काग़ज़
[[chitr:Lekhan-Samagri-14.jpg|thumb|yoorop mean kagaz-nirman (1662 ee. mean prakashit ek vudakat se)]] kagaz 'prachin bharat ki lekhan samagriyoan' mean se ek hai, jo bahut hi mahattvapoorn sthan rakhata hai. kagaz ki upalabdhi ne jnan-vijnan aur sanskriti ke vikas mean bahut yogadan diya hai. prachin jagath ki kisi bhi any upalabdhi ko kagaz ke avishkar aur usase janit mudran-kala ke samakaksh nahian rakha ja sakata. in donoan hi avishkaroan ne adhunik manav ke bauddhik jivan par dirghakalin prabhav dala hai. kalpana kijie ki achanak hi kagaz ka utpadan ruk jata hai aur mudran kary band p d jata hai, tab hamare adhunik samaj ka kya hal hoga? halaanki sanchar ke any sadhan upalabdh haian, magar ve kagaz aur mudran ka sthan nahian le sakate haian.
kagaz ka avishkar
chin mean kagaz eesa ki arambhik sadiyoan mean upalabdh hua. kagaz ke avishkar ka shrey vahaan ke tsai-lun namak vyakti ko diya jata hai. vah prachin chin ke poorvi han vansh (20-220 ee.) ke rajadarabar mean vastuoan ke utpadan ka adhikari tha. pata chalata hai ki tsai-lun ne pe doan ki chhal, san ke chith doan aur machhali pak dane ke jaloan se kagaz banane ke tariqe ki 105 ee. mean rajadarabar ko janakari di thi. parantu naye prapt pramanoan se pata chalata hai ki tsai-lun se kam se kam do sau sal pahale kagaz ki janakari milati hai. magar resham, baans aur kashth-phalakoan jaisi paramparagat lekhan-samagri ke sthan par vahaan kagaz ka vyapak istemal eesa ki chauthi sadi se hi sambhav ho saka.
kagaz ka prachar-prasar
kagaz n keval chin mean lokapriy hua, balki duniya mean chahuan or isaka prachar-prasar hua. eesa ki doosari sadi mean kagaz koriya mean pahuancha aur eesa ki tisari sadi mean japan mean. eesa ki tisari sadi ke antim varshoan mean hind-chin ke logoan ne chin valoan se kagaz nirman ki takanik hasil ki. 751 ee. mean do chini kagaz nirmataoan ko bandi banakar samarakand le jaya gaya, to vahaan par kagaz banana shuroo ho gaya. islami jagath ko kagaz nirman kala ki janakari mili. bagadad mean kagaz banane ka karakhana 793 ee. mean sthapit hua. vahaan se kagaz nirman ki kala damishk aur misr mean pahuanchi. eesa ki barahavian sadi mean kagaz kala ke yoorop mean pahuanchane tak araboan ka kagaz nirman par ekadhikar bana raha. thumb|left|200px|alamari mean rakhe rangin kagaz
yoorop mean kagaz ka pravesh
araboan (mooroan) ne kagaz nirman ki kala ko 1150 ee. ke asapas spen mean pahuanchaya. terahavian sadi ke uttarardh mean bhoomadhy sagar aur itali ke marg se bhi yah takanik yoorop mean pahuanchi. chaudahavian sadi mean yah fraans aur jarmani mean pahuanchi. kagaz nirman ka jnan nidaralaind, svitjaralaind aur ianglaind mean pandrahavian sadi mean pahuancha. amariki upaniveshoan mean kagaz ki takanik satrahavian sadi mean pahuanchi.
eshiya mean kagaz ka pravesh
bharat mean kagaz ka pravesh sambhavatah eesa ki satavian sadi mean hua. chini bauddh bhikshu ee-chin, jisane 671-694 ee. mean bharat ki yatra ki, apane chini sanskrit kosh mean batata hai ki, kagaz ke lie prayukt hone vale chini shabd tve ke lie sanskrit mean kakali shabd chalata hai. kuchh vidvanoan ne is kakali shabd ko kagad ya kagaz shabd se jo da hai. magar kagaz arabi ka shabd hai. isi se farasi mean ‘kagad’ shabd bana. kagaz ke lie sanskrit mean koee shabd nahian hai.
[[chitr:Lekhan-Samagri-12.jpg|thumb|250px|chin ke han rajavansh (206 ee. poo.-220 ee.) mean kagaz banane ki prakriya
1. pe d ki chhal ya san ko pani mean bhigona
2. lugadi ko ubalana
3. ubali lugadi se kagaz banana
4. kagaz ko garm karake sukhana]]
bharatiy lipiyoan, guptakalin brahmi mean kagaz par likhi huee hastalikhit pustakean madhy eshiya aur adhik nazadik ke gilagit, kashmir sthan ke bauddh stoopoan mean mili haian. puralipi vijnan ke pramanoan ke adhar par in hastalipiyoan ka samay eesa ki paanchavian se athavian sadi tak nirdharit kiya gaya hai. tun-huanh (poorvi madhy eshiya, chin) se prapt eesa ki doosari sadi ki kagaz ki hastalipiyoan ki tulana mean bharatiy lipiyoan mean likhi gee gilagit hastalipiyoan ka kagaz ghatiya qism ka hai. sambhav hai ki yah kagaz bharat mean bana ho.
prachinatam ullekh
bharat mean eesa ki gyarahavian sadi tak kagaz ka vyapak upayog nahian hua tha. kagaz ka prachinatam ullekh dhar nagari ke raja bhoj (1018-1060 ee.) ka hai. bharat mean upalabdh kagaz par likhi gee sabase prachin sanskrit pustak pancharaksh hai. nepal se prapt 1105 ee. ki yah hastalipi ab kolakata ke 'ashutosh sangrahalay' mean surakshit hai. sambhav hai ki nepal ne kagaz nirman ki takanik chin se sidhe hasil ki aur phir vahaan se eesa ki gyarahavian sadi mean bharat ka isaka pravesh hua ho.
arabi shabd
bharat mean, visheshatah pashchim bharat mean, kagaz nirman ki janakari araboan ke jarie pahuanchi. eesa ki athavian sadi mean siandh par araboan ki vijay aur tadanantar uttari bharat par hue turkoan ke hamaloan ke bad islami deshoan se bharat mean kagaz ka ayat hone laga. eesa ki athavian sadi se eeran ka khurasani kagaz bharat mean pahuancha aur kee sadiyoan tak ayat kiya jata raha. sambhavatah usi samay arabi ka kagaz shabd aur farasi ka ‘kagad’ shabd bharat mean prachalit hue.
jan p data hai ki ek laghu udyog ke roop mean kagaz ka nirman dilli aur lahaur mean muhammad bin tugalaq ke shasanakal (1325-1352 ee.) mean arambh ho gaya tha. usane kagaz ki 'mudra' bhi chalaee thi. us samay bharat mean achchhi qism ka kagaz banata tha aur khurasan ko niryat kiya jata tha. magar kagaz ki takanik ki dridhata se sthapana kashmir ke sultan 'jain-alh-abidin' (1417-1467 ee.) ke samay mean huee. samarakand se hasil ki gee takanik ke adhar par sultan ne apani rajadhani naushahar mean kagaz ka karakhana sthapit kiya tha.
kashmiri kagaz
pathanoan aur mugaloan ke shasanakal mean chith doan se taiyar kie ge kashmiri kagaz ki b di maang thi. us kagaz ko dhokar aur sukhakar punah istemal mean laya ja sakata tha. "jis lugadi se kagaz taiyar kiya jata tha, use chith doan aur san ke reshoan ke mishran ko kootakar prapt kiya jata tha. tadanantar lugadi ko patthar ke hauz mean rakhakar usamean pani milaya jata. phir narakul ki bani ek halaki jali se lugadi ke us mishran ki ek parat uthaee jati. vah parat hi kagaz hoti thi, jise dabakar aur dhoop mean sukhakar kagaz prapt kiya jata tha. phir jhavaan-patthar se us kagaz ko chikana kiya jata tha aur maan d lagakar chamakila banaya jata. ant mean kagaz ko sulemani (oniks) patthar se p aaulish kiya jata aur tab vah bikri ke lie taiyar ho jata tha. mazabooti aur tikaoopan kagaz ki mukhy visheshataean hoti thian."[1]
bharat mean kagaz nirman ke kendr
lekhan ki samagri ke roop mean kagaz ki maang dinoan-din badhati gee, to isake nirman ka udyog jaldi hi desh ke any pradeshoan mean bhi phail gaya. yah pramukhatah ek shahari udyog tha, isilie satrahavian sadi tak desh ke bahut se shaharoan mean ham kagaz mahalle sthapit hue dekhate haian. madhyayugin bharat mean kagaz nirman ke pramukh kendr the-panjab mean siyalakot, uttar pradesh ke jaunapur zile mean jafarabad, agara, dilli, kalpi, lahaur. magar ahamadabad aur daulatabad ne badhiya kagaz ke nirman ke lie sabase adhik khyati arjit kar li thi. itani adhik ki in shaharoan mean bana kagaz videshoan ko bhi niryat kiya jata tha. thumb|left|kagaz
kagaz ke prakar
yah janana bhi upayogi hoga ki desh mean tarah-tarah ka kagaz banata tha aur use nam diya jata thaah
- us chiz ko jisase vah banata tha. jaise- baans se ‘bas’, san se ‘sanni’, machhuaroan ke jal se ‘mahajal’.
- us sthan ko jahaan vah banata tha. jaise- patan se ‘patani’, kashmir se ‘kashmiri’.
- us sanrakshak ka jisaki chhatrachhaya mean vah banata tha. jaise- nizamashah se ‘nizamashahi’, manasianh se ‘manasianhi’.
siyalakot mean kagaz nirman ke kee sthal the, jahaan par mazaboot aur safed rang ka kee qism ka kagaz banaya jata tha. jafarabad, jahaan par arambhik shirki shasakoan ki rajadhani thi, kagadi shahar ke nam se jana jata tha. baans se nirmit yahaan ka kagaz uttam, chikana aur mazaboot hota tha. bihar mean kagaz nirman ke do mukhy kendr the- gaya zile mean araval aur ajimabad patana zile mean bihar sharif. bangal mean kagaz nirman ke pramukh the- murshidabad, hugali aur dinajapur.
gujarat mean ahamadabad, khanbhat aur patan mean kagaz taiyar hota tha. gujarat ki rajadhani ahamadabad kagaz nirman ka sabase b da kendr tha. vahaan par itana adhik kagaz taiyar hota tha ki usaka pashchim eshiya ke deshoan aur turki ko bhi niryat kiya jata tha. vahaan ka kagaz bahut hi safed aur chikana hota tha. sabhi akar ka, patala v mota, aur rangoan ka kagaz vahaan banata tha. vyapariyoan ke upayog ke lie bhoore hare rang ka kagaz bhi banaya jata tha.
yatri vivaran
patan mean bana kagaz patani kahalata tha. italavi yatri nikolo koanti, jisane pandrahavian sadi ke arambhik varshoan mean gujarat ki yatra ki thi, likhata hai- "keval kaianbe (khambat) ke nivasi hi kagaz ka istemal karate the. baki sabhi bharatavasi pe doan ke pattoan se banae ge khoobasoorat kagaz (ta dapatr) par likhate haian." us samay khambat ek bandaragah tha aur vahaan par kam se kam terahavian sadi se araboan ki ek basti thi. ahamadabad (sthapana-1411 ee.) ke nazadik ke kocharab (vastutah koocha-e-arab, yani araboan ki gali ya basti) gaanv mean bhi araboan ki vasavat thi. kocharab gaanv, jo ab ahamadabad ka ek hissa ban gaya hai, kagaz nirman ka ek mahattvapoorn kendr ban gaya tha. ahamadabad mean kagaz ab bilkul nahian banata, lekin kocharab kshetr mean kagadi parivar ab bhi basate haian.
kagaz nirman ke prasiddh nagar
[[chitr:Lekhan-Samagri-15.jpg|thumb|250px|saanganer (jayapur ke nazadik) mean hath-kagaz ka nirman]] mugal kal mean aurangabad ke nazadik ka daulatabad shahar dakshin bharat mean kagaz nirman ka ek pramukh kendr ban gaya tha. vahaan ka kagaz apane chikanepan aur tikaoopan ke lie kafi prasiddh tha. daulatabad mean kagaz banane ke kee kendr the, jahaan vibhinn qism ka kagaz taiyar kiya jata tha. daulatabad se kuchh doori par, vahaan se verool, elora jane vali s dak ke kinare, kagazipura namak ek gaanv aj bhi maujood hai.
vidarbh ke akola zile ka balapur shahar bhi kagaz utpadan ka ek mahattvapoorn kendr tha. vahaan ‘kagadapura’ mauhalla aj bhi maujood hai. tipoo sultan ke shasanakal mean maisoor mean kagaz ka karakhana sthapit ho gaya tha. usi tarah, peshava kal mean pune mean bhi kagaz banane laga tha.
ek aur jagah, jahaan par kagaz banata tha aur aj bhi banata hai, jayapur ke nazadik ka saanganer gaanv hai. savaee jayasianh ke bete savaee eeshvarisianh ke samay mean yahaan ke kagaz udyog ko rajyashray mila. yahaan par bana kagaz eeshvarasianhi kahalata tha. kagaz ki gunavatta aur usake chikanepan ko pramanit karane ke lie us par rajy ki muhar lagaee jati thi.
kagaz banane ki takanik
sare desh mean kagaz banane ki takanik lagabhag ek-si thi, keval un chizoan mean hi antar tha, jinase lugadi taiyar ki jati thi. lugadi banane ke lie amataur par purane rassoan, machhuaroan ke jaloan, chith doan, san aur usake boroan ka istemal kiya jata tha. unhean saf karake, katakar, ubalakar aur dheankali se kootakar lugadi taiyar ki jati thi. phir us lugadi ko nadi mean ya hauz ke pani mean dhoya jata tha. isake lie do adami lugadi ko dhoti-jaise kap doan mean rakhakar usake siroan ko apani kamar mean baandh lete the. [[chitr:Lekhan-Samagri-16.jpg|thumb|left|unnisavian sadi ke madhyakal ka ek kashmiri chitr, jisamean kagaz-nirman ke sabhi star dikhae ge haian]] ekadam safed kagaz prapt karane ke lie lugadi ko saf pani se dhona avashyak hota tha. usake bad lugadi ko choona aur kshar (sajji) se sansadhit kiya jata. tab us lugadi ko punah koota jata tha. phir use chabootare par dhoop mean sookhane ke lie rakh diya jata tha. usake bad us lugadi ke piand banae jate. tab kee shit kagaz banane ke lie lugadi ki ek nishchit matra lekar use zamin mean ga de ge ek kuand mean dalakar pani milaya jata tha. tab lak di ki bani ek chaukhat par rakhe ge narakuloan ya sikoan se banae ge ek jal (chik) se lugadi ki ek nishchit matra ko us kuand se uthaya jata tha. phir lugadi ki us parat ko ek kap de par dala jata tha. is tarah, kap doan aur kagazoan ki ek dheri taiyar ho jati thi, to us par bhari vazan rakhakar ya any kisi tariqe se usamean se pani ko bahar nikala jata tha. usake bad kagaz ki un nam shitoan ko kap doan se alag karake choone se poti gee divar par lagaya jata tha. usake bad kagaz ki un shitoan par maand lagaee jati thi ya unhean kisi goand mean duboya jata tha. ant mean lak di ke takhte par rakhakar aur patthar se rag dakar kagaz ki un shitoan ko chikana banaya jata tha. chakoo se kinaroan ko thik se kat dene par kagaz bikri ke lie taiyar ho jata tha.
kagaz ka ayat
unnisavian sadi ke antim dashakoan mean bharat se patasan aur kap doan ka b de paimane par niryat hua aur sath hi ayatit kagaz ko adhik pasand kiya jane laga. isase bharat mean hath kagaz ka utpadan ghatata gaya. san 1884-1885 mean desh se 3,70,533 rupaye mooly ke chith doan aur kagaz nirman ki any chizoan ka niryat hua. jabaki 48,92,121 rupaye ke kagaz ka aur daphti ka ayat hua.
kagaz mil ki sthapana
purtagaliyoan ne pahali bar 1556 ee. mean gova mean chhapakhana sthapit kiya. aangrezoan ne arambh mean bharat mean bane hath kagaz ka istemal kiya, magar bad mean unhoanne yahaan apane kagaz mil sthapit kie aur ve ianglaind se bhi kagaz mangane lage. shriramapur (seramapur) mean 1820 ee. mean pahali bar kagaz nirman mean ek bhap-ianjan ka istemal hone laga. usake bad desh mean kee pepar mil sthapit hue- giragaanv pepar mil, mumbee (1862), r aauyal pepar mil, kolakata (1867), sindhiya pepar mil, gvaliyar (1882-1892), titaghar pepar mil, kolakata (1882-94).
aj bharat mean kagaz utpadan prativarsh lagabhag 13 lakh tan hai. usamean hath kagaz ka utpadan qarib 7000 tan hai. bharat mean qarib 250 kendroan mean hath kagaz ka utpadan hota hai aur usamean lagabhag 6000 log lage hue haian.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ gori aur rahaman