अलग़ज़ाली

thumb|alagazali alagazali (1058-1111 ee.) sansar ke un prasiddh vyaktiyoan mean se ek haian, jinaki yogyata aur jnan ka loha unake jivan kal mean hi sabane man liya tha. imam gazali sahab any vidvanoan ki tarah kisi ek vidya ke nahian, balki ek hi sath kee vidyaoan ke jnata the. ve vidvanh bhi the aur darshanik bhi, soofi bhi the aur dharm mimaansak bhi, mutakallim (vad-vidyanuyayi) bhi the aur vicharak bhi. parantu imam sahab ka b dappan is bat mean hai ki ve pahale vyakti the, jinhoanne sachchaee ki khoj mean sare vishv ka chakkar lagaya, kathinaeeyaan jhelian aur us samay ki samast vidyaoan aur shikshaoan ka naye sire se adhyayan kiya tatha ant mean us sachchaee ko prapt karane mean saphal hue, jisaki talash ke lie unhoanne adhyapan kary chho da aur apana sarvasv nyauchhavar kar diya.

jivan parichay

imam sahab, jinaka nam muhammad, jati hujajtulislam aur gazali upanam hai, pandrahavi shatabdi ke madhy mean khurasan pradesh ke zila toos mean paida hue the. aisa kaha jata hai ki inaka janm ek gaanv mean hua tha, jisaka nam 'gazala' tha aur isi karan bad mean ap gazali ke nam se jane ge. parantu aisa bhi kaha jata hai ki gazali ke pita oon katakar becha karate the aur katane ko arabi bhasha mean 'gazal' kahate haian, is karan inaka nam gazali p da.

gazali ke pita ek dharmik aur nekadil vyakti the. unhoanne khuda se prarthana ki ki ai khuda mujhe ek aisa beta de, jo vidvanh bane. khuda ne usaki prarthana svikar ki aur unhean putr ratn ki prapti huee, jisaka nam muhammad rakha gaya, jo bad mean imam gazali ke nam se prasiddh hua. isi prakar usake pita ne phir prarthana ki ki ai khuda aisa l daka de, jo dharmopadeshak bane. khuda ki dayaluta dekhie ki unhean phir putr ratn ki prapti huee, jisaka nam ahamad rakha gaya aur bad mean ek mahanh dharmopadeshak bana. abhi ye bhaee chhote hi the ki unake pita ka nidhan ho gaya. marane se pahale unhoanne apane donoan bachchoan ko apane ek dost ko sauanp diya aur paisa dekar bachchoan ka shiksha prabandh karane ke lie kaha. dost ne bachchoan ko shiksha dilani shuroo kar di. kuchh dinoan ke pashchath jab usake pita ki di huee sampatti samapt ho gee, tab us dost ne unako ek vidyalay mean pravisht kara diya, jahaan ve khairat ki roti par basar karake apani padhaee mean pratritt ho ge.

shiksha ka prarambh

imam sahab prarambhik shiksha toos mean prapt karane ke pashchath jurjan chale ge. us yug mean padhaee ka yah tarika tha ki adhyapak jo vaktavy dete the, shishy use likh liya karate the aur atyant savadhani se sambhal kar rakhate the. imam sahab ne bhi aisa hi kiya. kuchh dinoan ke pashchath ve svadesh laute. rah mean daka p da aur imam sahab ke pas mean jo kuchh bhi saman tha, sab lut gaya, jisamean ve kharre bhi the. imam sahab ko in kharroan ke lutane ka b da du:kh hua. ve dakuoan ke saradar ke pas ge aur kaha ki maian keval un kharroan ko vapas chahata hooan, kyoanki unamean jo batean likhi haian, unako sunane aur yad karane ke lie maianne yah yatra ki hai. dakoo saradar hans p da aur bola tumane kya khak sikha, jab tumhari yah halat hai ki ek kagaz n raha to tum kore rah ge. parantu usane ve kharre unhean vapas kar diye. imam sahab ko is vyangy se atyant pi da huee. isake phalasvaroop ghar pahuanchakar unhoanne sab likhi huee batean kanthasth kar lian.

pustak rachana

isake pashchath age padhaee ke lie ve nesapor ge. vahaan par allama juaini namak ek vriddh sajjan padhate the. yahaan se imam sahab ka sitara chamakana prarambh hua aur yahian par unhoanne ek pustak likhi, jisaka nam tha 'al-manakhool'. unake adhyapak ne jab yah pustak dekhi to unhoanne socha ki ye shishy to mujh par hi havi ho raha hai. isake phalasvaroop unhoanne imam sahab se kaha tumane to mujhe zinda hi dafan kar diya. kam se kam meri maut ki pratiksha to kar lete. adhyapak ki maut ke bad imam sahab bagadad a ge aur vahaan madarase nijamiya mean adhyapan shuroo kar diya. us samay unaki ayu 34 varsh ki thi. kaha jata hai ki unake pas anumanat: 400 vidyarthi shiksha ke lie aya karate the aur sabhi unaki yogyata ka loha manate the.

pravritti

thumb|250px|alagazali ka maqabara imam sahab ek vishesh prakar ki pravritti rakhate the. vah jitane bhi dharmik siddhaant aur sampraday the, sab par paini drishti dalate the. bagadad us samay sansar bhar ke siddhaantoan aur vicharoan ka akha da tha. us dharati par paanv rakhakar pratyek vyakti svatantr ho jata tha aur jo kuchh bhi chahata tha, vyakt kar sakata tha. is svatantrata ke karan kee prakar ke siddhaant aur vichar phaile hue the. imam sahab vahaan sab sampradayoan ke vyaktiyoan se mile aur unake vichar sune. un sabase milane ke pashchath imam sahab ke man mean sandeh utpann hua aur ve svayamev bol uthe, 'yay allah. inamean se sachchaee par kaun hai? kisako sachcha kahean aur kisako jhootha?' aur phir jab har ek par samikshatmak drishti dali to sabhi mean unhean kuchh n kuchh kamiyaan drishtigat hueean. isi karan ve khojabin mean jut ge aur is tarah darshan ke har pahaloo par janakari prapt ki. is mo d par pahuanchakar unhoanne yah avashyak samajha ki kyoan n aise jnan ki khoj ki jae, jo bilkul sachcha aur vastavik ho. imam sahab ka sachchaee aur vastavikata ka mapadand tha- vah jisako pa lene ke pashchath sandeh ke badal bilkul chhant jayean aur vastavikata prakat ho jaye.

soofivad ka prabhav

is sachchaee ko pa lene ke lie unhoanne socha ki paramparik shikshaoan aur siddhaantoan se unako dhyey ki prapti nahian ho sakati. isalie to jivan ka svayan nishpaksh bhav se adhyayan karana hoga. sabhi adhyatmik aur naitik siddhaantoan ko phir se dekhana aur unako jnan ki kasauti par rakhana hoga. is tarah unaka jhukav soofivad ki or hua. parantu gazali ne jivan ko jis prakar apana liya tha, vah soofivad se bhi mel nahian khata tha. phalat: unhoanne yah phaisala kiya ki sansar ko chho dakar sachchaee ki khoj mean nikal jana hi sarthak hai aur ek din vastav mean ve bagadad se nikal p de. pahale sham (damishk) ae aur do sal tak vahaan rahe. isake bad ghoomate-ghoomate ve haj ke lie makka madina gaye. isi yatra ke madhy mean unhoanne 'sikandariya' bhi dekha. 499 hijari (1106 ee.) mean jab vah paigambar ibrahim ke janm sathan khalil mean the, tab unhoanne tin batoan ki pratijna ki-

1. kisi badashah ke darabar mean nahian jaooanga.
2. kisi badashah ke dhan ko svikar nahian karooanga.
3. kisi se vad-vivad nahian karooanga.

any pustakoan ke rachana

isi yatra mean gazali ne apani sarvashreshth pustak 'ahyaul-uloom' (vidya sanjivani) ki rachana ki, jo ki doosara quran samajhi jati hai. imam sahab ke shishyoan ki tarah unaki likhi pustakean bhi anek haian. unhoanne bis varsh ki ayu se hi lekhan kary prarambh kar diya tha. das-gyarah varsh yatra mean gujare phir bhi saik doan pustakean likhian. inaki likhi pustakean yoorop mean bhi bahut prachalit hueean. 'ahyaul-uloom' aur 'al munakij minal-jalal' inaki sarvashreshth pustakoan mean se haian. unaka dehant 1111 ee. mean hua. 'darshan ke itihas' ke lekhak j aaurj henari levis ka kahana hai, agar 'dekart' (1596-1650) ke samay 'ahyaul-uloom' ka anuvad freanch bhasha mean ho chuka hota, to log yahi kahate the ki dekart ne ah, yaul-uloom se churaya hai.

adhyatmik pravrittiyoan ka parikshan

al-gazali ne apane samay ki samast darshanik evan adhyatmik pravrittiyoan ka parikshan kiya. mool roop se islam ke mukhy abhiprayoan ko samarthan dene mean ve aandhavishvasi dharmashastriyoan ke uddeshyoan se sahamat the. lekin inake anusar un logoan ke tark sashakt nahian the, kyoanki ve antarik anubhavoan ke gambhir mahattv ke prati avahelana ka bhav lie hue the. ve satta ko soofi anubhav ke madhyam se samajhana chahate the, jo unake anusar divy vyaktitv mean manav ke vishvas ko samajhane ka ekamatr sadhan hai. dekart ki bhaanti inhoanne samast darshanik sthitiyoan par apani prasiddh kriti 'tahaphat-ul-philasapha' (darshanikoan ka khandan) mean sandeh vyakt kiya hai. sath hi inhoanne naitik evan dharmik sankalp ke adhar par sachchi dharmanishth bhavana ko pratishthit karane ka prayas kiya hai.

arastoovad ke khilaf

chooanki inhoanne arastoovad ko islam ke shatru ke roop mean liya tha, isalie ye 'al-pharadi' evan 'ibne-sina' ke darshanoan se bhi asahamat hi rahe. kahane ki avashyakata nahian ki ye donoan darshanik aandhavishvasapoorn dhang se arastu ke darshan ko ekamatr sambhav evan us adhyatmaparak vidya ke roop mean svikar kar chuke the, jinake aantargat samast tatvamimaansiy evan nitishastriy samasyaean hal ki ja sakati haian. vyaghat siddhaant ki sahayata se inhoanne nimnalikhit bhautik tatvamimaansiy darshanik siddhaantoan ka khandan karane ka prayas kiya hai-

1. yah ki jagath shashvat hai.
2. yah ki eeshvar keval samanyoan se avagat rahata hai aur isalie koee vishisht vidhata nahian hai.
3. yah ki matr atma amar hai aur isalie sharir ke punarujjivit hone ka koee prashn nahian hai.

is prakar is prakriya mean inhoanne karanata ke sanbandh mean apani ati mahattvapoorn avadharana ko vikasit kiya hai. karanata ko ye sankalp karane ke arth mean lete haian. ye samay sanbandh ke aantargat prakriti ki karanata ko poorn roop se asvikrit karate haian. samay ke aantargat matr ghatanaoan ka anuvartitv sabhi prakar ke karan sanbandhi vyakhyaoan ke viruddh jata hai. nisrit karm hai. is sanbandh mean uchchatam sima ke roop mean inhoanne shashvat (daivi) sankalp ko mana hai jise pratham karan kaha jata hai. isi prakar se yah bhi iangit karate haian ki satta ka aiky janane mean nahian balki sankalp karane mean nihit hai. maian sankalp karata hooan isalie maian hooan. jagath ka sankalp karane mean eeshvar usase avagat bhi ho jata hai.  

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

tika tippani aur sandarbh

vishv ke pramukh darshanik |lekhak: shri es.ech. amanatullah |prakashak: vaijnanik tatha takaniki shabdavali ayog, nee dilli, 684 |prishth sankhya: 34 |