आकाश

akash kisi bhi khagoliy pind (jaise prithvi) ke vahy antariksh ka vah bhag hai jo us pind ke satah se dikhaee deta hai. anek karanoan se ise paribhashit karana kathin hai. din ke prakash mean prithvi ka akash gahare-nile rang ke satah jaisa pratit hota hai jo hava ke kanoan dvara prakash ke prakirnan ke parinamasvaroop ghatit hota hai. jabaki ratri mean hamean dharati ka akash taroan se bhara hua kale rang ka satah jaisa jan p data hai. asaman ka rang usaka nahian hota hai. soory se ane vala prakash jab akash mean upasthit dhool ityadi se milata hai to vah phail jata hai. nila rang, tarang dairdhy ke karan any rangoan ki apeksha mean adhik phailata hai isaliye akash prithvi ki satah se nila dikhaee deta hai.

akash ke any nam

1. nabh
2. asaman
3. ambar
4. vyom
5. nilambar
6. gagan

akash tattv

• vaisheshik sootrakar kanad ne prithvi, jal, tej aur vayu ki paribhasha mukhyat: unamean samavay sambandh se vidyaman pramukh gunoan ke adhar par sakaratmak vidhi se ki, kintu akash ki paribhasha ka avasar ane par kanad ne arambh mean nakaratmak vidhi se yah kaha ki akash vah hai jisamean roop, ras, gandh aur sparsh namak gun nahian rahate. kintu bad mean unhoanne yah bataya ki parisheshanuman se yah siddh hota hai ki akash vah hai, jo shabd ka ashray hai.
• prashastapad ke kathanoan ka ashay bhi yah hai ki akash vah hai, jisaka vyapak shabd hai. akash ek paribhashik sanjna hai arthath akash ko 'akash' bina kisi nimitt ke vaise hi kaha gaya hai, jaise ki vyaktivachak sanjna ke roop mean kisi balak ko devadatt kah diya jata hai. at: 'akashatv' jaisi koee jati (samany) usamean nahian hai. jis prakar se prithvi ghat ka karyarambhak dravy hai, us prakar se akash kisi avantar dravy ka arambhak nahian hota. jaisi prithvitv ki parajati (vyapak samany) dravyatv hai aur aparajati (vyapy samany) ghatatv hai, vaisi parajati hone par bhi koee aparajati akash ki nahian hai. yadyapi gun aur karm ki apeksha se bhi aparajati ki pratiti ka vidhan hai, kintu akash mean shabd adi jo chh: gun bataye ge haian, ve samany gun haian. at: unamean aparajati ka ghatakatv nahian mana ja sakata. shabd vishesh gun hote hue bhi anek dravyoan ka gun nahian hai. at: vah jati ka ghatak nahian hota. is prakar anek vrittita n hone ke karan akash mean 'akashatv' namak samany ki avadharana nahian ki ja sakati.
• kintu uparyukt mantavy ka khyapan karane ke anantar bhi prashastapad yah kahate haian ki akash mean shabd, sankhya, pariman, prithaktv, sanyag aur vibhag ye chh: gun vidyaman haian aur pariganit gunoan mean shabd ko sarvapratham rakhate haian, jisase vaisheshik ke uttaravarti acharyoan ne bhi kanad aur prashastapad ke ashayoan ke anuroop shabd ko parisheshanuman ke adhar par akash ka pramukh gun man liya aur is prakar annanbhatt ne antat: akash ki yah paribhasha ki 'shabdagunakamh akashamh' arthath jis dravy mean shabd namak gun rahata hai vah akash hai. akash ek hai, nity hai aur vibhu hai. akash ki n to utpatti hoti hai aur n nash, vah akhand dravy hai, usake avayav nahian hote. akash ka pratyaksh jnan nahian hota. usaka jnan parisheshanuman se hota hai. 'ih pakshi' adi udaharanoan ke adhar par mimaansakoan ne akash ko pratyakshagamy mana hai, kintu vaisheshikoan ke anusar 'ih pakshi' adi kathan akash ka nahian, apitu alokamandal ka sanket karate haian. at: akash, shabd dvara anumey dravy hai.
• vaisheshikoan ke anusar shabd ka gun hai, gun ka ashray koee n koee dravy hota hai. prithvi adi any ath dravy shabd ke ashray nahian haian. at: akash ke atirikt koee dravyantar ashray ke roop mean upalabdh n hone ke karan akash ko parisheshanuman se shabdagun ka ashray mana gaya hai. akash ka koee samavayi, asamavayi aur nimitt karan nahian hai. shabd usaka jnapak hetu hai, karak nahian.
• bhatt mimaansak shabd ko gun nahian apitu dravy manate haian. kintu vaisheshikoan ke anusar shabd ka dravyatv siddh nahian hota. sootrakar kanad ne yah spasht roop se kaha hai ki dravy vah hota hai, jisake keval ek hi nahian, apitu anek samavayikaran hoan. shabd ka keval ek samavayikaran hai, vah akash hai. at: shabd ekadravyashrayi gun hai. vah dravy nahian hai, apitu dravy se bhinn hai aur gun ki koti mean ata hai. is prakar vaisheshik nayanusar akash prithakh roop se ek vibhu aur nity dravy hai.

akash bhautiki ke anusar prithvi ko ghere hue jo golakar guanbaj dikhaee p data hai usi ko akash athava gagan kahate haian. prithvi par jidhar bhi ham apane charoan or drishti dau date haian vahian yah guanbaj dharatal se milata hua jan p data hai. is chaturdikh‌ vistrit brihath‌ sammilanavritt ko kshitij kahate haian. samudr ke bich jahaj par baithe hue hamean jahaj is vishal guanbaj ke keandr par sthit jan p data hai, kiantu jyoan-jyoan jahaj age badhata hai tyoan-tyoan yah guanbaj kshitij ke sath ke sath age sarakata jata hai. yahi anubhav hamean thal par bhi hota hai. prithvi ki parikrama chahe ham jalamarg se karean athava sthalamarg se, yah akash hamean sarvatr isi roop mean dikhaee p data hai. isase siddh hota hai ki yah khagol hamari prithvi ke oopar chaturdikh‌ achchhadit hai. prashn uthata hai ki kya akash koee vastavik padarth hai. oopar dekhane se hamean ek parde ka abhas hota hai, kiantu vastav mean akash koee parda nahian hai. soory, chandr, grah tatha nakshatr, prithvi ke paribhraman tatha ghoornan ke karan athava apani niji gati ke karan vibhinn apekshik gatiyoan se isi parde par chalate dikhaee p date haian. ratri mean jahaj ke oopar athava marusthal ke bich yah guanbaj taroan or grahoan se achchhadit dikhaee p data hai. ham ek sath is guanbaj ka adha hi dekh patean hai; doosara golardh prithvi ke thik doosari or pahuanchane par dikhaee p data hai. akash nirmal rahane par krishna paksh ki ratri mean ek chau di mekhala par tare adhik sankhya mean dikhaee p date haian. yah mekhala kshitij ke ek kinare se nikalakar hamare oopar se hoti huee kshitij ke thik doosari or jakar milati jan p dati hai. isase jnat hota hai ki yah mekhala ek poorn, vishal chakr ke saman prithvi ko ghere hue hai. ise akashaganga kahate haian

yadyapi chandrama ki doori keval 2 lakh 39 hajar mil hai, jise tay karane mean akash ko kul sava sekand lagata hai aur niharikaoan ki dooriyaan itani adhik haian ki unase chalakar prithvi tak pahuanchane mean prakash ko saiank doan athava hajaroan varsh lagate haian, to bhi sab akashiy piand hamean akash ke hi parde par dikhaee p date haian aur aisa jan p data hai ki sab prithvi se ek hi doori par haian.

in taroan aur nakshatroan se bhare hue akash ko dekhakar hamean akash ki shoonyata par vishvas nahian hota, kiantu poore akash ke pady bhag mean keval ek bhag ko taroan ne le rakha haian; isilie akash ko nabh (shoony) bhi kaha gaya hai. shesh sthan mean nakshatr dhooli aur kan vidyaman haian, parantu ye bhi bahut bikhari huee avastha mean haian. ek ghan seantimitar mean haidrojan ka keval 1 paramanu aur ek ghan mil mean sanbhavat: 100 any kan vidyaman haian, jab ki prithvi par sadharan tap aur dab par sadharan gaisoan mean 1019 anu prati ghan seantimitar mean pae jate haian

akash din mean (badal adi n hone par) dekhane par nila dikhaee deta hai aur aisa lagata hai ki yah nilapan athah hai, jaise svayan isaki gaharaee ghanibhoot ho gee ho. isaka rang adhikaansh baigani prakash se nirmit hota hai aur isamean kaphi matra nile rang ki hoti hai aur tho di matra hare rang ki tatha atyalp matra pile aur lal ki; in sabhi rangoan ke prakash ka yog akashiy nila rang pradan karata hai.

akash ki nilima prakash ki rashmiyoan ke prakirnan (bikharane) dvara utpann hoti hai. ratri mean prakash nahian rahata to vahi gaganamandal kala arthath‌ prakasharahit ho jata hai. hamari prithvi ko ghere hue vayu mandal hai jo hamean dikhaee to nahian p data, kiantu is vayusagar mean ham log usi tarah rahate haian aur isaka upayog karate haian jaise machhaliyaan jalasagar mean rahati haian. vayu ka ghanatv prithvi ke tal par sabase adhik hota hai aur oopar ki or kramash: ghatata jata hai. lagabhag 10-5 seantimitar dab par vayu 1,000 mil se bhi oopar tak paee jati hai. is vayu mandal mean naitrojan, aksijan, karban-daee-aksaid tatha any gaianse hoti haian. inake atirikt jalavashp aur dhooli ke kan bhi vidyaman haian. prakash ki rashmiyaan inhian gesoan ke anuoan dvara tatha dhooli aur jal ke kanoan dvara prakirnit hoti haian. prakirnit prakash ki tivrata pr (s) tarangadairghy t (l) ke chaturth ghat ki vilomi hoti hai, arthath‌

prakash ke tarangadairghy ke dasavean bhag se bhi chhote kanoan ke dvara prakirnan raile ke nimnalikhit sootr ke anusar hota hai-

jahaan S ikaee ayatan dvara honevale prakirnan ko vayakt karata haian; N prati ikaee ayatan kanoan ki sankhya hai, tatha n vartanaank hai. isase yah spasht hai ki nili rashmiyaan, jinaka tarangadairghy lal rashmiyoan ke tarangadairghy ka adha hota hai lagabhag 10 guna adhik vikshipt hoti haian. yadi kan in rashmiyoan ke tarangadairghy se bahut b de hote haian to kiranoan ka paravartan niyamit roop mean nahian hota aur prakash shvet dikhaee p data hai. dhooli ke halke kan aandhi mean bahut oopar chale jate haian. inake dvara pili rashmiyaan prakirnit hoti haian aur akash pila dikhaee p data hai. vayumandal nirmal rahane par prakirnan keval vayu tatha jal ke anuoan dvara hota hai. isase bahut adhik matra mean chhoti tarangavali nili rashmiyaan prakirnit hoti hai aur unhian ke rang ke anusar oopari shoony sthan nila dikhaee p data hai. garmi ke dinoan mean jab vayu mean dhooli ke karan adhik hote haian to in b de kanoan se prakash ka rang utana nila nahian rah jata, kuchh bhoora ho jata hai . jab aandhi adi ke karan dhooli ki matra aur adhik ho jati hai to b de b de kanoan dvara kiranoan ke aniyamit paravartan se akash shvet dikhaee p data hai. paha doan ki choti se akash poornat: nila maloom p data hai. vimanoan mean athava raket plen mean, jo bahut ooanchaee se jate haian, akash kala dikhaee p data haian; kyoanki ooanchaee par vayu ke tatvoan ke an bahut hi kam rah jate haian aur kiranoan ka prakirnan bahut kshin ho jata hai, jisase oopari shoony bhag prakasharahit athava kala dikhaee p data hai.

prat: aur sayankal, jab soory ki kiranean dharatal ke lagabhag samaantar ati haian, unhean vayumandal ke bhitar tirachhi disha mean adhik chalana p data hai. aankh par b de tarangadairghy ki lal rashmiyaan sidhi p dati hai. soory jitana hi kshitij ke pas niche rahata hai, lalima utani hi adhik dekhi jati hai.

din mean kshitij ke nikat ka akash chamakila aur shvet hota hai aur lagabhag soory se prakashit saphed parde ke sadrish dikhaee deta hai. yadi aankh se x doori par ayatan ka ek alp pariman sdx bhag ka prakirnat karata hai aur aankh tak ate ate prakash ki yah matra e-sx ke anupat mean kam ho jati ho to ek asimit moti tah se prapt honevala prakash isi prakar ke sabhi ayatan parimanoan se prapt prakashamatraoan ke yog ke tuly hoga:

arthat yah phal s se mukt hai aur isamean rang nahian hai.

navin anusandhanoan se yah bhi maloom hua hai ki oopar varnan kie ge prakirnanaprabhav akash ke rangoan ka poornat: samadhan nahian karate haian. vayu mandal mean atyadhik ooanchaee par alp matra mean ojon gais bhi hai jisake karan akash ke rangoan par atirikt prabhav p data hai. ojon ka rang ekadam nila hota hai jo avashoshan ke karan utpann hota hai. yadi akash ka nila rang keval prakirnan dvara hi hota to soory ke kshitij ke samip pahuanchane par akash ke rang mean bhoorepan ka aur kuchh kuchh pilepan ka bhi put dikhaee dena chahie lekin yah nila dikhaee deta hai. aisa ojon ki upasthiti ke karan hi hota hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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sanbandhit lekh

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