कपास

thumb|250px|kapas ke phool kapas ek nakadi fasal hai. isase ruee taiyar ki jati hai. bharat mean kapas ko 'safed sona' bhi kaha jata hai. lambe reshe vale kapas sabase sarvottam prakar ke hote haian, jisaki lambaee 5 sean.mi. se adhik hoti hai. isase uchch koti ka kap da banaya jata hai. tatiy kshetroan mean paida hone ke karan ise 'samudr dvipiy kapas' bhi kahate haian. madhy reshe vala kapas, jisaki lambaee 3.5 se 5 sean.mi. tak hoti hai, 'mishrit kapas' kahalata hai. tisare prakar ka kapas chhote reshe vala hota hai, jisake reshe ki lambaee 3.5 sean.mi. tak hoti hai.

itihas

kapas bharat ki adi fasal hai, jisaki kheti bahut hi b di matra mean ki jati hai. yahaan aryavart mean rrigvaidik kal se hi isaki kheti ki jati rahi hai. bharat mean isaka itihas kafi purana hai. h dappa nivasi kapas ke utpadan mean sansar bhar mean pratham mane jate the. kapas unake pramukh utpadanoan mean se ek tha. bharat se hi 327 ee.poo. ke lagabhag yoonan mean is paudhe ka prachar hua. yah bhi ullekhaniy hai ki bharat se hi yah paudha chin aur vishv ke any deshoan ko le jaya gaya. vishv mean prativarsh lagabhag 150 lakh mitrik tan kapas paida hota hai. sanyukt rajy amarika, chin, bharat, brajil, misr, soodan adi kapas ke pramukh utpadak desh haian.

bhaugolik dashaean

vartaman samay mean kapas ki kheti ek bahut b de kshetraphal mean ho rahi hai. manav jivan mean isaka bahut hi mahattv hai. isilie kapas ki maang din pratidin badhati hi ja rahi hai. kapas ki kheti ke lie nimn bhaugolik avasthaean avashyak hoti haian-

tapaman

kapas ke paudhe ke lie uchch tapaman, sadharanatah 20° seantigret se 30° seantigret tak, ki avashyakata p dati hai, kintu yah 40° tak ki garmi mean bhi paida kiya sakata hai. pala athava ola isaki fasal ke lie ghatak hai. atah is paudhe ke vikas ke lie kam-se-kam 210 din pala-rahit rritu chahie. dodi khilane ke samay svachchh akash, tel aur chamakadar dhoop ka hona avashyak hai, jisase reshe mean paryapt chamak a sake aur dodiya poori tarah khil sakean. samudri pavanoan ke prabhav mean ugane vali kapas ka resha lamba aur chamakadar hota hai.thumb|220px|left|kapas ka paudha

varsha

kapas ke lie sadharanatah 50 se 100 se.mi. tak ki varsha paryapt hoti hai. yah matra tho de-tho de dinoan ke antar se prapt honi chahie. 100 se.mi. se adhik varsha vale bhagoan mean isaki kheti nahian ho sakati. jahaan varsha kam hoti hai, vahaan sianchaee ke sahare kapas paida ki jati hai. shushk pradeshoan mean ki da kam lagane ke karan hi sianchit kshetroan mean kapas adhik paida ki jati hai.

bharat mean kapas dakshini-pashchimi manasoon ke arambh ke sath hi boyi jati hai, jabaki sianchaee par ashrit kapas ek-do mahine poorv hi boyi jati hai. desh mean 49 pratishat kapas sianchit kshetroan mean paida ki jati hai. andhr pradesh, maharashtr karnatak rajy ke dakshini bhag mean kapas joon se agast ke ant tak boyi jati hai aur chunaee janavari se aprail tak ki jati hai. tamilanadu mean isako bona donoan hi manasoonoan ke anusar hota hai. dakshini prayadvip ke bahar yah march se julaee tak boyi jati hai aur aktoobar se janavari tak isaki chunaee hoti hai. kapas bharat ki samanyatah khariph ki fasal hai.

mitti

kapas ka utpadan vibhinn prakar ki mittiyoan mean kiya ja sakata hai, kintu ardratapoorn dakshini bharat ki chikani aur kali mitti adhik labhaprad mani jati hai. samanyatah bharat mean kapas tin prakar ki mittiyoan mean paida ki jati hai-

1. bhari kali domat mitti, jo gujarat v maharashtr rajyoan mean milati hai. bharat mean kapas ka sarvotkrisht kshetr bharuch, ahamadabad tatha khanadesh ziloan mean phaila hai.
2. lal aur kali chattani mitti, jo dakkan, barar aur malava ke pathar par phaili hai.
3. sataluj aur ganga ke halki kachhari mitti ke kshetr mean. dakshin bharat ki kali mitti kapas ke lie sarvadhik upayukt hai, isalie ise 'regur mitti' ke nam se bhi jana jata hai.

shram

thumb|250px|kapas ka paudha kapas ki kheti mean bone, nirane aur didiyaan chunane ke lie saste mazadooroan ki avashyakata p dati hai. jyoan hi paudhe par dode nikalakar b de hone lagean tyoan hi unako chun lena avashyak hota hai anyatha vah kharab hokar girane lagate haian aur kapas ki kism big d jati hai. khet mean hi kapas ki phasal 3-4 bar mean ikatthi ki jati hai. isaka phool adhikatar striyoan dvara hi chuna jata hai. din bhar mean ek shramik 15 se 20 kilogram tak kapas chun sakata hai. isaki krishi ke lie dakshin bharat ki jalavayu uttari bharat ki apeksha anukool hai, kyoanki yahaan ja de mean bhi tapaman ooancha rahata hai. uttari pashchimi bharat mean kohara, badal, varsha v ole ke prabhav evan kabhi-kabhi pale se fasal ko kshati pahuanchati hai. isaki dodiyoan mean ki da lag sakata hai.

krishi

bharat mean kapas ke sath kee any fasalean bhi boyi jati hai. isake sath sabase adhik mooangaphali bote haian. panjab mean amerikan aur deshi kapas milakar bote haian. uttar pradesh mean ise methi, mooangi, barasim, toriya, klovar adi fasaloan ke sath bote haian. rajasthan, madhy pradesh, maharashtr, andhr pradesh aur tamilanadu mean isake sath jvar boya jata hai. lal mitti vale kshetroan mean kapas ke sath arandi, til, jvar ya bajara boya jata hai. madhy maharashtr aur pashchimi maharashtr ke kali mitti vale kshetr mean kapas aur makka tatha gujarat mean kapas aur arandi tatha dhan aur andhr pradesh ke dakshini bhag mean kapas aur mooangaphali tatha ragi sath-sath boe jate hai. uttari bharat mean kapas ka paudha taiyar hone mean 6 mahine lag jate haian, jabaki dakshini bharat mean 8 mahine tak lagate haian.

utpadan

thumb|250px|kapas ka phool sanyukt rajy amerika kapas utpadan ka vishv mean sabase b da utpadak desh hai. yahaan vishv ka lagabhag 22% kapas paida kiya jata hai. chin mean vishv ka 17% kapas ka utpadan kiya jata hai. chin mean yaangtasi nadi ki nichali ghati tatha hvaang-ho nadi ka oopari delta pramukh kapas ke utpadak kshetr haian. bharat mean 8% kapas ka utpadan kiya jata hai. kapas utpadan ki drishti se bharat ka vishv mean tisara sthan hai. kapas utpadan ke pramukh rajyoan mean kramashah maharashtr, gujarat, rajasthan, panjab, hariyana tatha pashchimi uttar pradesh pramukh haian. any utpadak deshoan mean brajil ka saopolo kshetr, misr ka nil delta, soodan ka jajira v safed nil ki ghati tatha pakistan adi mahattvapoorn haian.

kapas ki qism

vyaparik drishtikon se bharat mean mukhyatah 14 qismoan ki kapas paida ki jati hai. inaki achchhaee ya buraee, unaki mazabooti, dhage, sookshmata, rang, chamak aur motaee ki pratishatata par nirbhar karati hai. ye qismean is prakar haian- bangal, amarikan, dhaulera, umara, bh dauch, soorati, kampana, kambodiya, jayavant, komil, dakshini jhelam, madras-yoogeanda aur tirunalaveli.

• reshe ki lambaee ke anusar kapas tin prakar ki hoti hai-

1. chhote resh vali kapas - isaka dhaga 19 mimi. se kam hota hai. isaki mukhy qismean chinnapathi, mugara, umara, komila, uttar pradesh deshi, panjab deshi, rajasthan deshi tatha methioan hai. isaka utpadan adhikatar asam, manipur, tripura, andhr pradesh, uttar pradesh, hariyana, rajasthan, panjab aur meghalay mean kiya jata hai. kul utpadan ka 15 pratishat isi prakar ki kapas ka hota hai.
2. madhyam reshe vali kapas - isaka dhaga 20 mimi. se 24 mimi. tak lamba hota hai. isaki mukhy qismean prabhani, gorani, panjab, amerikan, digvijay, vijalp, sanjay, indaur-2, boodi el-147, khanadesh, giranar jayadhar, kakinada, kalyan, uttari, jarila, biram, malavi, rajasthan amarikan haian. kul utpadan ka lagabhag 45 pratishat is prakar ki kapas ka hota hai.
3. lambe reshe vali kapas - isaka dhaga 24.5 mimi. se 27 mimi. tak lamba hota haian. isaki mukhy qismean gujarat, deviraj, samudri kapas, badanavar-1, madras, kambodiya, sujata, boodi aur lakshmi haian. kul utpadan ka 40 pratishat is qism ka hota hai.

bharat mean utpadak kshetr

thumb|250px|kapas ka khet bharat mean kapas ki kheti ka kshetr atyant bikhara hua hai. in kshetroan mean vibhinn prakar ki jalavayu, mitti aur utpadan ki dashaean payi jati haian. at: pratyek kshetr ki kapas any kshetroan se bhinn hoti hai aur us kshetr ki avasthaoan ke anuroop hoti hai. kapas ke utpadan ki drishti se dakshin ki kali mitti ka pradesh b da mahattvapoorn hai. gujarat, karnatak, panjab, andhr pradesh, tamilanadu, maharashtr aur madhy pradesh milakar desh ke utpadan ka lagabhag 90 pratishat kapas utpann karate haian. desh ki lagabhag 60 pratishat kapas ka utpadan keval tin rajyoan gujarat, maharashtr aur andhr pradesh mean hota hai. any mukhy utpadak rajy uttar pradesh aur hariyana hai.

gujarat mean kul kshetr ka 21.7 pratishat tatha utpadan ka 31.9 pratishat milata hai. kapas utpadan ke kshetr mean is rajy ka desh mean pahala sthan hai. samudratatiy kshetroan ko chho dakar mukhyatah tin kshetroan mean kapas paida ki jati hai. adhikatar utpadan varsha ke sahare hi hota hai. is rajy mean chhote v madhyam reshe vali deshi kapas paida ki jati hai-

1. uttari gujarat ke ahamadabad, mehasana aur banasakota ziloan mean sabaramati nadi ke par saurashtr aur uttari tatha kachchh mean dhaulera aur bag d qism ki kapas paida ki jati hai. amareli, ahamadabad tatha dakshini saurashtr mean ghatiya qism ki kapas paida hoti hai.
2. madhy gujarat ke bharooanch, b dodara, khe da, gohilava d, panchamahal, sabarakaantha zile mean bharauanch kapas paida ki jati hai.
3. dakshini gujarat ke soorat aur pashchimi khanadesh ziloan mean soorati, navasari tatha amarikan qismean paida ki jati hai.
4. gujarat mean mahi aur narmada nadi ke bich ke kshetroan mean sabase adhik kapas paida ki jati hai.

maharashtr kapas ke utpadak kshetroan mean pramukh hai. yahaan kul kshetr ka 31 pratishat paya jata hai, jabaki kul utpadan ka 21.7 pratishat hota hai, arthath utpadan ki drishti se is rajy ka desh mean doosara sthan hai. yahaan kapas joon se agast tak boyi jati hai aur disambar-janavari tak chun li jati hai. yahaan kapas ka utpadan kee kshetroan mean kiya jata hai-

1. aankola aur amaravati ziloan mean oomara aur kambodiya kapas boyi jati hai.
2. yavatamal zile mean poosad, daravaha talluko mean oomara aur kambodiya kapas hoti hai.
3. buladhana zile ke malkapur, mahakar, khamagaanv aur jalagaanv tallukoan mean oomara aur kambodiya kapas paida ki jati hai. in sab ziloan mean kapas varsha ke sahare paida ki jati hai.
4. nagapur, vardha, chandrapur aur chhindava da ziloan mean kambodiya kapas varsha ke sahare hi paida ki jati hai.
5. saangali, bijapur, nasik, ahamadanagar, golapur, pune tatha prabhani any utpadak zilean haian, yahaan oomara aur khanadeshi kapas hoti hai. is rajy mean 43 lakh gaanth kapas ka utpadan hota hai.

thumb|left|kapas ke phool madhy pradesh mean joon mean buvaee ki jati hai aur navambar se faravari tak chunaee ki jati hai. yahaan malava d ke pathar evan narmada aur tapi ki ghatiyoan mean kali aur kachhari mittiyoan mean isaka utpadan kiya jata hai. pashchim nima d, indaur, rayapur, dhar, devas, ujjain, ratalam, mandasaur ziloan mean oomara, jarila, biranar, malavi aur indauri kapas boyi jati hai. madhy pradesh mean prativarsh lagabhag 12 lakh gaanth kapas ka utpadan hota hai.

rajasthan mean gang nahar kshetr mean shriganganagar aur hanumanagadh zilean mean panjab-deshi aur panjab-amarikan; jhalava d, kota, toank, booandi ziloan mean malavi kapas tatha bhilava da, baansava da, chittau d aurh ajamer ziloan mean rajasthan deshi aur amarikan kapas boyi jati haian. is rajy mean 6 lakh gaanth kapas ka utpadan hota hai.

panjab mean kapas ki buvaee march se agast tak aur chunaee janavari tak ki jati hai. adhikatar utpadan sianchaee ke sahare kiya jata hai. pramukh utpadak zile panjab mean amritasar, jalandhar, ludhiyana, patiyala, sangaroor aur bhatianda haian. inamean adhikatar panjab-amarikan kapas paida ki jati hai, yahaan par vartaman mean 24 lakh gaanth ka utpadan hota hai.

hariyana mean bhi panjab ke saman sianchaee ke sahare hi kapas utpann ki jati hai. gu dagaanv, karanal, hisar, jind, ambala aur rohatak pramukh kapas utpadak zilean haian. yahaan panjab amerikan aur panjab-deshi kapas boyi jati hai. is rajy mean 8 se 10 lakh gaanth ka prativarsh utpadan hota hai.

uttar pradesh mean kapas mukhy roop se ganga aur yamuna ke doab tatha roohelakhand aur bundelakhand sanbhagoan mean sianchaee ke sahare chhote reshe vali paida ki jati hai. lambe reshe vali kapas ka utpadan bhi ab kiya jane laga hai. merath, bijanaur, mujaffaranagar, eta, saharanapur, bulandashahar, aligadh, agara, itava, kanapur, ramapur, bareli, mathura, mainapuri aur farrukhabad pramukh utpadak zile haian. yahaan deshi aur panjab-amerikan kapas paida ki jati hai. thumb|250px|kapas ka phool tamilanadu mean kapas donoan hi manasoon kaloan mean kisi-n-kisi kshetr mean boyi jati hai. yahaan adhikatar kambodiya, yoogeanda, madras-yoogeanda, sujata, salem, tiruchirapalli, lakshmi, karooangani qism ki kapas paida ki jati hai. yah sara utpadan kali mitti ke kshetroan mean kiya jata hai. kapas utpadak pramukh zile koyambatoor, salem, ramanathapuram, madurai, tiruchirapalli, chiangalaput, tirunalavaili v tanjavoor haian.

andhr pradesh mean kapas ka utpadan guntoor, kadappa, kurnool, pashchimi godavari, krishnaa, mahaboobanagar, adilabad aur anantapur ziloan mean kiya jata hai. yahaan mukhyatah mugari, chiranar, kampata, kakinada, sabhani-amarikan, lakshmi, samudri qism boyi jati hai. bharat mean andhr pradesh tisara kapas utpadak rajy hai. kapas ke kul utpadan ka 13.49 pratishat andhr pradesh mean utpadit hota hai.

karnatak mean kul kshetraphal ka 12 pratishat aur utpadan ka 5.3 pratishat prapt hota hai. yahaan do pramukh utpadak kshetr haian. pratham kshetr kali mitti ka hai, jise 'salahatti kshetr' kahate haian. isake antargat vellari, hasan, shivamogga, chikamangaluru, rayachoor, gulabargi, dharava d, bijapur aur chitradurg ziloan mean varsha ke sahare adhikatar deshi kapas paida ki jati hai. doosara kshetr lal mitti ka hai, jise 'do dahatti' kahate haian. isamean varsha aur sianchaee donoan ke sahare panjab amarikan kapas boyi jati hai.

any utpadak rajy

any utpadak rajyoan mean bihar, u disa, pashchim bangal, asam v meghalay pramukh haian, jahaan kahian-kahian kapas paida ki jati hai. khasi, jayantiya, sikir, lushaee, naga aur garo pahadi़yoan mean sidhidar khetoan mean vanoan ko jalakar saf ki gayi bhoomi mean kapas paida ki jati hai. bihar mean saran, champaran, santhal paragana, mujaffarapur; jharakhand mean hazaribag aur raanchi ziloan mean tatha u disa mean dhenakanal, katak, sundaragadh aur koraput ziloan mean tatha pashchimi bangal mean chaubis paragana aur murshidabad ziloan mean kapas paida ki jati hai.

vyapar

thumb|250px|kapas ka paudha desh ke vibhajan ke poorv kapas paida karane mean bharat ka vishv mean doosara sthan tha aur yahaan par kafi matra mean kapas ka niryat kiya jata tha. vartaman mean bharat lambe resh ki chamakili v uttam kapas ka ayat karata hai evan chhote reshe ki kapas ka niryat achchhe deshoan mean karata he. bharat ki chhote reshe vali khuradari kapas ki maang sanyukt rajy amarika aur japan mean ab bhi rahati hai. yahaan par oon ke sath milakar mote kambal v mote vastr banae jate rahe haian. tho di matra mean ruee ka niryat yooropiy sajha bazar ke deshoan tatha nyoojilaind ko bhi kiya jata hai. lambe reshe vali ruee ka ayat pakistan, misr, sanyukt rajy amarika, peroo adi deshoan se kiya jata hai. 1970-1971 mean 14 karo d rupaye aur 2008-2009 mean 2,866 karo d rupaye ke mooly ki kapas ka niryat bharat se kiya gaya. varsh 2008-2009 mean desh mean kul 713 karo d rupaye mooly ki lambe reshe vali kapas ka ayat hua.

kapas ke kul utpadan mean ganna evan sarasoan ki bhaanti teji se utpadan badhana bahut avashyak hai. aisa prati hektear upaj badhakar evan sianchit kshetroan mean isaki krishi ki navin takanik ko apanakar vistar kiya ja sakata hai, anyatha badhata hua ayat bharat ki videshi mudra ko bhi kuprabhavit karega. vaise navin takanik, upacharit bij, jaiv takanik evan sianchit krishi ke dvara narama kapas v any unnat qismoan ka utpadan ausat se tin se char guna 800 se 900 ki.gra. prati hektear tak prapt kiya ja sakata hai.

niryatak desh

sanyukt rajy amerika, uzabekistan, yookren, pakistan, misr, soodan, brajil, peroo, maiksiko, turki, bharat, siriya, kolambiya adi.

kapas ke ayatak deshoan mean japan (15%), koriya (8%), chin (7%), itali (6%), jarmani (5%), phraans (4%), polaind (3%), slovakiya, indoneshiya, astreliya, bharat adi haian.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh