गन्ना

thumb|250px|ganne ganna sare vishv mean paida hone vali ek pumukh fasal hai. bharat ko ganne ka 'janm sthan' mana jata hai, jahaan aj bhi vishv mean ganne ke antargat sarvadhik kshetraphal 35 pratishat kshetr paya jata hai. vartaman mean ganna utpadan mean 'bharat ka vishv mean pratham sthan' hai. yadyapi brajil evan kyooba bhi bharat ke lagabhag barabar hi ganna paida karate haian. desh mean rnimit sabhi mukhy mithakarakoan ke lie ganna ek mukhy kachcha mal hai. isaka upayog do pramukh kutir udyogoan mukhyat: gu d tatha khandasari udyogoan mean bhi kiya jata hai. in donoan udyogoan se lagabhag 10 miliyan tan mithakarakoan ka utpadan hota hai, jisamean desh mean hue ganne ke utpadan ka lagabhag 28-35% ganne ka upayog hota hai.

vanijyik fasal

aj vartaman samay mean ganna desh ki ek pramukh vanijyik fasal hai aur lagabhag 4.36 miliyan hekteyar kshetr mean isaki kheti ki jati hai. 2002-2003 mean ganne ka varshik utpadan 281.6 miliyan tan tha. ganne ki kheti kul krishi kshetr ke lagabhag 3.0% bhag mean ki jati hai. yah pramukh nakadi fasaloan mean se ek hai, jisaka desh mean krishi utpadan ka sakal mooly lagabhag 7.5% hai. lagabhag 50 miliyan kisan apani jivika ke lie ganne ki kheti par nirbhar haian aur itane hi khetihar mazadoor haian, jo ganne ke khetoan mean kam karake apani jivika kamate haian.

ganne ki upalabdhata

bharat mean ganne ki kheti ka mukhy bhag ardh-ushnakatibandhiy bhag hai. is kshetr mean uttar pradesh, uttaraanchal, bihar, panjab, hariyana mukhy ganna utpadak rajy haian. madhy pradesh, pashchim bangal, rajasthan aur asam ke bhi kuchh kshetroan mean ganna paida kiya jata hai, lekin in rajyoan mean utpadakata bahut hi kam hai. ganne ki kheti vyapak rup se ushnakatibandhiy kshetr mean ki jati hai, jisamean maharashtr, aandhr pradesh, tamilanadu aur gujarat rajy shamil haian. chooanki ganna, jo ek ushnakatibandhiy fasal hai, ke lie in rajyoan mean anukoolatam krishi jalavayu sthit hai. ardh-ooshn-katibandhiy kshetroan ki tulana mean ooshnakatibandhiy kshetr mean paidavar apekshakrit adhik hai.

bhaugolik dashaean

ganna mukhyatah ayanavrittiy paudha hai. bharat mean isaki kheti 8° uttari akshaansh se 32° uttari akshaansh tak ki jati hai. isake lie nimn dashaoan ki avashyakata hoti hai-

tapaman

bharat mean ganne ki fasal ko taiyar hone mean lagabhag ek varsh ka samay lag jata hai. aankur nikalane ke samay 20° seantigred ka tapaman labhadayak rahata hai, kintu badhane ke lie 20° seantigred se 30° seantigred ke tapaman ki avashyakata p dati hai. 30° seantigred se adhik aur 16° seantigred se niche ke tapaman mean yah paida nahian hota hai. atyadhik shit aur pala fasal ke lie hanikarak hota hai. sadharanatah isake lie lambi aur tapayukt garmiyaan hi anukool rahati haian. thumb|250px|left|ganne

varsha

ganna 100 se 200 sentimitar varsha vale bhagoan mean bhali prakar paida kiya ja sakata hai. kee kshetroan mean to 150 se 250 sentimitar ki varsha vale bhagoan mean bhi yah paida hota hai. yadi varsha ki matra kam hoti hai to paudhe ko sianchaee ke sahare paida kiya jata hai. garmi mean paudhe ko kam se kam char bar sianchane aur go dane se ek-ek podhean mean kee aankur nikal ate haian aur vah bhoomi mean bhali prakar jam jata hai. khetoan mean fasal taiyar hote samay lambe samay tak pani bhara rahane se ganne mean sharkara pratishat mean kami ane lagati hai.

mitti

ganne ke lie upajaoo domat mitti tatha nami se poorn bhoomi, visheshatah gahari aur chikani domat mitti, upayukt hoti hai. dakshin ki lava se yukt bhoomi mean bhi ganna paida kiya jata hai. ganne ke paudhe ko paryapt khad ki avashyakata hoti hai. atah sadharanatah ganna tin-varshiy her-pher ke sath boya jata hai. gobar, kampost athava any prakar ki pranij khadoan aur sanee, dheancha adi hari khad, amoniyam salphet aur suparaph aausphet adi ka bhi khad ke roop mean paryapt prayog kiya jata hai.

shram

ganne ko ropane, niraee-gu daee karane aur katakar bandal banane tatha samay-samay par sianchaee karane ke lie paryapt matra mean saste shramikoan ki avashyakata p dati hai.

• ganna samudrik vayu ke sampark se bahut achchhe aur adhik ras vala banata hai. is prakar ki anukool avasthaean bharat ke tatiy kshetr mean paee jati hai. isi karan dakshin bharat mean prati hektear utpadan bhi uttar bharat ki apeksha adhik hota hai.

ganne ki krishi

ganna sadharanatah madhy disambar se march tak boya jata hai tatha agami disambar se march ke madhy tak kat liya jata hai. gujarat, maharashtr aur karnatak mean adasali fasal joon se julaee tak boyi jati hai, jabaki nayi paudh janavari mean ugaee jati hai.thumb|250px|ganne tamilanadu mean paudh lagane ka samay march se sitambar tak hota hai. bharat mean ek bar ka boya paudha tin varshoan tak achchhi fasal deta hai. upajaoo bhoomi, achchhi sianchaee aur upayukt tapaman mean ganne ka paudha achchhi tarah panapata hai. kabhi kabhi to yah 7.5 mitar tak ooancha ho jata hai. vishv ke any deshoan, java, kyooba, m aaurishas, brajil aur phiji adi mean ganne ki fasal 20 se 24 mah pashchath kati jati hai. atah vahaan ki upaj bahut adhik hoti hai. bharat mean jalavayu sambandhi bhinnataoan ke karan dakshini bharat mean adhik sharkara vala mota ganna utpann hota hai evan jyoan-jyoan uttar ki or badhate haian tyoan tyoan gannean mean reshe ka aansh badhata jata hai aur mithas ki matra bhi kam ho jati hai. bihar v pashchim bangal mean patali kism ka ganna paida hota hai. uttari bharat mean shushk rritu adhik lanbi hoti hai, phalasvaroop ganne ka ras sookhane lagata hai, jabaki dakshin bharat ki ardr samudri jalavayu ke karan ganne mean ras ki matra adhik hoti hai.

utpadak kshetr

uttari bharat se desh ke utpadan ka 50 pratishat ganna milata hai, kintu isaka prati hektear utpadan dakshin bharat ki apeksha kam hai, jahaan karnatak mean yah utpadan 84,361 kilogram, tamilanadu mean 1,06778 kilogram, andhr pradesh mean 65,756 kilogram hai, vahian rajasthan mean keval 41,578 kilogram, panjab mean 60,000 kilogram prati hektear hi hai. bharat mean utpadit ganne ka 40 pratishat gu d evan 50 pratishat chini banane mean prayukt hota hai.

yadyapi ganne ki krishi ke lie uttari bharat ki apeksha dakshin bharat bhaugolik suvidhaoan ki drishti se adhik anukool hai, tathapi adhik ganna uttari bharat mean hi paida kiya jata raha hai. akela uttar pradesh desh ki upaj ka 35.81 pratishat, maharashtr 25.4 pratishat, tamilanadu 10.93 pratishat paida karate haian arthath ye tinoan rajy desh ke kul ganna utpadan ka 72 pratishat utpadan karate haian. idhar pichhale do dashakoan se dakshin ke rajyoan mean ganne ki upaj mean paryapt vriddhi ki gayi hai. 1970 ke pashchath dakshin bharat ke ganne ke utpadan mean vriddhi huee hai. varsh 2008-2009 mean desh mean 4.4 miliyan hektear kshetr mean ganna boya gaya, jisamean 173.9 miliyan tan ganne ka utpadan hua. varsh 2008-2009 mean ganne ka prati hektear utpadan 62 tan raha. dakshini rajyoan mean andhr pradesh, karnatak, maharashtr evan tamilanadu mean ganne ka utpadan adhik hota hai. in rajyoan mean prati hektear ganne ki upaj bhi uttar bharat ki tulana mean adhik hoti hai. yahi karan hai ki adhikaansh nayi chini miloan ki sthapana in rajyoan mean huee hai.

ganga ki ghati mean utpadan

ganga ki oopari v madhyavarti ghati mean hi sarvadhik ganna paida kiya jata raha hai, kyoanki-

1. yahaan prativarsh badh ke samay khetoan mean kachhari mitti phail jati hai.
2. jal kam giraee par mil jata hai, jisase sianchaee asani se ho jati hai.
3. varsha bhi 100 seantimitar tak ho jati hai.
4. prayah yahaan par pale ka abhav rahata hai.
5. ghani janasankhya hone ke karan mazadoor saste aur asani se mil jate hai.
6. samatal maidan hone ke karan kheti saralatapoorvak ki ja sakati hai.
7. tapaman lagabhag 27° seantigred tak rahata hai, jabaki dakshini bharat ki lava ki chikani mitti lagatar ooanche tapaman evan avashyak sianchaee dvara jal evan unnat krishi takanik sabhi ne is kshetr ko ganne ke lie adarsh kshetr bana diya hai.

• ganna utpadan ki drishti se bharat mean uttar pradesh ka pratham sthan hai. ganne ke antargat kshetr ka lagabhag ek tihaee bhag keval uttar pradesh mean hai. yahaan ganne ke do pramukh kshetr hai. pahala taraee pradesh se sambaddh hai aur ramapur se prarambh hokar bareli, pilibhit, sitapur, lakhimapur khiri, muradabad, goanda, phaijabad, ajamagadh, jaunapur, basti, baliya, devariya, aur gorakhapur hota hua bihar ke saran tatha champaran tak phaila hua hai. is kshetr ka kendr gorakhapur, devariya kaha ja sakata hai, jahaan kee chini ki mile haian.
• doosara kshetr ganga aur yamuna nadiyoan ke doab mean sthit hai. yah merath se varanasi hota hua ilahabad tak vistrit hai. is kshetr ke pramukh utpadak zile saharanapur, bulandashahar, aligadh, muradabad aur merath haian. is kshetr ka kendr merath mean hai. merath ka ganna uttam koti ka ooancha, mota tatha ras vala hota hai. isase gu d adhik banaya jata hai. yahaan ka varshik utpadan lagabhag 8.3 karo d tan hai. yahaan desh ka ek tihaee ganna paida hota hai.

andhr pradesh mean ganne ki krishi godavari tatha krishnaa nadiyoan ke deltaoan mean sarvadhik hoti hai, kyoanki is pradesh mean upayukt nadiyoan ke deltoan mean naharoan dvara sianchaee karane ki vishesh suvidha prapt hai. poorvi aur pashchimi godavari, krishnaa, vishakhapattanam, shrikakulam aur trichoor haian.

telangana ka nizamabad ganne ka pramukh utpadak kshetr hai. thumb|250px|ganne ki joos ki dukan tamilanadu mean koyambatoor, ramanathapuramh, tiruchirapalli, uttari aur dakshini arkat evan madurai ziloan mean ganne ki krishi vishesh roop se hoti hai. koyambatoor mean ganne ki anusandhanashala bhi hai, jisase ganne ki krishi ke unnat upayoan aur nayi kismoan ke anusandhan mean sahayata milati hai. desh mean ganna utpadan mean isaka tisara sthan hai.

maharashtr mean ganne ka kshetr nasik ke dakshin mean godavari ki oopari ghati mean sthit hai. saangali, satara, ahamadanagar, nasik, pune aur sholapur pramukh utpadak zile haian. yahaan ganne ki sianchaee ke lie anek yojanaean banayi gayi haian. tapaman varsh bhar sam rahata hai, jisase ganne se adhik ras ki prapti hoti hai. ganne ke utpadan ki drishti se yah bharat ka doosara mahattvapoorn rajy hai. rashtriy utpadan mean isaka dvitiy sthan hai. yahaan ka varshik utpadan yadyapi 2.5 se 3.0 karo d tan hi hai, kintu adhikaansh ganne se shakkar banaee jati hai. utpadakata arthath prati hektear upaj desh mean sarvadhik hai aur chini ki prapti adhik hai.

karnatak mean ganne ka utpadak tuangabhadra, kaveri aur krishnaaraj sagar baandh se nikali gayi naharoan ke sahare shivamogga, rayachoor, kolar, mandya, bellari aur pashchimi belagami ziloan mean kiya jata hai.

hariyana bhi mahattvapoorn ganna utpadak rajy hai, jahaan sianchaee ki sahayata se ganna utpann kiya jata hai. yahaan ke pramukh ganna utpadak zile gu dagaanv, hisar, rohatak, karanal tatha ambala haian. panjab mean sangaroor, patiyala, jalandhar, phirojapur, guradasapur evan amritasar pramukh utpadak zile haian.

pashchimi bangal mean ativrishti joot ki apeksha ganna ke lie kam upayogi hai, phir bhi joot ki maang ghatane evan ganne ki fasal se adhik labh milane ke karan ab vahaan ganna mahattvapoorn fasal hai. atah vartaman mean damodar, baangli aur padma nadiyoan ki ghati mean yah paida kiya jata hai. varddhaman, virabhoom, hugali, murshidabad, chaubis paragana aur nadiya ziloan ki adhi pratishat se 1 pratishat krishi yogy bhoomi par ganne ki kheti ki jati hai.

bihar mean ganna utpadak kshetr uttar pradesh ki taraee vale kshetr se sambaddh hai. champaran, gaya, saran, shahabad, darabhanga, mujaphpharapur, poorniya aur bhagalapur aur pramukh utpadak zilean haian. 1970 ke pashchath yahaan ka utpadan nirantar kam hota ja raha hai.

rajasthan mean ganne ka utpadan shriganganagar, kota, booandi, chittau dagadh, udayapur aur bhilava da ziloan mean hota hai.

madhy pradesh mean ujjain, gvaliyar, muraina, javara aur shivapuri tatha chhattisagadh rajy mean rayapur aur bilasapur pramukh ganna utpadak kshetr hai.

gujarat mean ganna soorat, bhavanagar, rajakot, banasakaanta, jamanagar aur joonagadh mean paida kiya jata hai.

samasyaean

bharat mean ganne ki krishi se sambandhit kuchh pramukh samasyaean nimnalikhit haian-

1. ganne ki adarsh dashaean dakshin bharat mean milati haian, kintu ab isaki adhikatar kheti uttar bharat me ki jati hai, jahaan shushk rritu adhik lambi hone ke karan ganna adhik samay tak khet mean nahian rah pata. yah patala aur kam ras vala hota hai.
2. desh mean ganne ka utpadan prati hektear isaki krishi unnat takanik ke vishishti prayog ke abhav mean bahut hi kam hai. idhar pichhale kuchh varshoan se isamean sudhar hua hai. san 1960-1961 mean ganne ka prati hektear utpadan 46 tan tha, jo badhatrakar 2008-2009 mean 62 tan ho gaya.

koyambatoor mean 'kendriy anusandhan kendr' se prasarit ab ganne ki kee kismean boyi jane lagi haian, jaise- sio 410, sio 419, sio 431, sio 312, sio 212, sio 290, sio 205 adi. at: prati-hektear isaka utpadan badh raha hai. pradeshik krishi anusandhanashalaoan se bhi navin kismean vikasit ki ja rahi haian. lakhanoo mean 'kendriy ganna anusandhan kendr', shahajahaanpur, devariya v mujaphpharanagar mean 'rajy ganna anusandhan kendr' sthapit haian. bharat mean jitana ganna paida hota hai, usaka 40 pratishat gudh banane mean, 50 pratishat saphed chini banane mean, boora v salphar sugar banane mean aur shesh choosane tatha bij ke roop mean kam mean laya jata hai.

ganne ka upayog

thumb|250px|ganne ka ras bharat mean 300 miliyan tan ke ganne utpadan ki lagabhag 35% matra gu d aur khandasari ke vinirman aur choosane ke prayojan ke lie upayog ki jati hai. gu d aur khandasari ka vinirman karnatak, tamilanadu aur uttar pradesh mean mukhy rup se kiya jata hai par kafi adhik matra mean gu d aur khandasari aandhr pradesh, hariyana aur panjab mean bhi taiyar kiya jata hai. 1996-2002 ki avadhi ke dauran in rajyoan mean ganne se chini, gu d aur khandasari ke utpadan ke lie upayog mean lae jane vali ganne ki matra ka byaura talika 3.2 mean diya gaya hai.

kam utpadakata ke mukhy karan

• hal hi mean ganne ki kheti ke adhin kshetr aur usaki paidavar mean kafi kami huee hai jisaka mukhy karan lagabhag poore ushnakatibandhiy aur up-ushnakatibandhiy kshetroan mean p da sookha hai. hal mean sookhe, ganne ke mooly ka vilamb se bhugatan aur kam chini moolyoan ke asar se ganna utpadan mean kami aee hai aur kuchh chini milean band huee haian.
• ganne par vooli ephid nam ke ek ne kit ke grasan ki ghatana agast, 2002 mean belagam zile mean samane aee aur bhadra nahar kshetroan aur dakshini karnatak ke kaveri ghati mean bhi dhire-dhire isaki pahuanch ho gee. isake prabhav aur phailane ki badhati dar aur tivrata ne kaveri ghati mean ganna kisanoan ke bich khauph paida kar diya hai jinhoanne pahale se hi pichhale varshoan ke dauran sookhe ke karan bhari nuqasan uthaya tha.

jal sanrakshan

• desh mean kul sianchit kshetr mean se lagabhag 58% nalakoopoan evan any kuoan dvara, 32% naharoan dvara, 5% talaboan dvara tatha shesh 5% any srotoan dvara sianchit hai. jal sanrakshan ke lie, ganne ke adhin kuean se sabhi sianchit kshetr ko draps (drip) sianchaee ke adhin lane ki avashyakata hai. draps sianchaee se utpadan mean vriddhi karane tatha urvarakoan evan any poshak tatvoan ke anukoolatam upayog mean madad milegi.
• paristhiti ki mean kit ke bare mean paryapt janakari ki kami tatha praudyogikiyoan mean is sthiti se nipatane ke lie taiyari ke bare mean janakari ki kami prabhavi prabandhan karyoan ka sujhav dene mean pramukh chianta ka vishay rahi hai. adhikaanshatah ushnakatibandhiy eshiyaee kshetr mean, thande evan meghachchhit mausam (19-35 digri selsiyas) ke sath-sath uchch sapeksh ardrata (85%) mean jantubadha tezise hoti hai. atah kit ki jaiv paristhitikiy ko dhyan mean rakhate hue isake prasar evan bure prabhav ko kam karane ke lie kuchh krishi vaijnanik paddhatiyoan ka vikas kiya jana avashyak hai. vasantadada shugar ianstitayoot ne prakritik pratirodhakoan yatha trichagrama, kraisopera, inakarsiya, aiso-tomiya, dayapha adi ka vikas karana tatha muhaiya karakar rogoan par niyantran rakhane ke lie apani seva di haian.

vaikalpik upayog

• nirvat patr chini phaiktriyaan keval plaanteshan vhait shugar ka hi utpadan karane ke lie badhy haian. samiti ke samaksh prastut kie ge kuchh abhyavedanoan mean yah sujhav diya gaya ki is pratibandh ko hataya ja sakata hai tatha chini phaiktriyoan ko unaki ichchhanusar gu d tatha khandasari jaise any mithakarakoan ke utpadan ki chhoot di ja sakati hai.
• samiti ne chini miloan ko chini ke alava any mithakarakoan ke vinirman, yadi avashyak hoan, ke lie anumati dene ke vichar par bhi charcha ki. samiti ne not kiya ki vhait shugar ke alava any utpadoan ke vinirman ke lie ganne ke upayog ki vanijyik tatha vaidhanik rup se jaanch ki jani chahie.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

sanbandhit lekh

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