उर्दू

urdoo ek bharatiy ary bhasha hai, jo bharatiy sangh ki 22 rashtriy bhashaoan mean se ek v pakistan ki rashtrabhasha hai. halaanki yah farasi aur arabi se prabhavit hai, lekin yah hindi ke nikat hai aur isaki utpatti aur vikas bharatiy upamahadvip mean hi hua. donoan bhashaean ek hi bharatiy adhar se utpann huee haian. svar vaijnanak aur vyakaran ke star par inamean kafi samanata hai aur ye ek hi bhasha pratit hoti haian. lekin shabd sangrah ke star par inamean vibhinn srotoan (urdoo mean arabi tatha farasi aur hindi mean sanskrit) se vyapak roop se grihit shabd haian, jisase inhean svatantr bhashaoan ka darja diya ja sakata hai. inake bich sabase b da vibhed bhasha lekhan ke star par parilakshit hota hai. hindi ke lie devanagari ka upayog hota hai aur urdoo ke lie farasi-arabi lipi prayukt hoti hai, jise avashyakatanusar sthaniy roop mean parivartit kar liya gaya hai.

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bhasha

urdoo bhasha bharat aur pakistan ke p dosi deshoan, jaise afaganistan, baangladesh aur nepal mean boli jati hai. vyavaharik roop se urdoo dakshin eshiyaee musalamanoan ki aur is upamahadvip se bahar, visheshakar kha di aur madhy-poorv, pashchim yoorop, skaiandineviya, amerika aur kanada mean saanskritik v bolachal ki bhasha hai. urdoo pakistan ki sarakari bhasha hai; isaka upayog sarakari skooloan mean shiksha ke madhyam ke roop mean, zila star par prashasan mean aur jan-sanchar mean hota hai. pakistan ki 1981 ki janaganana ke anusar, vahaan urdoo bolane valoan ki sankhya ek karo d das lakh hai aur ise bolane vale karachi aur panjab mean sabase adhik kendrit haian. bharat ki 1991 ki janaganana ke anusar, desh mean lagabhag char karo d chalis lakh urdoo-bhashi log haian, jinaki sabase adhik sankhya uttar pradesh mean hai, isake bad bihar, andhr pradesh, maharashtr aur karnatak ka sthan ata hai. yah jammoo-kashmir rajy ki sarakari bhasha hai. urdoo sahity tatha prakashan ka ek pradhan kendr dilli hai.

vyutpatti

urdoo ka vikas 12vian shatabdi mean ane vale musalamanoan ke prabhav ke phalasvaroop pashchamottar bharat ki upakshetriy apabhransh ki bhashaee kathinata se bachane ke upay ke roop mean hua. isake pahale pramukh kavi amir khusaro the, jinhoanne dohoan, lokagitoan, paheliyoan v mukariyoan ki rachana navanirmit bhasha hindavi mean ki. madhyakal tak is mishrit bhasha ko hindavi, zaban-e-hind, hindi, zaban-e-dilli, rekhta, gujari, dakkhani, zaban-e-urdoo-e-mualla, zaban-e-urdoo ya sirf urdoo kaha jata tha, jo vastutah sainik chhavani ki bhasha thi. is bat ke praman haian ki ise 17vian shatabdi ke uttararddh mean hindustani bhi kaha gaya, jo bad mean urdoo ka samanarthi ban gaya, phir bhi pramukh urdoo lekhak ise 19vian shatabdi ke arambh tak hindi ya hindavi kahate rahe.

svar

svar vaijnanik drishtikon se urdoo ki dhvaniyaan, laghu svar visham dhvaniyoan mean kuchh parivartan ke sath hindi ke saman hi hai. urdoo mean sabhi mahapranit viram (shravy shvas ko sahasa uchchhavasit karake uchcharit) baraqarar hai, jo bharatiy-ary bhashaoan ki visheshata hai. sath moordhany svar bhi isamean haian. grihit dhvaniyoan ke mamale mean urdoo mean farasi-arabi vyanjanoan ki sampoorn shriankhala ko nahian liya gaya hai. shamil ki gee dhvaniyoan mean sabase adhik dhvaniyaan sangharshi (mukh ke kisi nichale hisse se shvas ke sangharsh se uchcharit) haian, arthath 'f, z, jh, ks, g', aur viram varg ki keval ek dhvani shvasadvariy 'q' hai.

vyakaran

vyakaran ke drishtikan se farasi-arabi upasarg jaise- dar 'me', ba 'ke sath', be/bila/la 'ke bina', bad 'bimar, galat' tatha pratyayoan jaise- dar 'se yukt', saz 'banane vala', khor 'khane vala', posh 'dhakane vala' mean, jinaka upayog hindi ke muqabale urdoo mean zyada hota hai, hindi v urdoo mean adhik antar nahian hai. isake alava samany bahuvachan darshane vala, jaise 'a', urdoo mean 'ee' ban jata hai, urdoo mean 'at' ka upayog hota hai, jaise kagajat, javaharat aur makanat. hindi mean prayukt 'ka' ke alava isamean vyutpattijany sanrachanaoan mean 'ee' ka upayog hota hai jaise- 'subah-e-azadi', 'azadi ki subah' , 'khoon-e-jigar', 'jigar ka khoon'.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

sanbandhit lekh

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