshin se uttar tak himalay ki chau daee 201 se 402 kilomitar ke bich parivartit hoti rahati hai. isaka kul kshetraphal lagabhag 5,94,400 varg kilomitar hai.

bhaugolik visheshataean

himalay ki pramukh lakshanik vishishtata isaki buland ooanchaiyaan, kh de kinaroan vale nukile shikhar, ghatiyaan, parvatiy himanadiyaan, jo aksar vishal hoti haian, aparadan dvara gahari kati huee sthalakriti, athah pratit hoti nadi ghatiyaan, jatil bhaugarbhik sanrachana aur ooanchi pattiyoan (ya kshetroan) ki shrriankhala hai, jinamean vibhinn prakar ki vanaspatiyaan, jantujivan aur jalavayu haian. dakshin ki or se dekhane par himalay vishalakay arddh chandr pratit hota hai, jisaka mool aksh himarekha se oopar sthit hai, jahaan himakshetr, parvatiy himanadiyaan aur himaskhalan nichali ghatiyoan ki un himanadiyoan ka hissa banate haian, jo himalay se nikalane vali adhikaansh nadiyoan ke srot haian. lekin himalay ka b da hissa himarekha ke niche sthit hai. is shreni ka nirman karane vali parvat-nirman prakriya ab bhi kriyashil hai, jisamean dharaoan ke bhari aparadan aur vishal bhooskhalan jaisi gatividhiyaan bhi shamil haian. himalay parvatashreni ko char samanaantar, lanbavat, bhinn chau daee vali parvat-pattikaoan mean vibhakt kiya ja sakata hai, jinamean se pratyek ki apani bhaugolik vishishtata tatha apana alag bhoogarbhashastriy itihas hai. inhean dakshin se uttar ki or is prakar baanta gaya hai- bahari ya up-himalay; laghu ya nimn himalay; uchch ya vrihat himalay; aur tethis ya tibbati himalay, isase age uttar mean tibbat mean para-himalay hai, jo kuchh sudoor uttari himalayi shreniyoan ka poorv disha mean vistar hai. pashchim se poorv ki or himalay ko mote taur par tin parvatiy kshetroan mean baanta gaya hai-

• pashchimi
• madhyavarti
• poorvi

bhaugarbhik itihas

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Himalayas himalay parvatashreni alps se dakshin-poorv eshiya ke paha doan tak phaile yooreshiyaee parvatashreni ke vistar ka hissa hai, jisaka nirman pichhale 6.5 karo d varshoan mean sarvabhaumik plet-vivartanik shaktiyoan ke karan prithvi ki oopari satah par vishalakay ubharoan ke banane se hua hai.

lagabhag 18 karo d varsh pahale, jyooraisik kal mean, jab tethis sagar namak ek gahari bhoo- abhinati yooreshiya ke samooche dakshini kinare ko ghere hue thi, purane vishal mahadvip goandavana (goandavanalaiand) ke vikhandan ki prakriya shuroo huee. agale 13 karo d varshoan mean isaka ek khand, bharatiy upamahadvip ka nirman karane vali sthalamandaliy plet ke roop mean, uttar disha ki or yooreshiyaee plet se takarane ke marg ki or badha, is bharatiy-aaustreliyaee plet ne dhire-dhire apane aur yooreshiyaee plet ke bich sthit tethis khaee ko vishalakay chimate ki bhaanti jak d liya. jaise-jaise tethis khaee sankari hoti gee, badhate hue dabav ki shaktiyoan ne isake samudri talachhat mean kee vivartanik ubharoan, gadhdoan aur aantargrathit bhranshoan ko janm diya aur grenait tatha baisalt ke bhandar isake gaharaiyoan se kamazor ho chuke talachhat ki oopari satah par ubhar ae. tritiy mahakalp (lagabhag paanch karo d varsh pahale) ke aranbh mean bharat, aantatah yooreshiya se takara gaya. bharat, niche ki or tethis khaee ke niche lagatar badhane vali akshanati ke sath aparoopit ho gaya.

agale tin karo d varshoan mean tethis sagar mean bharatiy-aaustreliyaee plet ke doobane ke karan isaka samudr tal oopar ki or uth gaya tatha isake kam gahare hisse pani se oopar nikal ae. isase tibbat ke pathar ki rachana huee. pathar ke dakshini kinare par simaant parvat, aj ki parahimalay parvatashreni, is kshetr ka pahala b da jalavibhajak bana aur itani ooanchaee tak upar utha ki jalavayaviy avarodh ban sake. dakshini tikhi dhalanoan par bhari varsha hone ke sath uttar disha mean purani anuprasth khaiyoan mean badhati huee shakti ke sath pramukh dakshinavarti nadiyoan ka shirsh jal ki or aparadan badhata gaya aur ye pathar par bahane vali dharaoan mean shamil ho geean. is prakar, aj ki jal apavah pranali ki rooparekha taiyar huee. dakshin ki or arab sagar tatha bangal ki kha di ke purane muhane prachin siandhu, ganga aur brahmaputr nadiyoan dvara bahakar laee gee samagri se tezi se bhar ge. vistrit aparadan aur nikshepan ki prakriya aj bhi jari hai aur ye nadiyaan pratidin bhari matra mean samagri bahakar le jati haian.

'nape' ki rachana

aantatah lagabhag tin karo d varsh pahale madhyanootan yug (maiosin ep aauk) mean donoan pletoan ke bich tootate hue ju dane ki prakriya mean tezi se vriddhi huee aur isake phalasvaroop himalay parvat ki nirman prakriya ka vastavik aranbh hua. bharatiy upamahadvipiy plet ka tethis khaee mean doobana jari raha aur prachin goandavana roopaantarit chattanean dakshin mean lambi kshaitij doori tak chhilake ki tarah nikalakar apane hi dher par ekatr hoti rahian aur isa prakar 'nape' ki rachana huee. bharatiy bhoomi kshetr par dakshin disha mean 97 kilomitar ki doori tak nape ki tah bichhati gee. pratyek ne nape mean pahale ke nape ke muqabale zyada purani goandavana chattanean thian. kalakram mean ye nape valayakar ho ge aur isase bhootapoorv khaee, pahale ke muqabale lagabhag 402 kshaitij kilomitar (kuchh vidvan ise 805 kilomitar batate haian) tak siku d ge. is bich, niche ki or bahane vali nadiyaan bhi utthan ki dar siandhu, ganga aur brahmaputr nadiyoan mean ikathta ho raha tha. is avasad ke vazan se vahaan gadhde ban ge, jisase aur adhik avasad ekatr hota gaya. ganga ke maidan ke niche kuchh sthanoan par jalodhak 7,620 mitar se bhi adhik hai. thumb|250px|left|himalay
Himalayas pichhale matr 6 lakh varshoan ke dauran, atyant nootan yug (plaistosin ep aauk, 16 lakh se 10 hazar varsh pahale tak) mean hi himalay prithvi ki sabase ooanchi parvat shrriankhala bani. yadi madhy nootan yug aur atinootan yug ki visheshata shaktishali kshaitij bal thi, to atyant nootan yug ki khasiyat zabaradast utthan shakti thi. sudoor uttari nape ke madhyavarti hisse mean aur isake thik bad navin pattitashm tatha grenait yukt ravedar chattanean ubharian, jinase aj dikhaee dene vale ooanche shikharoan ka nirman hua. mauant evarest jaisi kuchh chotiyoan par ravedar chattanoan ne prachin jivashmoan se yukt uttar disha ke tethis avasad ko shikhar par jama kar diya.

jalavayaviy avarodh

ek bar vishal himalay jalavayaviy avarodh ban gaya, to uttar mean sthit simaant parvat varsha se vanchit ho ge tatha tibbat ke pathar ki tarah sookh ge. isake viparit nam dakshini kagaroan par nadiyaan itani aparadanakari shaktiyoan ke sath prakat hueean ki unhoanne shirsh rekha ko dhire-dhire uttar disha mean dhakel diya. sath hi himalay se phootane vali vishal anuprasth nadiyoan ne in vishal nadiyoan ke alava any sabhi ko unaki nichali dharaoan mean parivartan ke lie badhy kiya, kyoanki jaise-jaise uttari shikhar oopar uth raha tha, vaise hi vishal nape ka dakshini sira bhi uth raha tha. in shaktiyoan tatha valayoan se shivalik shreni ka nirman hua tatha nimn himalay kshetr mean sanvalit hokar madhyavarti kshetr ki utpatti huee. is dauran dakshin ki or bahav mean avarodh a jane se adhikaansh chhoti nadiyaan poorv ya pashchim mean madhyavarti kshetr ke sanrachanatmak taur par kamazor hissoan ke zariye ne dakshini avarodh ko to dane ya kisi b di dhara mean milane tak bahati rahian.

kashmir ghati aur nepal ki kathamaandoo ghati jaisi kuchh ghatiyoan mean asthaee roop se jhiloan ka nirman hua, jinamean atyant nootan yug (plaistosin) ka nikshep ekatr ho gaya. lagabhag 2 lakh sal pahale sookhane ke bad kathamaandoo ghati kam se kam 198 mitar tak oopar uthi hai, jo laghu himalay kshetr mean sthaniy utthan ka soochak hai.

bhoo-akriti vijnan

bahy himalay mean samatal bhoomi vali sanrachanatmak ghatiyaan aur himalay parvatashreni ki dakshini sima par sthit shivalik bharat par sthit shivalik paha diyaan haian. poorv ke kuchh chhote darroan ko chho dakar shivalik bharat ke himachal pradesh mean adhikatar 110 kilomitar ki chau daee ke sath himalay ki poori lanbaee tak phaila hua hai. amataur par 274 mitar ki samochch rekha isaki dakshini sima nirdharit karati hai. uttar bharat mean isaki ooanchaee 762 mitar tak hai. mukhy shivalik shreni ka dakshini hissa bharatiy maidanoan ki or tikhi dhalan vala hai aur uttar ki or samatal bhoomi vale besin, jinhean doon kaha jata hai ki dhal kam tikhi hai. inamean se sabase vikhyat uttaraanchal ka parvatiy kshetr deharadoon hai.

laghu himalay

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

• laghu himalay ko aantarik himalay, nimn himalay ya madhy himalay bhi kahalata hai.
• himalay parvat shrriankhala ka madhyavarti bhag, dakshin-poorvi disha mean uttari pakistan, uttar bharat, nepal, sikkim (bharat) aur bhootan tak vistrit hai.
• yah shrriankhala vrihad (uttar) aur shivalik ya bah (dakshin) himalay shrriankhalaoan ke bich sthit hai.
• isaki aurat ooanchaee 3,700 se 4,500 mitar tak hai. isamean panjab, kumaooan, nepal aur asam ke himalay kshetr shamil haian.

nag tibba

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Himalayas in tin shreniyoan mean sabase poorv mean nag tibba ka poorvi sira nepal mean lagabhag 8,169 mitar ooancha hai aur yah ganga v yamuna nadiyoan ke bich uttarakhand mean jalavibhajak kshetr ka nirman karata hai.

sanrachanatmak besin

pashchim mean kashmir ki khoobasoorat ghati hai, jo ek sanrachanatmak besin hai (ek valayakar besin, jisamean chattani parat keandriy biandu ki or jhuki huee hai) aur laghu himalay ke ek mahattvapoorn khand ka nirman karati hai. yah dakshin-poorv se poorvottar ki or lagabhag 160 kilomitar tak phaili huee hai aur isaki chau daee 80 kilomitar tak hai. isaki ausat ooanchaee 1,554 mitar hai. is besin se hokar tiryak roop se sarpakar jhelam nadi bahati hai jo jammoo-kashmir ki vishal mithe pani ki vular jhil se hokar bahati hai.

uchch himalay shreni

samooche parvatiy kshetr ki ridh uchch himalay shreni hai, jo satat himarekha se oopar tak uthi huee haian. yah parvatashreni nepal mean apani adhikatam ooanchaee tak pahuanchati hai, jahaan vishv ki 14 sabase ooanchi chotiyoan mean se 9 sthit haian. inamean se pratyek ki ooanchaee 7,925 mitar se adhik hai. pashchim se poorv ki or inake nam haian. dhaulagiri-1, annapoorna-1, manasaloo-1, cho yoo, gyachuang kaang-1, mauant evarest, lhotse, makaloo-1 aur kanchanajanga-1. age poorv mean bharat ka hissa ban chuke prachir himalayi rajy sikkim mean pravesh karate samay yah shreni dakshin-poorvi disha se poorv disha apana leti hai. isake bad yah agale 418.34 kilomitar tak bhootan aur arunachal pradesh ke poorvi hisse mean kaangto shikhar (7,090 mitar) tak yah poorv disha mean badhati hai aur aantat: poorvottar mean mu dakar namacha barava mean samapt ho jati hai.

uchch himalay aur isake uttar ki shreniyoan, patharoan tatha besinoan ke bich koee spasht simarekha nahian hai aur inhean amataur par tethis himalay tatha sudoor uttar mean tibbat ke roop mean samoohabaddh kiya jata hai. kashmir aur himachal pradesh mean tethis sabase chau de haian, jinase spiti besin aur zaskar parvatoan ka nirman hota hai. isake sabase ooanche shikhar dakshin-poorv disha mean sataluj nadi ke uttar mean shipaki darre ke samane sthit liyo pargiyal 6,791 mitar aur shilla 7,026 mitar haian.

apavah

himalay ke apavah mean 19 pramukh nadiyaan haian. jinamean brahmaputr v siandhu sabase b di hai, donoan mean se pratyek ka parvatoan mean 2,59,000 varg kilomitar vistrit jalasangrahak besin hai. any nadiyoan mean se paanch, jhelam, chenab, ravi, vyas, aur sataluj siandhu tantr ki nadiyaan haian. jinaka kul jalagrahan kshetr lagabhag 1,32,090 varg kilomitar hai. nau nadiyaan, ganga, yamuna, ramaganga , kali, karanali, rapti, gandak, bagamati v kosi, ganga tantr ki haian, jinaka jalagrahan kshetr 2,17,560 varg kilomitar hai aur tin, tista, raidak v manas, brahmaputr tantr ki haian jo 1,83,890 varg kilomitar kshetr ko apavahit karati haian. thumb|250px|left|himalay
Himalayas pramukh himalayi nadiyaan parvatashreni ke uttar se nikalati haian aur gahare mahakhaddoan se hoti huee bahati haian, jo amataur par kuchh bhaugorbhik sanrachanatmak niyantran ko spasht karata hai. siandhu tantr ki nadiyoan ka bahav ek niyam ki tarah pashchimottar hai, jabaki ganga-brahmaputr nadi tantr ki nadiyaan parvatiy kshetr se bahate hue poorvi marg apanati haian.

bharat ke uttar mean karakoram shreni, jisake pashchim mean hiandukush v poorv mean laddakh shreni hai, ek vishal jalavibhag banati hai jo siandhu tantr ko madhy eshiya ki nadiyoan se alag karata hai. is vibhajan ke poorv mean kailash shreni aur poorv ki or age nianakiang tanggula parvat haian, jo brahmaputr, uchch himalay shreni ke mahakhadd ko par karane se pahale poorv ki or lagabhag 1,488 kilomitar bahati hai. isaki bahut si tibbati sahayak nadiyaan viparit disha mean bahati haian aur sanbhavatah kabhi brahmaputr ki bhi yahi disha rahi hogi.

jal-vibhajan

uchch himalay, jo samanyah apani samoochi lanbaee mean pramukh jal-vibhajan hai, kuchh simit kshetroan mean hi jal-vibhajan ka kam karata hai. isaka karan yah hai ki pramukh himalayi nadiyaan, jaise siandhu, brahmaputr sataluj aur ganga ki do pramukh dharaean, alakananda v bhagirathi un parvatoan se bhi purani haian, jinhean ve katati haian. aisa vishvas hai ki himalay itani dhimi gati se utha ki purani nadiyoan ko dharaoan mean bahate rahane mean koee pareshani nahian huee aur himalay ke uthane se unake bahav ne gati pak d li, jisase ve ghatiyoan ka katav tezi se kar paeean. is prakar himalay ka unnayan aur ghatiyoan ka gahara hona sath-sath jari raha, parinamasvaroop, parvatashreniyoan ke sath poornatah vikasit nadi tantr ka udbhav hua, jo gahare anuprasth mahakhandoan mean kata tha. inaki gaharaee 1,524 se 4,877 mitar v chau daee 10 se 48 kilomitar hai. apavah tantr ka aranbhik mool is anokhe tathy ko spasht karata hai ki pramukh nadiyaan n keval uchch himalay ki dakshini dhaloan ko, balki ek vishal sima tak isaki uttari dhaloan ko bhi apavahit karati haian, kyoanki jal-vibhajak kshetr shirsh rekha ke uttar mean sthit hai.

himanad

ek jal-vibhajak ke roop mean uchch himalay shreni ki bhoomika ko sataluj v siandhu ghati ke bich ke 579 kilomitar ke kshetr mean dekha ja sakata hai. uttari dhaloan mean uttar ki or bahane vali z aauskar v dras nadiyaan haian, jo siandhu nadi mean apavahit hoti haian. gleshiyar (himanad) bhi ooanche kshetroan ko apavahit karane v himalayi nadiyoan ke poshan (pani dene) mean mahattvapoorn bhoomika nibhate haian. uttarakhand mean anek himanad haian, jinamean se sabase b da gangotri himanad 32 kilomitar lanba hai aur ganga ke srotoan mean se ek hai. khuanbu himanad nepal ke evarest kshetr ko apavahit karata hai aur is parvat ki chadhaee ka sabase lokapriy marg hai. himalay kshetr ke himanadoan ki gati ki dar ullekhaniy roop se bhinn hai. karakoram shreni mean baltoro himanad pratidin do mitar khisakata hai, jabaki khuanbu jaise any himanad pratidin keval lagabhag 30 seantimitar tak hi khisak pate haian. himalay ke adhikaansh himanad siku d rahe haian.

mitti

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

thumb|250px|himalay
Himalayas himalay ki mitti ke bare mean adhik janakari upalabdh nahian hai. uttaramukhi dhalanoan par mitti ki achchhi-khasi moti parat hai, jo kam ooanchaiyoan par ghane jangaloan tatha adhik ooanchaee par ghas ka poshan karati hai. jangal ki mitti gahare bhoore rang ki hai tatha isaki banavat chikani domat hai. yah phaloan ke vriksh ugane ke lie adarsh mitti hai. parvatiy ghas sthali ki mitti bhalibhaanti vikasit hai, lekin isaki motaee tatha rasayanik gun alag-alag haian.

jalavayu

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

hava aur jal sancharan ki vishal pranaliyoan ko prabhavit karane vale vishal jalavayaviy vibhajak ke roop mean himalay dakshin mean bharatiy upamahadvip aur uttar mean madhy eshiyaee uchchabhoomi ki mausami sthitiyoan ko prabhavit karane mean pramukh bhoomika nibhata hai. apani sthiti aur vishal ooanchaee ke karan himalay parvatashreni sardiyoan mean uttar ki or se ane vali thandi yooropiy vayu ko bharat mean pravesh karane se rokati hai aur dakshin-pashchim m aaunasooni havaoan ko parvatashreni ko par karake uttar mean jane se pahale adhik varsha ke lie bhi badhy karati hai. is prakar, bharatiy kshetr mean bhari matra mean varsha (barish aur himapat) hoti hai, lekin vahian tibbat mean marusthaliy sthitiyaan haian. dakshini dhalanoan par shimala aur pashchimi himalay ke masoori mean ausat salana varsha 1,530 mimi tatha poorvi himalay ke darjiliang mean 3,048 mimi hoti hai. uchch himalay ke uttar mean sindhu ghati ke kashmir kshetr mean sthit skardoo gilagit aur leh mean sirf 76 se 152 mimi varsha hoti hai.

vanaspati jivan

himalay mean paee jane vali vanaspati ko ooanchaee aur barish ke adhar par mukhyatah char kshetroan mean baanta ja sakata hai- ushn, uposhn, shitoshn aur amliy. ooanchaee tatha jalavayu mean sthaniy bhinnata tatha soory ke prakash aur hava ke karan pratyek kshetr ke vanaspatik jivan mean kafi bhinnata paee jati hai. ushnakatibandhiy varsha prachur van, poorvi aur madhy himalay ki nam taraiyoan tak simit hai. sadabahar dipterokarps, imarati lak di aur ral utpad karane vale vriksh am haian. inaki vibhinn prajatiyaan, vibhinn mittiyoan tatha bhinn dhaloan vali parvatiy dhalanoan par ugati haian. ayaranavud (mesua feriya) 183 aur 732 mitar ki ooanchaiyoan ke bich chhidradar mitti ke kshetr mean paya jata hai. thumb|250px|left|himalay
Himalayas tikhi dhalanoan par baans ugate haian, ok aur chestanat 1,097 se 1,737 mitar ki ooanchaiyoan par pashchim mean himachal pradesh se madhy nepal tak baluee pattharoan ko dhakane vali ashmamrida mean ugate haian. tikhi dhalanoan par jaladharaoan ke kinare eldar ke vriksh pae jate haian. adhik ooanchaee par inaka sthan parvatiy se van le lete haian, jinamean samany sadabahar prajati peandanas faraketas hai, jo ek prakar ka skroo pain (ketaki) hai. poorvi himalay mean anumanatah in vrikshoan ke alava lagabhag 4,000 prajatiyoan ke phooladar paudhe pae jate haian, jinamean se 20 khajoor jati ke haian. pashchim ki or ghatati huee varsha aur badhati huee ooanchaee ke sath-sath varsha vanoan ka sthan ushnakatibandhiy parnapati van le lete haian, jahaan bahumooly imarati vriksh sal (shoriya robasta) pramukh prajati hai, sal 914 mitar (nam sal) se 1,372 mitar (shushk sal) ki ooanchaiyoan tak ke ooanche patharoan mean phalata-phoolata hai. isake aur age pashchim mean kramashah stepi van (vistrit maidanoan mean sthit van) uposhn katibandhiy kaantedar stepi aur uposhn katibandhiy upamarusthaliy vanaspati paee jati hai. shitoshn van lagabhag 1,372 se 3,353 mitar ki ooanchaiyoan ke bich phaile hue haian aur inamean shankudhari tatha chau di pattiyoan vale shitoshn katibandhiy vriksh pae jate haian. ok tatha shankudhari vrikshoan ke sadabahar jangaloan ki sudoor pashchimi parvatiy sima pakistan mean ravalapiandi ke lagabhag 48 kilomitar pashchimottar mean madhi ke oopar ke paha doan par sthit hai. ye van nimn himalay ki vishishtata haian, jo bharat mean kashmir ke pir panjal ki bahari dhalanoan par spasht dikhate haian.

chi d pain

823 se 1,646 mitar ki ooanchaee tak chi d pain (painas r aauksabarghi) pramukh prajati hai. aandarooni ghatiyoan mean yah prajati 1,920 mitar ki ooanchaee tak bhi paee ja sakati hai.

devadar

devadar, jo kafi mahattvapoorn sthaniy prajati hai, mukhyatah parvatashreni ke pashchimi hisse mean paee jati hai. yah prajati 1,920 se 2,743 mitar ki ooanchaee ke bich ugati hai tatha sataluj v ganga nadiyoan ki oopari ghatiyoan mean aur adhik ooanchaee par bhi ug sakati hai. any shankudhari vrikshoan mean bloo pain v sproos ke vriksh lagabhag 2,225 aur 3,048 mitar ke bich pae jate haian.

alpiy kshetr 3,200 aur 3,566 mitar ki ooanchaiyoan ke bich vriksh rekha se oopar ka kshetr hai aur pashchimi himalay mean lagabhag 4,176 mitar tatha poorvi himalay mean 4,450 mitar ki ooanchaee tak phaila hai. is kshetr mean sabhi prakar ki nam alpiy vanaspatiyaan paee jati haian. joonipar kee kshetroan mean hota hai, visheshakar dhoopadar, tikhi aur chattani dhalanoan tatha shushk kshetroan mean isaka adhiky hai. nanga parvat par yah 3,886 mitar ki ooanchaee par bhi paya jata hai. rododeandron har jagah hota hai, lekin poorvi himalay ke nam hissoan mean isaki bahutayat hai, jahaan yah vrikshoan se lekar chhoti jha diyoan tak har akar mean ugata hai. nichale kshetroan mean jahaan nami ki adhikata hai, vahaan kaee aur shaivak (laiken) ugate haian, adhik ooanchaee, visheshakar nanga parvat aur mauant evarest par phooladar paudhe bhi pae jate haian.

prani jivan

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

thumb|250px|himalay
Himalayas poorvi himalay mean pashu jivan ka udbhav mukhyatah dakshini chin aur bharatiy-chini kshetr se hua hai. isamean prathamik roop se ushnakatibandhiy vanoan mean paya jane vala pashu jivan hai aur anupoorak roop se ooanche kshetroan mean vyapt uposhn, parvatiy aur shitoshn paristhitiyoan tatha shushk pashchimi kshetroan ke lie anukoolit hue jantu haian. lekin pashchimi himalay mean pashu jivan bhoomadhy sagariy, ithiyopiyaee aur turkameniyaee kshetroan se zyada nikatata pradarshit karata hai. atit mean is kshetr mean jiraf aur dariyaee gho de jaise afriki janavaroan ki maujoodagi ka pata bahy himalay ke shivalik nikshep mean pae jane vale jivashmoan se lagaya ja sakata hai. vriksh rekha se oopar ki ooanchaee par paya jane vala pashu jivan lagabhag poornatah sthaniy prajati ka hai, jo thand ke anukoolit ho chuke haian aur inaka vikas himalay ki ooanchaee badhane ke bad stepi ke vany jivan se hua hai.

log

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

bharatiy upamahadvip mean pae jane vale char pramukh jatiy samoohoan, bharatiy-yooropiy, tibbati-barmi, aaustro-eshiyaee aur dravi d mean se pahale do samooh himalay kshetr mean kafi sankhya mean pae jate haian, halaanki vibhinn kshetroan mean ye alag-alag anupat mean ghule-mile hue haian. inaka vitaran pashchim se yooropiy samoohoan, dakshin se bharatiy logoan aur poorv v uttar se eshiyaee janajatiyoan ki ghusapaith ke lanbe itihas ka parinam hai. himalay ke madhyavarti tihaee hisse nepal mean ye samooh aantamishrit haian. laghu himalay mean ghusapaith se dakshin eshiya ke nadi maidanoan ke rastoan mean aur unase hote hue pravas ka marg prashast hua. amataur par yah kaha ja sakata hai ki uchch himalay tatha tethis himalay mean tibbati v any tibbati-barmi logoan ka nivas hai tatha nimn himalay mean lanbe, gore bharopiy logoan ka vas hai.

arthavyavastha

sansadhan

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

himalay ki arthik paristhitiyaan is vibhinn paristhiti vale vistrit aur visham kshetr ke simit sansadhanoan ke anuroop haian. yahaan ki mukhy gatividhi pashupalan hai, lekin vanopaj ka dohan aur vyapar bhi mahattvapoorn hai. himalay mean prachur arthik sansadhan haian. inamean upajaoo krishi yogy bhoomi, vistrit ghas ke maidan v van, khanan yogy khanij bhandar aur asani se dohan yogy jalavidyut shakti shamil haian. pashchimi himalay mean sabase utpadak krishi yogy bhoomi kashmir ghati, kaang da sataluj nadi ke besin aur uttarakhand mean ganga v yamuna nadiyoan ke kagari kshetr ke sidhidar khetoan mean hai. in kshetroan mean chaval, makka, gehooan, jvar-bajara ka utpadan hota hai. madhy himalay mean nepal mean do-tihaee krishi yogy bhoomi taraee aur isase lage maidani kshetr mean hai. is bhoomi mean desh ke kul chaval utpadan ka adhikaansh hissa paida hota hai. is kshetr mean b di matra mean makka, gehooan, aloo aur ganne ki bhi kheti ki jati hai. [[chitr:Himalayas-9.jpg|thumb|250px|left|manali se leh ka rasata, himalay]]

yatayat

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

himalay kshetr mean s dak yatayat susthapit hai, jisase uttar tatha dakshin, donoan dishaoan se himalay mean pahuanchana sugam hai. nepal ke taraee kshetr mean poorv-pashchim disha mean ek rajamarg sthit hai. yah desh ke kee jalagrahan besinoan tak jane vale margoan ko jo data hai. rajadhani kathamaandoo laghu himalay rajamarg ke zariye pokhara se ju di huee hai, jabaki kodari darje se guzarane vala ek nichala himalayi rajamarg nepal ko tibbat ke lhasa se jo data hai. pashchimottar mean pakistan ek rajamarg se chin se ju da hua hai. himachal pradesh se guzarane vale hiandustan-tibbat marg mean ullekhaniy sudhar hua hai.

adhyayan tatha paryavekshan

himalay ki aranbhik yatraean vyapariyoan, charavahoan aur tirthayatriyoan dvara ki gee thian. tirthayatriyoan ko vishvas tha ki yatra jitani kashtakar hogi, ve moksh ya nirvan ke utane hi qarib pahuanch paeange, jabaki vyapariyoan aur charavahoan ne 5,486 se 5,791 mitar tak ki ooanchaee par sthit darroan ko samany jivan marg manakar par kiya, lekin any sabhi logoan ke lie himalay ek durgam aur bhayankar avarodh tha.

manachitr

thumb|250px|himalay

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

himalay ka kuchh had tak satik manachitr mugal badashah akabar ke darabar ke speni doot eantoniyoan maunaseret ne 1590 mean taiyar kiya tha. fraansisi bhoo-vaijnanik jyaan baipatist b aauragueegnon di aauravile ne vyavasthit paryavekshan ke adhar par tibbat aur himalay parvatashreni ka pahala manachitr taiyar kiya. 19vian sadi ke madhy mean sarve aauf iandiya ne himalay ki chotiyoan ki ooanchaee ke sahi akalan ke lie vyavasthit karyakram ka ayojan kiya. 1849 se 1855 ke bich nepal aur uttarakhand ki chotiyoan ka sarvekshan kar unaka manachitr banaya gaya. nanga parvat aur uttar mean karakoram shreni ki chotiyoan ko 1855 se 1859 ke bich sarvekshan kiya gaya. sarvekshakoan ne in khoee gee asankhy chotiyoan ko alag-alag nam nahian diya, balki aankoan aur roman sankhyaoan se unaki pahachan ki. is prakar, mauant evarest ko sarvapratham sirf ech nam diya gaya. 1849 s 1850 mean ise shikhar x.v kar diya gaya. 1865 mean shikhar x.v. ka nam bharat ke mahasarvekshak rahe sar jarj evarest (1830 se 1843 tak) ke nam par rakha gaya. 1852 mean ganana ka is had tak vikas nahian hua tha ki shikhar x.v. duniya ke any kisi bhi shikhar se ooancha hai, isaki janakari ho sake. 1862 tak, 5,486 mitar se adhik ooanchaee vale 40 shikharoan par sarvekshan kary ke lie arohan ho chuka tha.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

x250px|alt=himalay|himalay ka vihangam drishy

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sanbandhit lekh

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