ह्वेन त्सांग
hven tsaang
| |
| poora nam | hven tsaang |
| any nam | yuvanachvaang, yuvan chaang ya yuan-tyaang, chen aee |
| janm | 602 ee. |
| mrityu | 5 faravari, 664 ee. |
| bhasha | sanskrit, chini |
| puraskar-upadhi | san-tsaang |
| prasiddhi | darshanik, ghumakk d aur anuvadak |
| vishesh yogadan | bauddh dharm ka prachar-prasar |
| dharm | bauddh dharm |
| any janakari | bharat mean hven tsaang ne buddh ke jivan se ju de sabhi pavitr sthaloan ka bhraman kiya aur upamahadvip ke poorv evan pashchim se lage ilaqoan ki bhi yatra ki. |
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hven tsaang / hven saang / yuvan chaang ya yuan-tyaang (sanskrit: mokshadev, aangrezi:Xuanzang, janm: 602 ee. lagabhag mrityu: 5 faravari, 664 ee. lagabhag) mem tripitak ke roop mean jnat ek prasiddh chini bauddh bhikshu tha jisaka janm chin ke luoyang sthan par sanh 602 ee. mean hua tha. isake sath hi vah ek darshanik, ghumakk d aur anuvadak bhi tha. unaka mool nam chen aee tha. hven tsaang, jinhean manad upadhi san-tsaang se sushobhit kiya gaya. unhean moo-cha ti-po bhi kaha jata hai. jinhoanne bauddh dharmagranthoan ka sanskrit se chini anuvad kiya aur chin mean bauddh chetana mat ki sthapana ki. isane hi bharat aur chin ke bich arambhik tang vansh kal mean samanvay kiya tha. hven tsaang char bachchoan mean sabase chhota tha. isake prapitamah rajadhani ke shahi mahavidyalay mean 'nirikshak' the, aur pitamah pradhyapak the. isake pita ek kanfyooshas vadi the, jinhoanne apani rajasi naukari tyag kar rajanitik uthapalat, jo ki chin mean kuchh samay bad hone vala tha, se apane ko bachaya.
yatriyoan ka rajakumar
fahyan ki tarah hven tsaang bhi chini bauddh bhikshu tha. vah fahyan ke karib 225 varsh uparaant bharat pahuancha tha. hven tsaang ne gaandhar, kashmir, panjab, kapilavastu, banaras, gaya evan kushinagar ki yatra ki thi lekin bharat mean sabase mahatvapoorn samay kannauj mean bita. tab vahaan ka raja harshavardhan tha. usake nimantran par vah 635 se 643 eesavi tak 8 sal kannauj mean raha. yahian se vah svadesh ravana hua. aisa mana jata hai ki hven tsaang bharat se 657 pustakoan ki paandulipiyaan apane sath le gaya tha. chin pahuanchakar usane apana shesh jivan in granthoan ka anuvad karane mean bita diya. tathagat buddh ki janmasthali mean bauddh dharm ka prachar aur vaibhav dekhakar hven tsaang nihal ho gaya tha. usane 6 varshoan tak nalanda vishvavidyalay mean adhyayan bhi kiya. chini yatriyoan mean sarvadhik mahatv hvenasaang ka hi hai. use ‘prians aauph traivalars ‘arthat' yatriyoan ka rajakumar kaha jata hai.[1]
shiksha v adhyayan
vidvanoan ki pidhiyoan vale parivar mean janme hven tsaang ne prachin kanfyooshiyaee shiksha prapt ki. isaki jivaniyoan ke anusar, yah pratibhashali chhatr rahe. isake pita ke kanfyooshas vadi hone ke bavajood bhi shuruati kal se hi isane bauddh bhikshu banane ki ichchha vyakt ki thi. isake ek b de bhrata ne aisa hi kiya tha. yahian ek buddhiman prajnavan bauddh bhikshu ke sath do varsh vyatit kiye lekin apane ek b de bhaee ke prabhav mean bauddh dharmagranthoan ke prati unaki ruchi jagi aur unhoanne shighr hi bauddh dharm grahan kar liya. chin mean us samay jari rajanitik uthal-puthal se bachane ke lie apane bhaee ke sath unhoanne chaang-an bad mean soo-chooan (adhunik sechvan) ki yatra ki. soo-chooan mean hven tsaang ne bauddh darshan ka adhyayan shuroo kiya, lekin shighr hi mool granth mean kee visangatiyoan evan virodhabhasoan se pareshan ho ge. apane chini guruoan se koee samadhan n milane par unhoanne bauddh dharm ke srot bharat mean jakar adhyayan karane ka faisala kiya. yatra anumati patr hasil n kar pane ke karan unhoanne chori-chhipe soo-chuan chho d diya. usane yahaan therav da lekhoan ka adhyayan kiya.
bharat yatra
chini yatri hven tsaang ne harshavardhan ke shasan kal mean bharat ki yatr ki thi. usane apani yatra 29 varsh ki avastha mean 629 ee. mean prarambh ki thi. yatra ke dauran tashakand, samarakand hota hua hven tsaang 630 ee. mean ‘chandr ki bhoomi‘ (bharat) ke gaandhar pradesh pahuancha. gaandhar pahuanchane ke bad hnenasaang ne kashmir, panjab, kapilavastu, banaras, gaya evan kushinagar ki yatra ki. kannauj ke raja harshavardhan ke nimantran par vah usake rajy mean lagabhag ath varsh (635-643 ee.) raha. isake pashchath 643 ee. mean usane svadesh jane ke lie prasthan kiya. vah kashagar, yarakand, khotan hota hua, 645 ee. mean chin pahuancha. vah apane sath bharat se koee 150 buddh ke avasheshoan ke kan, sone, chaandi, evan sandal dvara bani buddh ki moortiyaan aur 657 pustakoan ki pandulipiyoan ko le gaya tha.
bharat ka varnan
hven tsaang ki bharat yatra ka vritaant hamean chini granth ‘si yoo ki‘, vatarj ki pustak ‘On Yuan Chwang's Travel In India ‘ evan hmuli ki pustak 'Life of lliven Tsang' mean milata hai. hven tsaang ke vivaran se tatkalin bharat ke samajik, rajanitik, arthik, dharmik evan prashasakiy paksh par prakash p data hai. hven tsaang brahman jati ka ‘sarvadhik pavitr evan sammanit jati‘ ke roop mean ullekh karata hai. kshatriyoan ki kartavyaparayanata ki prashansa karata hua use ‘raja ki jati‘ batata hai aur vaishyoan ka vah vyapari ke roop mean ullekh karata hai. hven tsaang ke vivaran ke anusar us samay machhuaroan, kalaee, jallad, bhangi jaisi jatiyaan nagar sima ke bahar nivas karati thian. nagar mean bhavanoan, divaroan ka nirman eetoan evan tailoan se kiya jata tha.
hnenasaang ne tatkalin bharat ko har kshetr mean samriddhishali bataya hai. is samay gay ka maans khane par poornatah pratibandh tha. hnenasaang ne pataliputr ke patan evan uttar bhar ke navin nagar kannauj ke utthan par prakash dala hai. usake anusar kannauj mean lagabhag 100 sangharam evan 200 hindoo mandir the. hnenasaang ne us samay resham evan soot se nirmit 'kaushey' namak vastr ka bhi varnan kiya hai. isake atirikt usane kshaum, linan, kambal jaise vastr ka bhi varnan kiya hai. hnenasaang ke anusar is lokh kheti ka kary karate the. hnenasaang ke anusar is samay audyogik kshetr mean vyavasayik shreniyoan evan nigamoan ki pak d mazaboot thi. shoodr log kheti ka kary karate the. hnenasaang ke anusar is samay antarjatiy vivah, vidhava vivah evan parde ki pratha ka prachalan nahian tha jabaki sati pratha ka prachalan tha. shiksha par prakash dalate hue hnenasaang ne bataya ki shiksha dharmik thi, lipi brahni evan bhasha sanskrit thi jo viddhanoan ki bhasha thi. is samay shiksha grahan karane ki ayu 9 varsh se 30 varsh ke bich mani jati thi. usaka ullekh antarrashtriy vishvavidyalay ke roop karata hai jise harsh ne 200 gramoan ka anudan kiya tha.
bali ka prayas
hven tsaang kannauj ki dharmasabha ka adhyaksh tha, tatha usane prayag ke chhathean 'mahomokshaparishad' mean bhag liya tha. tatkalin bharat mean brahman dharm (vaishnav, shaiv) bauddh dharm ke sath sath shakt sampraday ke prachalan ka bhi sanket karata hai. devi durga ko shiv ki shakti manate hue bali ki pratha ka bhi prachalan tha. ek samay jaise hi hven tsaang svayan durga ki bali ke lie samarpit kiya jane vala tha, bhishan toofan ane ke karan vah isase tran pa saka. thumb|250px|left|hven tsaang ki pratima isi kal mean chauthi bauddh sammelan hua, kushan raja kanishk ki dekh rekh mean. sanh 633 ee. mean hven tsaang ne kashmir se dakshin ki or chinabhukti jise vartaman mean firozapur kahate haian, ko prasthan kiya. vahaan bhikshu vinitaprabha ke sath ek varsh tak adhyayan kiya. sanh 634 ee. mean poorv mean jalandhar pahuancha. isase poorv usane kulloo ghati mean hinayan ke math bhi bhraman kiye. phir vahaan se dakshin mean bairat, merath aur mathura ki yatra ki.
mathura mean agaman
apani itani yatra ke bad hven tsaang ganga nadi ke madhyam se nauka dvara mathura pahuanche aur usake bad ganga ke poorvi ilaqe mean bauddh dharm ki pavitr bhoomi mean 633 ee. mean pahuanche. phir ganga nadi par karake dakshin mean sankasy (kapitth) pahuancha, jahaan kahate haian, ki gautam buddh svarg se avatarit hue the. yamuna ke tire chalate-chalate hven tsaang mathura pahuancha. mathura mean 2000 bhikshu mile aur hindoo bahul kshetr hone ke bad bhi donoan hi bauddh shakhaean vahaan thian. usane shrughn nadi tak yatra ki aur phir poorvavat matipur ke liye nadi par ki. yah sanh 635 ee. ki bat hai.
vahaan se uttari bharat ke mahasamrat harshavardhan (606-647 ee.) ki rajadhani 'kanyakubj', vartaman kannauj pahuancha. yahaan sanh 636 ee. mean usane sau math aur 10,000 bhikshu dekhean (mahayan aur hinayan, donoan hi). vah samrat ki bauddh dharm ki sanrakshan aur palan se ati prabhavit hua. isane qarib 10 varsho tak bharat mean bhraman kiya. usane 6 varsho tak nalanda vishvavidyalay mean adhyayan kiya. usaki bharat yatra ka vrittaant 'si-yoo-ki' namak granth se jana jata hai jisane lagabhag 138 deshoan ke yatra vivaran ka zikr milata hai. 'hooli' hven tsaang ka mitr tha jisane hven tsaang ki jivani likhi. is jivani mean usane tatkalin bharat par bhi prakash dala. chini yatriyoan mean sarvadhik mahattv hven tsaang ka hi hai. use ‘prians aauph pilagrims‘ arthath 'yatriyoan ka rajakumar' kaha jata haian.
bharat mean hven tsaang ne buddh ke jivan se ju de sabhi pavitr sthaloan ka bhraman kiya aur upamahadvip ke poorv evan pashchim se lage ilaqo ki bhi yatra ki. unhoanne apana adhikaansh samay nalanda math mean bitaya, jo bauddh shiksha ka pramukh keandr tha, jahaan unhoanne sanskrit, bauddh darshan evan bharatiy chiantan mean dakshata hasil ki.
samman
jab hven tsaang bharat mean the, to ek vidvan ke roop mean hven tsaang ki khyati itani phaili ki uttar bharat ke shasak shaktishali raja harshavardhan ne bhi unase milana evan unhean sammanit karana chaha. is raja ke sanrakshan ke karan, 643 ee. mean hven tsaang ki vapasi chin yatra kafi suvidhajanak rahi. unaki khyati mukhy roop se bauddh sootroan ke anuvad ki vyapakata evan bhinnata tatha madhy eshiya aur bharat ki yatra ke dastavezoan ke karan hai, jo vistrit evan satik aank doan ke karan itihasakaroan evan puratattvavidom ke lie amooly haian.
rajadhani mean vapasi
hven tsaang, taang ki rajadhani chaang-an mean 16 sal ke bad 645 ee. mean laute. rajadhani mean hven tsaang ka bhavy svagat hua aur kuchh dinoan bad shahanshah ne unhean darabar mean bulaya, jo videshi bhoomi ke unake vritaant se itane romaanchit hue ki unhoanne is bauddh bhikshu ko mantri pad ka prastav diya. lekin hven tsaang ne dharm ki seva ko prathamikata di, isalie unhoanne sammanapoorvak shahi prastav ko asvikar kar diya.
bauddh dharm ka prachar
hven tsaang ne apana shesh jivan bauddh dharmagranthoan ke anuvad mean laga diya jo 657 granth the aur 520 petiyoan mean bharat se lae ge the. is vishal khand ke keval chhote se hisse (1330 adhyayoan mean qarib 73 granth) ke hi anuvad mean mahayan ke kuchh atyadhik mahattvapoorn granth shamil haian.
yogachar mean ruchi
hven tsaang ki ruchi mukhyatah yogachar (vijnanavad) darshan par keandrit thi tatha vah aur unake shishy kvi-chi (632-682) ne chin mean vi-shih (ekamatr chetana mat) ki sthapana ki. isaka siddhaant hven tsaang ke cheang-ve-shih lun (chetana matr siddhaant ki sthapana par shodh nibandh) mean pratipadit hai, jo mukhy yogachar lekhoan ka anuvad evan kvi-chi ki vyakhya hai. is mat ki mukhy avadharana hai:-
poora vishv keval man ki pratichchhavi hai.
jab hven tsaang evan kvi-chi jivit rahe, is mat ko kuchh pratishtha aur lokapriyata mili, lekin isaka jatil pradarshan, goodh shabdavali tatha man aur iandriyoan ka bal ki khal nikalane vala vishleshan, chini paranpara ke lie naya tha. isalie in donoan hastiyoan ki mrityu ke bad is mat ka tezise hras hua. lekin aisa hone se pahale japan ke ek bhikshu dosho, hven tsaang se shiksha ke lie 653 mean chin ae aur adhyayan poora karane ke bad japan lautane ke bad unhoanne ‘matr udh-bhavana’ mat ki sthapana ki. satavian aur athavian sadi ke dauran yah mat, japani jise hoso kahate the, japan ke sabhi bauddh matoan mean sabase prabhavashali ban gaya.
vyapak vrittaant
thumb|250px|hven tsaang ki pratima anuvad ke alava hven tsaang ne ta-taang si-yoo-chi ( mahanh taang rajavansh ke pashchimi kshetr ka dastavez) bhi likha. yah un deshoan ka vyapak vrittaant hai, jahaan se vah apani yatra ke dauran guzare the. is nirbhik evan samarpit bauddh bhikshu aur tirthayatri ke samman mean taang samrat ne hven tsaang ki mrityu ke bad tin din tak sabhi sabhaean radd kar dian. hven tsaang ke bare mean do adhyayan haian:-
- arthar veli ka d riyal tripitik prishth 11-130 (1952),
- ek jivant aur rochak shaili mean likhi jivani tatha rene gruset dvara likhi apekshakrit vyapak jivani sar les tresez d buddha (1929; in d phutasteps aauf d buddha), jisamean taang itihas aur bauddh darshan ki prishthabhoomi mean is chini tirthayatri ke jivan ki charcha ki gee haian.
harsh ke prashasan ki prashansa
hnenasaang ne dakshin ke kanchi evan chaluky rajy ki bhi yatra ki thi. pulakeshin dvitiy ki shakti ki usane prashansa ki hai. harsh ke prashasan evan praja kalyan ki bhavana ka vah prashansak tha. hnenasaang ne aparadhi pravritti ke logoan ki sankhya ke ulp hone ki bat kahi hai. shariri dand ka prachalan kam tha tatha samajik bahishkar evan arth dand ke roop mean dand diya jata tha. hnenasaang ke anusar raja varsh ke adhikaansh samayoan mean nirikshan yatra par rahata tha aur yatra ke dauran vah asthayi nirman kary karava kar usamean nivas karata tha. harsh ka samoocha din tin bhagoan mean vibhajit tha-
- pratham bhag (din ka) rajy ke karyo mean
- shesh do bhag (din ka) dharmarth karyoan par vyatit hota tha.
hnenasaang ne harsh ki sainy vyavastha par prakash dalate hue bataya ki usaki sena mean qarib 50,000 paidal sainik, lagabhag ek lakh ghu dasavar evan 60,000 hathiyoan ki sankhya thi. sena ka mahattvapoorn bhag rath sena hoti thi.
mrityu
hven tsaang ki mrityu 5 faravari, 664 ee. mean huee thi.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ aha! zindagi, aprail 2018, prishth sankhya- 68
bahari k diyaan
sanbandhit lekh
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varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj
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