कुषाण साम्राज्य
kushan samrajy tatkalin tin mahattvapoorn samrajy, poorv mean chin, pashchim mean parthiyan (pahalav) evan rom samrajy ke madhy mean sthit tha. chooanki parthiyanoan ke rom se sambandh achchhe nahian the, isalie chin se vyapar karane ke lie rom ko kushanoan se madhur sambandh banane p de. yah vyapar mahanh 'silkamarg' tatha 'reshamamarg' se sampann hota tha. yah marg tin hissoan mean banta tha -(1.) kaispiyan sagar hote hue, (2.) marv se pharat nadi hote hue nil sagar par sthit bandaragah tatha (3.) lal sagar tak jata tha.
kushanakalin vyapar
pratham shatabdi mean bharat aur rom ke bich madhur sambandh ka ullekh 'periplas aauf di irithriyan si' namak pustak mean milata hai. is pustak mean roman samrajy ko niryat ki jane vali vastuoan mean kalimirch, adarak, resham, malamal, sooti vastr, ratn, moti adi ka ullekh milata hai. ayat ki jane vali vastuoan mean mooanga, loshan, kaanch, chaandi, sone ka bartan, raanga, sisa, tiptiya ghas, git gane vale l dake ka ullekh milata hai. pratham shatabdi ee. mean vyapar mukhyatah sindhu nadi ke muhane par sthit bandaragah 'baravairikam' aur bh dauch se hota tha. dakshin bharat mean is samay arikamedu, mujaris, kaveri, pattam jaise pramukh bandaragah the. 'periplas aauf d isithriyan si' pustak mean arikamedu bandaragah ka ullekh pedok nam se kiya gaya hai. berigaja (bh dauch) athava bharookachchh pashchimi tat par sthit sarvadhik mahattvapoorn bandaragah aur praveshadvar tha. rom se bharat a rahe logoan ki matra par grik itihasakar plini ne duahkh vyakt kiya hai.
chauthi bauddh sangiti
kanishk bauddh dharm ki 'mahayan' shakha ka anuyayi tha. usane bauddh dharm ke prachar ke lie kafi kam kiya. kanishk ke samay mean hi bauddh dharm ki chauthi sangiti ka ayojan kiya gaya. yah sangiti kashmir ke 'kundal van' mean ayojit ki gee. is sangiti ke adhyaksh vasumitr evan upadhyaksh ashvaghosh the. ashvaghosh, kanishk ka rajakavi tha. isi sangiti mean bauddh dharm do bhagoan-hinayan aur mahayan mean vibhajit ho gaya. is sangiti mean nagarjun shamil hue the. isi sangiti mean tinoan pitakoan par tikayean likhi geean, jinako 'mahavibhasha' nam ki pustak mean sankalit kiya gaya. is pustak ko bauddh dharm ka 'vishvakosh' bhi kaha jata hai. sangiti ke nirnayoan ko tamrapatr par likhakar patthar ki manjooshaoan mean rakhakar stoop mean sthapit kar diya gaya. kanishk bauddh dharm ka anuyayi hote hue bhi any dharmoan ke prati sahishnu tha. isake sikkoan par parthiyan, yoonani evan bharatiy devi-devataoan ki akritiyaan mili haian. kanishk ke sikkoan par grik akshar mean jin devataoan ke nam likhe haian ve is prakar haian- 'hiraiklij', 'sirapij', grik namadhari soory aur chandr, helios aur selini, miiro (soory), arthoan (agni), nanaiya, shiv adi. sikkoan par mahatma buddh tatha bharatiy devi devataoan ki akritiyaan yoonani shaili mean ukeri gee haian. kushan vansh ke shasakoan mean vim kadafaisis, shaiv; kanishk, bauddh; huvishk aur vasudev kushan, vaishnav dharm ke anuyayi the. mathura se kanishk ki ek aisi moorti mili hai, jisamean use sainik veshabhoosha mean dikhaya gaya hai. kanishk ke ab tak prapt sikke yoonani evan eerani bhasha mean mile haian.
kanishk ke taanbe ke sikkoan par use 'balivedi' par balidan karate hue darshaya gaya hai. kanishk ke sone ke sikke rom ke sikkoan se kafi kuchh milate the. buddh ke avasheshoan par kanishk ne peshavar ke nikat ek stoop evan math nirman karavaya. kanishk kala aur vidvata ka ashrayadata tha. isake darabar ka sabase mahanh sahityik vyakti ashvaghosh tha. isaki rachanaoan ki tulana mahanh miltan, gete, kant evan v aaulteyar se ki gee hai. ashvaghosh ne 'buddhacharitr' tatha 'saundaranand', shariputrakaran evan sootralankar ki rachana ki. isamean buddhacharit tatha saundaranand ko mahakavy ki sanjna prapt hai. saundaranand mean buddh ke sautele bhaee sundaranand ke sannyas grahan karane ka varnan hai. ashvaghosh ka granth 'sariputraprakaran' nau aanko ka ek natak granth hai, jisamean buddh ke shishy 'shariputr' ke bauddh dharm mean dikshit hone ka natakiy ullekh hai. is granth ki tulana valmiki ke ramayan se ki jati hai. kanishk ke darabar ki hi ek any vibhooti nagarjun darshanik hi nahian, balki vaijnanik bhi tha. isaki tulana martin loothar se ki jati hai. ise bharat ka 'aeensatain' kaha gaya hai. nagarjun ne apani pustak 'madhyamik sootr' mean sapekshata ke siddhant ko prastut kiya. vasumitr ne chauthi bauddh sangiti mean 'bauddh dharm ke vishvakosh' 'mahavibhashjnasootr' ki rachana ki. is granth ko 'bauddh dharm ka vishvakosh'kaha jata hai. kanishk ke darabar ke ek aur ratn chikitsak 'charak' ne aushadhi par 'charakasanhita' ki rachana ki. charak, kanishk ka rajavaidy tha. any viddhanoan mean parshv, vasumitr, matrivet, sangharakshak adi ke nam ullekhaniy hai. isake sangharas kanishk ke purohit the. vibhashashastr ki rachana vasumitr ne ki thi. kushanoan ne bharat mean basakar yahaan ki sanskriti ko atmasath kiya. bharatiy sanskriti yoonani sanskriti se prabhavit thi. kushan shasakoan ne 'devaputr' upadhi dharan ki. kanishk ke samay mean hi 'vatsayan ka kamasootr', bharavi ki svapnavasavadatta ki rachana huee. 'svapnavasavadatta' ko sanbhavatah bharat ka pratham sampoorn natak mana gaya hai.
yuishi jati ka bharat pravesh
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hoonoan ke akraman ke karan yuishi log apane prachin abhijan ko chho dakar anyatr jane ke lie vivash hue the, aur isalie madhy eshiya ke kshetr mean nivas karane vali vividh jatiyoan mean ek prakar ki uthal-puthal mach gee thi. yuishi jati ka mool abhijan tibbat ke uttar-pashchim mean 'takala maqan' ki marubhoomi ke simant kshetr mean tha. us samay hoon log uttari chin mean nivas karate the. jab chin ke shaktishali samrat shi-huaang-ti (246—210 ee. poo.) ne uttari chin mean vishal divar banavakar hoonoan ke lie apane rajy par akraman kar sakana asambhav bana diya, to hoon log pashchim ki or badhe, aur us pradesh par toot p de, jahaan yuishi jati ka nivas tha. yuishi logoan ke lie yah sambhav nahian tha ki ve barbar aur prachand hoon akrantaoan ka muqabala kar sakate. ve apane abhijan ko chho dakar pashchim v dakshin ki or jane ke lie vivash hue. us samay sir nadi ki ghati mean shak jati ka nivas tha. yuishi logoan ke akraman ke karan vah apane pradesh ko chho d dene ke lie vivash huee, aur sir nadi ki ghati par yuishi jati ka adhikar ho gaya. yuishiyoan se dhakele jakar hi shakoan ne baiktriya aur parthiya par akraman kie aur unaki ek shakha bharat mean bhi pravisht huee. shakoan ke dvara baiktriya ke yavan rajy ka ant hua, aur parthiya bhi unake adhikar mean a jata, yadi raja mithidatas dvitiy unake akramanoan se apane rajy ki raksha karane mean samarth n hota. parthiya ko jit sakane mean samarth n ho pane ke karan hi shakoan ki ek shakha sistan hoti huee sindh nadi mean pravisht huee thi.
yuishi jati ka baiktriya mean pravesh
sir nadi ki ghati se shakoan ko nikalakar yuishi jati ke log vahaan par abad ho ge the. par ve vahaan par bhi der tak nahian tik sake. jin hoonoan ke akraman ke karan yuishi log apane mool abhijan ko chho dane ke lie vivash hue the, unhoanne unhean sir nadi ki ghati mean bhi chain se nahian rahane diya. hoonoan ne yahaan par bhi unaka pichha kaya, jisase ki shakoan ke pichhe-pichhe ve baiktriya mean bhi pravisht hue. baiktriya aur usake samipavarti pradeshoan par unhoanne qabza kar liya, aur vahaan apane paanch rajy qayam kie. ek chini aitihasik ke anusar -
- hiu-mi
- shuaang-mi
- kueee-shuaang
- hi-too
- kao-foo.
pahali sadi ee. poo. se hi yuishi log apane ye paanch rajy sthapit kar chuke the. in rajyoan mean paraspar sangharsh chalata rahata tha. baiktriya ke yavan nivasiyoan ke sampark mean akar yuishi log sabhyata ke marg par bhi agrasar hone lage the, aur ve us dasha se unnati kar ge the, jisamean ki ve taqalamaqan ki marubhoomi ke samipavarti apane mool abhijan mean raha karate the.
kushan
yuishi logoan ke paanch rajyoan mean anyatam 'kueee-shuaanga' tha. 25 ee. poo. ke lagabhag is rajy ka svami 'kushan' nam ka vir purush hua, jisake shasan mean is rajy ki bahut unnati huee. usane dhire-dhire any yuishi rajyoan ko jitakar apane adhin kar liya. vah keval yuishi rajyoan ko jitakar hi santusht nahian hua, apitu usane samip ke parthiyan aur shak rajyoan par bhi akraman kie.
anek itihasakaroan ka mat hai, ki kushan kisi vyakti vishesh ka nam nahian tha. yah nam yuishi jati ki us shakha ka tha, jisane any charoan yuishi rajyoan ko jitakar apane adhin kar liya tha. jis raja ne paanchoan yuishi rajyoan ko milakar apani shakti ka utkarsh kiya, usaka apana nam kujul kadafaisis tha. paryapt praman ke abhav mean yah nishchit kar sakana kathin hai ki jis yuishi vir ne apani jati ke vividh rajyoan ko jitakar ek sootr mean sangathit kiya, usaka vaiyaktik nam kushan tha ya kujul tha. yah asandigdh hai, ki bad ke yuishi raja bhi kushan vanshi the. raja kushan ke vanshaj hone ke karan ve kushan kahalae, ya yuishi jati ki kushan shakha mean utpann hone ke karan - yah nishchit n hone par bhi isamean sandeh nahian ki ye raja kushan kahalate the aur inhian ke dvara sthapit samrajy ko kushan samrajy kaha jata hai.
prachin bharat ke sabhi samrajyoan mean kushan samrajy ki b di hi mahattvapoorn aantarrashtriy sthiti thi. is samay ke anek samrajyoan ke bich sthit tha. poorv mean chin ka 'svargik samrajy' tha. isake pashchim mean parthiyan samrajy tha. roman samrajy ka uday ho raha tha. roman tatha parthiyan samrajyoan mean paraspar shatruta thi, aur roman ek aisa marg chahate the jahaan se rom aur chin ke bich vyapar shatru desh parthiya se guzare bina ho sake. isalie ve kushan samrajy se maitripoorn sambandh rakhane ke ichchhuk the. mahanh 'silk marg' ki tinoan mukhy shakhaoan par kushan samrajy ka niyantran tha -
- kaispiyan sagar se hokar jane vale marg par,
- marv[1] se farat (yookrets) nadi hote hue roomasagar par bane bandaragah tak jane vale marg par,
- bharat se lal sagar tak jane vale marg par.
parinamasvaroop kushanoan ke samay mean uttar pashchim bharat us samay ka sarvadhik mahattvapoorn vyaparik kendr ban gaya tha. arthik drishti se kushanakalin bharat atyant samriddh pratit hota hai. keval sampoorn ganga ghati hi nahian apitu madhy eshiya tak vibhinn utkhananoan se pata chalata hai ki eesa ki tin shatabdiyoan mean shaharikaran kafi vikasit ho chuka tha.
uttari bharat ke saanskritik itihas mean bhi kushan kal ka mahattvapoorn sthan hai.
kushan bhi shakoan ki hi tarah madhy eshiya se nikale jane par qabul-kandhar ki or yahaan a gaye the. us kal mean yahaan ke hindi yoonaniyoan ki shakti kam ho gee thi, unhean kushanoan ne saralata se parajit kar diya. usake bad unhoanne qabul-kandhar par apana rajyadhikar qayam kiya. unake pratham raja ka nam kujul kadaphaisis tha. usane qabul – kandhar ke yavanoan (hindi yoonaniyoan) ko hara kar bharat ki uttar-pashchimi sima par base hue pahlavoan ko bhi parajit kar diya. kushanoan ka shasan pashchimi panjab tak ho gaya tha. kujul ke pashchath usake putr vim taksham ne kushan rajy ka aur bhi adhik vistar kiya. bharat ki tatkalin rajanitik paristhiti ka labh utha kar ye log age badhe aur unhoanne hiand yoonani shasakoan ki shakti ko kamazor kar shuang samrajy ke pashchimi bhag ko apane adhikar mean kar liya. vijit pradesh ka kendr unhoanne mathura ko banaya, jo us samay uttar bharat ke dharm, kala tatha vyaparik yatayat ka ek pramukh nagar tha.[2]
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