अंग्रेज़

aangrez
aangrez gavarnar r aaubart klaiv|200px|center
vivaran	'aangrez' ianglaind mool ke aangrezi bhashi logoan ko kaha jata hai. saph rang, bhoore bal aur safed v gori cham di ke karan inhean pray: 'gore log' bhi kaha jata hai.
kul janasankhya	100 miliyan (vishvabhar)
mukhy nivas kshetr	sanyukt rajashahi ianglaind aur vels - 37.6 miliyan sanyukt rajy - 25 miliyan aaustreliya - 7.2 miliyan kanada - 6.6 miliyan dakshin afrika - 1.6 miliyan nyoojilaind - 44,000–282,000
mukhy bhasha	aangrezi
sanbandhit lekh	eest indiya kampani, bharat mean gavarnar-janaral
any janakari	purane samay se aangrez gret briten ke any bhagoan mean aur uttari ayaralaind mean basane lage the, lekin us samay unaki sankhya ka anuman nahian lagaya ja sakata tha, kyoanki britani janaganana mean aitihasik roop se is tarah ka dhyan nahian rakha jata tha.

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briten mean rahane vale nivasiyoan ko aangrez kaha jata hai. inaka rang saph, bal bhoore v safed aur cham di gori hoti hai, isilie inhean pray: 'gore log' bhi kaha jata hai. kafi purane samay se aangrez log gret briten ke any bhagoan mean aur uttari ayaralaind mean basane lage the, lekin unaki sankhya ka anuman nahian lagaya ja sakata, kyoanki britani janaganana mean aitihasik roop se is tarah ka dhyan nahian rakha jata tha. bharat ke itihas mean aangrezoan ka bahut hi mahattvapoorn sthan raha hai. bharatiy itihas ke na jane kitane hi adhyay aangrezoan ki kootaniti, dhokhebazi aur lalachi gatividhiyoan se bhare p de haian. briten ke samrat 'jems pratham' ne pahale 1608 ee. mean h aaukins ko aur phir 1616 ee. mean t aaumas ro ko jahaangir ke darabar mean apana rajadoot banakar bheja tha. ajamer ke qile mean t aaumas ro ne mugal samrat jahaangir ke samane kh de hokar ek yachak ke roop mean bharat mean vyapar karane ki anumati maangi thi. jahaangir se t aaumas ro ka vyaparik samajhauta to nahian ho saka, kiantu us samay gujarat ke soobedar 'khurram' (bad mean shahajahaan) ne use vyaparik kothiyaan kholane ke lie faraman de diya tha. usi din se bharat ki gulami ki ibarat likh di gee.

bharat mean pravesh

ianglaind ki rani elijabeth pratham ke samay mean 31 disambar, 1600 ko bharat mean 'di garvanar end kampani aauf landal trediang intoo di eest iandij' arthath 'british eest iandiya kampani' ki sthapana huee. is kampani ki sthapana se poorv maharani elijabeth ne poorv deshoan se vyapar karane ke lie chartar tatha ekadhikar pradan kiya. prarambh mean yah adhikar matr 15 varsh ke lie mila tha, kintu kalantar mean ise 20-20 varshoan ke lie badhaya jane laga. eest iandiya kampani mean us samay kul qarib 217 sajhidar the. kampani ka arambhik uddeshy bhoo-bhag nahian, balki vyapar tha.

h aaukins ki jahaangir se bheant

bharat mean vyaparik kothiyaan kholane ke prayas ke antargat hi briten ke samrat jems pratham ne 1608 ee. mean kaiptan h aaukins ko apane rajadoot ke roop mean mugal samrat jahaangir ke darabar mean bheja. 1609 ee. mean h aaukins ne jahaangir se milakar soorat mean basane ki ijajat maangi, parantu purtagaliyoan tatha soorat ke saudagaroan ke vidroh ke karan use svikriti nahian mili. h aaukins farasi bhasha ka bahut achchha janakar tha. kaiptan h aaukins tin varshoan tak agara mean raha. jahaangir ne usase prasann hokar use 400 ka manasab tatha jagir pradan ki. 1616 ee. mean samrat jems pratham ne sar t aaumas ro ko apana rajadoot banakar jahaangir ke pas bheja. t aaumas ro ka ekamatr udeshy tha - 'vyaparik sandhi karana'. yadyapi usaka jahaangir se vyaparik samajhauta nahian ho saka, phir bhi use gujarat ke tatkalin soobedar 'khurram' (bad mean shahajahaan ke nam se prasiddh) se vyaparik kothiyoan ko kholane ke lie faraman prapt ho gaya.

vyaparik kothiyoan ki sthapana

t aaumas ro ke bharat se vapas jane se poorv soorat, agara, ahamadabad, bh dauanch mean aangrezoan ki vyaparik kothiyaan sthapit kar li geean. 1611 ee. mean dakshin-poorvi samudr tat par sarvapratham aangrezoan ne 'masulipattam' mean vyaparik kothi ki sthapana ki. yahaan se vastr ka niryat hota tha. 1632 ee. mean golakunda ke sultan ne ek sunahara faraman diya, jisake anusar 500 pago da salana kar dekar golakunda rajy ke bandaragahoan se vyapar karane ki anumati mil gayi. 1639 ee. mean madras mean tatha 1651 ee. mean hugali mean vyaparik kothiyaan kholi geean. 1661 ee. mean ianglaind ke samrat charls dvitiy ka vivah purtagal ki rajakumari 'kaitharin' se hua, tatha charls dvitiy ko bambee dahej ke roop mean prapt hua, jise unhoanne 1668 ee. mean das paund varshik kiraye par ise eest indiya kampani ko de diya. poorvi bharat mean aangrezoan ne apana pahala karakhana u disa mean 1633 ee. mean khola. shighr hi aangrezoan ne bangal, bihar, patana, balasor evan dhaka mean apane karakhane khole. 1639 ee. mean aangrezoan ne chandragiri ke raja se madras ko patte par lekar karakhane ki sthapana ki tatha karakhane ki qilebandi kar use 'fot seant jarj' ka nam diya. 'fort sent jarj' shighr hi koromandal samudr tat par aangrezoan ki bastiyoan ke mukhyalay ke roop mean masulipattam se age nikal gaya.

vyapar kar mean chhoot

1651 ee. mean bangal mean sarvapratham aangrezoan ko vyaparik chhoot prapt huee, jab 'greviyan vaantan', jo bangal ke soobedar shahazada shahashuja ke sath darabari chikitsak ke roop mean rahata tha, kampani ke lie ek faraman prapt karane mean saphal hua. is faraman se kampani ko 3000 rupaye varshik kar ke badale bangal, bihar tatha u disa mean mukt vyapar karane ki anumati mil gayi. shahazada shahashuja ki anumati se aangrezoan ne bangal mean apani pratham kothi 1651 ee. mean hugali mean sthapit ki. 'brijamain' ko 1651 ee. mean hugali mean sthapit aangrezoan ki faiktri ka pradhan niyukt kiya gaya. hugali ke bad aangrezoan ne kasim bazar, patana aur rajamahal mean apane karakhane khole. 1656 ee. mean doosara faraman manjoor kiya gaya. isi prakar kampani ne 1672 ee. mean shaista khaan se tatha 1680 mean aurangazeb se vyaparik riyayatoan ke sanbandh mean faraman prapt kiya.

mugal rajaniti mean hastakshep

dhire-dhire aangrezoan ka mugal rajaniti mean hastakshep prarambh ho gaya. 1686 ee. mean hugali ko lootane ke bad aangrez aur mugal senaoan mean sangharsh hua, jisake parinamasvaroop eest indiya kampani ko soorat, masulipattam, vishakhapattanam adi karakhanoan se apane adhikar khone p de, parantu aangrezoan dvara kshama yachana karane par aurangazeb ne unhean dedh lakh rupaye muavaja dene ke badale punah vyapar ke adhikar de diye aur 1691 ee. mean ek faraman nikala, jisamean 3000 rupaye ke nishchit varshik kar ke badale bangal mean kampani ko sima shulk dene se chhoot de di gee. 1698 ee. mean tatkalin bangal ke soobedar 'ajimushshan' dvara kampani ne tin gaanv- sutanati, kalakatta aur govindapur ki zamidari 12000 rupaye bhugatan kar prapt kar li. 1700 ee. tak 'j aaub charanak' ne ise vikasit kar kalakatta ka roop diya. kalakatta mean fort viliyam ki sthapana huee. isaka pahala garvanar 'charls ayar' hua.

aurangazeb se kshama

bangal mean soobedar shahashuja ke faraman ke bad bhi aangrezoan ko bangal mean bal-poorvak chugianyaan ada karani p dati thian, jisake karan kampani ne apani suraksha khud karane ke uddeshy se thana ke mugal qiloan par adhikar kar liya. 1686 ee. mean mugal sena ne aangrezoan ko hugali se palayan karane evan jvaragrast phulta dvip par sharan lene ke lie majaboor kiya. faravari, 1690 mean ejeant j aaub charanak ko badashah aurangazeb se kshama maangani p di. bad mean kampani ko punah usake adhikar prapt ho ge. lekin kampani ko kshatipoorti ke lie 1 lakh pachas hazar rupaya harjana dena p da.

farrukhasiyar ka faraman

1715 ee. mean j aaun sarman ke netritv mean ek vyaparik mishan tatkalin mugal badashah farrukhasiyar se milane gaya. is vyaparik mishan mean 'edavard stifeansan', 'viliyam haimiltan' (sarjan) tatha 'khvaja sehurd' (armeniyaee dvibhashiya) shamil the. d aauktar viliyam haimiltar, jisane samrat farrukhasiyar ko ek pran ghatak pho de se nijat dilaee thi, ki seva se khush hokar 1717 ee. mean samrat farrukhasiyar ne eest iandiya kampani ke lie nimnalikhit suvidhaoan vala faraman jari kiya-

1. bangal mean kampani ko 3000 rupaye varshik dene par niahshulk vyapar ka adhikar mil gaya.
2. kampani ko kalakatta ke as-pas ki bhoomi kiraye par lene ka adhikar de diya gaya.
3. kampani dvara bambee ki takasal se jari kiye gaye sikkoan ko mugal samrajy mean manyata pradan ki gee, aur
4. soorat mean 10,000 rupaye varshik kar dene par niahshulk vyapar ka adhikar prapt ho gaya.

jerald aangiyar

itihasakar 'orms' ne farrukhasiyar dvara jari kiye gaye is faraman ko 'kampani ka mahadhikar patr' kaha. 1669 ee. se 1677 ee. tak bambee ka garvanar 'jerald aangiyar' hi vastav mean bambee ka mahanatam sansthapak tha. 1687 tak bambee pashchimi tat ka pramukh vyaparik kendr bana raha. jerald aangiyar ne bambee mean qilebandi ke sath hi godi ka nirman karaya tatha bambee nagar ki sthapana aur ek nyayalay aur pulis dal ki sthapana ki. jerald aangiyar ne bambee ke garvanar ke roop mean yahaan se taanbe aur chaandi ke sikke dhalane ke lie takasal ki sthapana ki. jerald aangiyar ke samay mean bambee ki janasankhya 60,000 thi. usaka uttaradhikari 'rault' (1677 - 1682 ee.) hua tha.

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