गाँधी युग

gaandhi yug
mahatma gaandhi|200px|center
vivaran	'rashtrapita' ki upadhi se sammanit mahatma gaandhi bharatiy rajanitik manch par 1919 ee. se 1948 ee. tak chhae rahe. gaandhiji ke is karyakal ko 'bharatiy itihas' mean 'gaandhi yug' ke nam se jana jata hai.
mukhy andolan	khilafat andolan, asahayog andolan, baradoli satyagrah, savinay avajna andolan, bharat chho do andolan
mukhy ghatanaean	kakori kand, bhagat sianh, sukhadev aur rajaguru ki shahadat, saiman kamishan ka agaman, daandi march, jaliyaanvala bag hatyakand, gaandhi-iravin samajhauta, sampradayik nirnay, agast prastav, shimala sammelan, mauntabetan yojana.
sambandhit lekh	sabaramati ashram, kastooraba gaandhi, gaandhi bhavan, dak tikatoan mean mahatma gaandhi, mahatma gaandhi ke anamol vachan.
any janakari	bharat ki azadi ke lie sada sangharsharat rahane vale mahatma gaandhi ianglaind se bairistari ki padhaee samapt karane ke bad bharat aye the. yahaan se 1893 ee. mean afrika gaye or vahaan par apane 20 varsh ke pravas ke dauran british sarakar ki rang-bhed ki niti ke viruddh l daee l date rahe.

'bapoo' evan 'rashtrapita' ki upadhiyoan se sammanit mahatma gaandhi apane saty, ahiansa evan satyagrah ke sadhanoan se bharatiy rajanitik manch par 1919 ee. se 1948 ee. tak chhae rahe. gaandhi ji ke is karyakal ko bharatiy itihas mean gaandhi yug ke nam se jana jata hai. je. ech. homs ne gaandhi ji ke bare mean kaha ki- "gaandhi ji ki ganana vigat yugoan ke mahanh vyaktiyoan mean ki ja sakati hai. ve alfred, vashiangatan tatha laifte ki tarah ek mahanh rashtr nirmata the. unhoanne bilabar fors, gairisan aur liankan ki bhaanti bharat ko dasata se mukt karane ka mahattvapoorn kary kiya. ve seant fraansis evan t aaulastay ki ahiansa ke upadeshak aur buddh, eesa tatha jarathrust ki tarah adhyatmik neta the." gaandhi ji bharat ke un kuchh chamakate hue sitaroan mean se ek the, jinhoanne desh ki svatantrata evan rashtriy ekata ke lie apana poora jivan samarpit kar diya. ianglaind se bairistari ki padhaee samapt karane ke bad gaandhi ji bharat aye the. yahaan se 1893 ee. mean afrika gaye or vahaan par apane 20 varsh ke pravas ke dauran british sarakar ki rang-bhed ki niti ke viruddh l daee l date rahe. yahian par gaandhi ji ne sarvapratham 'satyagrah aandolan' chalaya tha.

gaandhi-gokhale bheant

janavari, 1915 ee. mean gaandhi ji bharat aye aur yahaan par unaka sampark gopal krishna gokhale se hua, jinhean unhoanne apana rajanitik guru banaya. gokhale ke prabhav mean akar hi gaandhi ji ne apane ko bharat ki sakriy rajaniti se jo d liya. gaandhi ji ke bharatiy rajaniti mean pravesh ke samay british sarakar pratham vishv yuddh (1914-1918 ee.) mean phansi thi. gaandhi ji ne sarakar ko poorn sahayog diya, kyoanki vah yah manakar chal rahe the ki british sarakar yuddh ki samapti par bharatiyoan ko sahayog ke pratiphal ke roop mean svarajy de degi. gaandhi ji ne logoan ko sena mean bharti hone ke lie protsahit kiya. isake phalasvaroop kuchh log unhean "bharti karane vala sarjent" bhi kahane lage the.

nil ki kheti

1916 ee. mean gaandhi ji ne ahamadabad ke pas 'sabaramati ashram' ki sthapana ki aur aprail, 1917 mean bihar mean sthit champaran zile mean kisanoan par kiye ja rahe atyachar ke khilaf andolan chalaya. dakshin afrika mean gaandhi ji ke sangharsh ki kahani sunakar champaran (bihar) ke anek kisanoan, jinamean ramachandr shukl pramukh the, ne gaandhi ji ko amantrit kiya. yahaan nil ke khetoan mean kary karane vale kisanoan par yooropiy nilahe bahut adhik atyachar kar rahe the. unhean zamin ke kam se kam 3/20 bhag par nil ki kheti karana tatha nilahoan dvara tay damoan par use bechana p data tha. isi tarah ki paristhitiyoan se 1859-1860 ee. ke nil aandolan mean bangal ke kisanoan ne yooropiy bagan malikoan se mukti payi thi. gaandhi ji, baboo rajendr prasad, majaharool-hak, je. bi. kripalani, narahari parikh aur mahadev desaee ke sath 1917 ee. mean champaran pahuanche aur kisanoan ki sthiti ki jaanch karane lage. vivash hokar sarakar ko ek jaanch samiti niyukt karani p di, jisake ek sadasy svany gaandhi ji the. gaandhi ji ke prayatnoan se kisanoan ki samasyaoan mean kami ayi. 1918 ee. mean gujarat ke khe da zila mean 'kar nahian andolan' chalaya gaya. isi varsh gaandhi ji ne ahamadabad ke mazadooroan aur mil malikoan ke vivad mean hastakshep kar mazadooroan ki mazadoori mean 35% ki vriddhi karayi. apani rajaniti ke prarambhik dinoan mean gaandhi ji ne british sarakar ke sanvaidhanik sudharoan ki prakriya ki prashansa ki, par 1919 ee. ke jaliyaanvala bag hatyakand ke bad sarakar ke sandarbh mean gaandhi ji ka poora drishtikon badal gaya.

khilafat andolan

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

'khilafat andolan' (1919-1922 ee.) ka sootrapat bharatiy muslimoan ke ek bahusankhyak varg ne rashtriy star par kiya. gaandhi ji ne is andolan ko hindoo tatha muslim ekata ke liy upayukt samajha aur muslimoan ke prati apani sahanubhooti prakat ki. mahatma gaandhi ne 1919 ee. mean 'akhil bharatiy khilafat samiti' ka adhiveshan apani adhyakshata mean kiya. unake kahane par hi asahayog evan svadeshi ki niti ko apanaya gaya. 1918-1919 ee. ke madhy bharat mean 'khilafat andolan' maulana muhammad ali, shaukat ali evan abul kalam azad ke sahayog se zor pak data chala gaya.

asahayog andolan

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

'asahayog andolan' ka sanchalan 'svaraj' ki maang ko lekar kiya gaya. isaka uddeshy sarakar ke sath sahayog n karake karyavahi mean badha upasthiti karana tha. sitambar, 1920 ee. mean 'asahayog andolan' ke karyakram par vichar karane ke lie kalakatta mean kaangres mahasamiti ke adhiveshan ka ayojan kiya gaya. is adhiveshan ki adhyakshata lala lajapat ray ne ki. isi adhiveshan mean kaangres ne pahali bar bharat mean videshi shasan ke viruddh karyavahi karane, vidhan parishadoan ka bahishkar karane tatha 'asahayog savinay avajna andolan' ko prarambh karane ka nirnay liya. is adhiveshan mean gaandhi ji ne prastav pesh karate hue kaha ki- "aangrez sarakar shaitan hai, jisake sath sahayog sambhav nahian hai. aangrezi sarakar ko apani bhooloan par koee duahkh nahian hai, atah ham kaise svikar kar sakate haian ki navin vyavasthapikaean hamare svarajy ka marg prashast kareangi. svarajy ki prapti ke lie hamare dvara pragatishil ahiansatmak asahayog ki niti apanayi jani chahie." gaandhi ji ke is prastav ka virodh karate hue eni besent ne kaha ki- "yah prastav bharatiy svatantrata ko sabase b da dhakka hai."

svarajy parti ki sthapana

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

'svarajy parti' ki sthapana 1 janavari, 1923 ee. mean parivartanavadiyoan ka netritv karate hue chitaranjan das aur pandit motilal neharoo ne vitthalabhaee patel, madan mohan malaviy aur jayakar ke sath milakar ilahabad mean ki. is parti ki sthapana kaangres ke khilaf ki gee thi. isake adhyaksh chitaranjan das tatha sachiv motilal neharoo banaye ge the. svarajy parti ke mukhy uddeshy nimnalikhit the-

1. shighr-atishighr dominiyan stets prapt karana.
2. poorn prantiy svayattata prapt karana.
3. sarakari karyoan mean badha utpann karana.

svarajyavadiyoan ne vidhan mandaloan ke chunav l dane v vidhanamandaloan mean pahuanchakar sarakar ki alochana karane ki rananiti banaee. svarajyavadiyoan ko vishvas tha ki ve shaantipoorn upayoan se chunav mean bhag lekar apane adhik se adhik sadasyoan ko kauansil mean bhejakar us par apana niyantran sthapit kar leange.

varasad andolan

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

'varasad andolan' (1923-1924 ee.) ka sanchalan saradar vallabh bhaee patel ke netritv mean gujarat mean kiya gaya tha. aangrez british sarakar dvara lagaye ge 'dakaiti kar' ke virodh mean is andolan ka sanchalan kiya gaya tha.

vayakom satyagrah

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

'vayakom satyagrah' (1924-1925 ee.) ek prakar ka gaandhivadi andolan tha. is andolan ka netritv ti. ke. madhavan, ke. kelappan tatha ke. pi. keshavamenan ne kiya. yah andolan travanakor ke ek mandir ke pas vali s dak ke upayog se sambandhit tha.

krantikari andolan ka doosara charan

aktoobar, 1924 ee. mean sabhi kraantikari daloan dvara lakhanoo mean ek sammelan ayojit kiya gaya. is sammelan mean shachindranath sanyal, jagadish chandr chatarji aur ram prasad bismil adi shamil hue. naye netaoan mean bhagat sianh, shiv varma, sukhadev, bhagavati charan bohara aur chandrashekhar azad adi pramukh the.[[chitr:Ram-Prasad-Bismil.jpg|thumb|200px|ram prasad bismil]]

kakori kand

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

1924 ee. mean 'hindustan ripablikan esosieshin' ki sthapana huee. isake mukhy karyakarta shachindranath sanyal, ram prasad bismil, yogesh chandr chatarji, ashafakulla khaan tatha roshan sianh adi the. uttar pradesh ke kraantikariyoan ne 9 agast, 1925 ee. ko kakori jane vali ga di mean loot-pat ki. is ghatana ko kalantar mean 'kakori kand' ke nam se jana gaya. is kand ke mukhy abhiyukt ram prasad bismil, ashafakulla khaan, shachindr bakhshi, rajendr lahi di, chandrashekhar azad evan bhagat sianh adi the. in netaoan par do varsh tak mukadama chalane ke bad ram prasad bismil aur ashafakulla khaan ko phaansi tatha bakhshi ko ajivan karavas ki saza mili. chandrashekhar azad ke netritv mean sitambar, 1928 ee. ko dilli ke firozashah kotala maidan mean 'hindustan soshilist ripablikan esosieshan' ki sthapana huee, jisaka uddeshy bharat mean ek 'samajavadi ganatantr' ki sthapana karana tha.

bhagat sianh, sukhadev aur rajaguru ki shahadat

30 aktoobar, 1928 ee. ko lahaur se 'saiman kamishan' ke viruddh pradarshan karate samay pulis lathi charj mean ghayal ho jane se lala lajapat ray ki bad mean mrityu ho gayi. mrityu ka badala lene ke lie bhagat sianh ke netritv mean panjab ke kraantikariyoan ne 17 disambar, 1928 ko lahaur ke tatkalin sahayak pulis kaptan s aaundars ki goli marakar hatya kar di.[[chitr:Bhagat-Singh.gif|thumb|200px|left|bhagat sianh]] 'pablik sephti bil' pas hone ke virodh mean 8 aprail, 1929 ee. ko batukeshvar datt evan bhagat sianh ne 'sentral lejisletiv asembali' mean khali beanchoan par bam pheanka. is bam kand ka uddeshy kisi ki hatya karana nahian tha., ve to fraansisi kratikariyoan ke us kathan ko dohara bhar rahe the ki 'baharoan ko koee bat sunane ke lie adhik kolahal ki avashyakata p dati hai.' bhagat sianh aur batukeshvar datt ko chooanki is bam ghatana ke karan phaansi nahian di ja sakati thi, isalie unhean 's aaundars hatya kand' evan 'lahaur shadyantr' se jo d diya gaya. 23 march, 1931 ee. ko bhagat sianh, sukhadev aur rajaguru ko phaansi par lataka diya gaya. subhashachandr bos ne bhagat sianh ke bare mean kaha ki- "bhagat sianh zindabad aur iankalab zindabad ka ek hi arth hai."

bangal ke prasiddh kraantikari soory sen, jisane aprail, 1930 ee. ko chatagaanv ke shastragar par akraman kiya tha, ko 12 janavari, 1934 ee. ko phaansi di gee. 1935 ee. ke 'bharat sarakar adhiniyam' ke parit hone ke bad kraantikari gatividhiyoan mean kuchh kami ayi, parantu 1940 ee. ke bad ye gatividhiyaan punah zor pak dane lagian. gaandhi ji ne bhagat sianh ke bare mean likha ki "hamare mastak bhagat sianh ki deshabhakti, sahas tatha bharatiy janata ke prati prem tatha balidan ke age jhuk jate haian." bharatiy rashtriy kaangres ne 18 agast, 1929 ee. ko sampoorn bharat mean 'rajanitik pi ditoan ka din' manaya. is charan mean kraantikari netaoan ka jhukav kuchh-kuchh samajavad ki or ho raha tha. chandrashekhar azad ne 1928 ee. mean 'hindustan ripablikan esosieshan' ka nam badal kar 'hindustan soshalist ripablikan esosieshan' rakh diya. isi samay kraanti amar rahe ka nara pahali bar lagaya gaya.

pramukh sh dayantroan ke charchit mamale

mamale	varsh	vishay
'peshavar sh dayantr mamala	1922-1924 ee.	soviyat sangh se bharat ane vale samyavadi kraantikariyoan ka dal, jise samrat ke viruddh sh dayantr rachane ke aparadh mean bandi banaya gaya tha, un par peshavar mean mukadama chalakar in kraantikariyoan ko lambi sazaean di geean.
'kanapur sh dayantr mamala'	1924 ee.	kamyunist neta shripad amrit daange, mujaffar ahamad, malini gupta evan shaukat usmani adi ko kanapur mean giraphtar kar 'kanapur sh dayantr' ke tahat chale mukadamean mean 4 varsh ka karavas diya gaya.
'meanrath sh dayantr mukadama'	1923 ee.	1929 ee. mean sarakar ne 32 aise vyaktiyoan ko giraphtar kiya, jinamean kraantikari rajaniti v tred yooniyan se ju de log evan tin aangrez kamyunist (filip spret, ven braidale evan lestar hachinsan) adi shamil the, par 'merath sh dayantr' ke tahat sadhe tin varsh tak mukadama chala. rashtriy star par yah mukadama khoob charchit raha. abhiyuktoan ki or se javaharalal neharoo, kailashanath katajoo evan d aauktar aansari adi ne pairavi ki.

saiman kamishan

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

'saiman kamishan' ki niyukti british pradhanamantri ne sar j aaun saiman ke netritv mean ki thi. is kamishan mean sat sadasy the, jo sabhi briten ki sansad ke manonit sadasy the. yahi karan tha ki ise 'shvet kamishan' kaha gaya. saiman kamishan ki ghoshana 8 navambar, 1927 ee. ko ki gee. kamishan ko is bat ki jaanch karani thi ki kya bharat is layaq ho gaya hai ki yahaan logoan ko sanvaidhanik adhikar diye jaean. is kamishan mean kisi bhi bharatiy ko shamil nahian kiya gaya, jis karan isaka bahut hi tivr virodh hua.

neharoo samiti

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

'neharoo samiti' ka gathan 28 faravari, 1928 ee. ko ko kiya gaya tha. 'saiman kamishan' ke bahishkar ke bad bharat sachiv l aaurd barkan hed ne bharatiyoan ke samaksh ek chunauti rakhi ki ve aise sanvidhan ka nirman kar british sansad ke samaksh rakhean, jise sabhi daloan ka samarthan prapt ho. kaangres ne barkan hed ki is chunauti ko svikar kar liya. pandit motilal neharoo ko is samiti ka adhyaksh banaya gaya tha. samiti ke any sadasyoan mean, sar ali imam, em.es. ane, tejabahadur saproo, mangal sianh, ji.ar. pradhan, shoeb kureshi, subhashachandr bos, en.em. joshi aur ji.pi. pradhan adi the.

jinna ke chaudah sootr

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

'jinna ke chaudah sootr' vale maang patr ko 1929 ee. mean prastut kiya gaya tha. muhammad ali jinna muslim lig ke adhyaksh the aur ve 'neharoo samiti' dvara prastut ki gee 'neharoo riport' se asantusht the. yahi karan tha ki unhoanne riport ko asvikar kar diya. 'neharoo riport' se sikkh samuday bhi asantusht tha. muslim lig ne neharoo riport ke vikalp ke roop mean march, 1929 ee. mean jinna ke chaudah sootr vale maang-patr ko prastut kiya, ise hi 'jinna ke chaudah sootr' kaha jata hai.thumb|200px|vallbh bhaee patel

baradoli satyagrah

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

'baradoli satyagrah' 'bharatiy rashtriy andolan' ka sabase sangathit, vyapak evan saphal andolan raha hai. yah andolan sarakar dvara badhaye ge 30 pratishat kar ke virodh mean chalaya gaya tha. baradoli ke 'me data bandhuoan' (kalyan ji aur kuanvar ji) tatha dayal ji ne kisanoan ke samarthan mean 1922 ee. se andolan chalaya. bad mean isaka netritv saradar vallabh bhaee patel ne kiya. soorat (gujarat) ke baradoli taluke mean 1920 ee. mean kisanoan dvara 'lagan' n adayagi ka andolan chalaya gaya. is andolan mean keval 'kunabi-patidar' jatiyoan ke bhoo-svami kisanoan ne hi nahian, balki 'kaliparaj' (kale log) janajati ke logoan ne bhi hissa liya. sarakar dvara niyukt nyayik adhikari broomafild aur rajasv adhikari maiksavel ne mamale ki jaanch ki aur badhottari ko galat thaharite hue ise ghatakar 6.03 pratishat kar diya. andolan ke saphal hone par vahaan ki mahilaoan ne patel ko 'saradar' ki upadhi pradan ki.

poorn svaraj divas

chh: varsh ke lambe antaral ke bad 1927 ee. me gaandhi ji ne ek bar phir se sakriy rajaniti mean bhag lena shuroo kiya. kaangres par vam vicharadharaoan ke badhate prabhav ko dekhakar unhoanne disambar, 1929 ee. mean lahaur mean ayojit kaangres ke etihasik adhiveshan mean javaharalal neharoo ko adhyaksh banavaya. ukt adhiveshan mean ek prastav parit kar kaangres ne 'poorn svarajy' ka apana lakshy ghoshit kiya. 31 disambar, 1929 ko rat ko 12 baje javaharalal neharoo ne ravi nadi ke tat par apar janasamooh ke madhy navagrihit tirange jhande ko phaharaya. is avasar par neharoo ji ne kaha ki "british satta ke samane ab adhik jhukana manushy aur eeshvar donoan ke lie viruddh aparadh hai." adhiveshan mean 26 janavari, 1930 ee. ko 'pratham svadhinata divas' ke roop mean manane ka nishchay kiya gaya. isi ke sath pratyek varsh 26 janavari ko 'svatantrata divas' ke roop mean manaye jane ki parampara shuroo huee. kaangres samiti ko us adhiveshan mean 'savinay avajna aandolan' prarambh karane ka adhikar mila.

gaandhi ji ki gyarah sootri maang

gaandhi ji ne l aaurd iravin evan raimje maikadonald ke sammukh 31 janavari, 1930 ee. ko 11 sootri prastav rakha, jo is prakar tha-

1. rupaye ka punarmoolyan vinimay dar mean kami ek shiliang 4 peans ho.
2. bhoo-rajasv 1/2 kiya jaye.
3. madyanishedh lagoo kiya jaye.
4. namak par laga kar samapt kiya jaye.
5. sainik vyay mean 50 pratishat ki kami ho.
6. adhik vetan pane vale sarakari padadhikariyoan ki sankhya kam ki jaye.
7. videshi kap de par vishesh ayat kar lagaya jaye.
8. tatakar vidheyak laya jaye.
9. sabhi rajanitik bandi chho d diye jayean.
10. guptachar vibhag ko samapt kiya jay.
11. bharatiyoan ko atm-raksha ke lie hathiyar rakhane ka adhikar pradan kiya jay.

mahatma gaandhi ne kaha ki yadi 12 march, 1930 ee. tak maange nahian svikar ki gayian to ve namak qanoon ka ullanghan kareange. gaandhi ji ke uparyukt maang-patr par sarakar ne koee sakaratmak rukh nahian apanaya. isake phalasvaroop 14 faravari, 1930 ee. ko sabaramati mean kaangres ki ek baithak mean gaandhi ji ke netritv mean 'savinay avajna aandolan' ko chalane ka nishchay kiya gaya.

savinay avajna andolan

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

saiman kamishan ki asaphalata, neharoo riport ko asvikar kiya jana, kaangres ka 'lahaur adhiveshan' evan adhiveshan mean parit kiye gaye poorn svarajy ke prastav se svatantrata andolan sanbandhi ghatanaoan ka kram kafi tej ho gaya. gaandhi ji dvara vayasaray ke sammukh rakhe gaye gyarah sootri maang-patr par vichar n karane ke karan savinay avajna andolan avashyak ho gaya tha. savinay avajna andolan shuroo karane se pahale jab gaandhi ji vayasaray irvin se bat ki to vayasaray ne kaangres ki batoan par dhyan nahian diya. us samay gaandhi ji ne kaha tha ki- "kaangres ne roti ki maang ki aur use mila patthar." usake bad yah andolan prarambh ho gaya. gaandhi ji ne is ahiansatmak dhang se sarakar ke prati asahayog ka ravaiya apanaya. kalantar mean ise hi 'savinay avajna andolan' kaha gaya.[[chitr:Dandi-March-1.jpg|thumb|250px|gaandhi ji dvara daandi march]]

daandi march

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

gaandhi ji aur unake svayan sevakoan dvara 12 march, 1930 ee. ko daandi yatra prarambh ki gee. isaka mukhy uddeshy tha aangrezoan dvara banaye ge 'namak qanoon ko to dana'. gaandhi ji ne apane 78 svayan sevakoan, jinamean veb milar bhi ek tha, ke sath sabaramati ashram se 358 ki.mi. door sthit daandi ke lie prasthan kiya. lagabhag 24 din bad 6 aprail, 1930 ee. ko daandi pahuanchakar unhoanne samudratat par namak qanoon ko to da. gaandhi ji ki daandi yatra ke bare mean subhashachandr bos ne likha hai- "mahatma ji ki daandi march ki tulana 'ilba' se lautane par nepaliyan ke 'peris march' aur rajanitik satta prapt karane ke lie musolini ke 'rom march' se ki ja sakati hai." charoan taraf phaili is asahayog ki niti se aangrez british hukoomat buri tarah se jhalla gayi. 5 mee, 1930 ee. ko gaandhi ji ko giraphtar kar liya gaya. andolan ki prachandata ka ahasas kar tatkalin vayasaray l aaurd iravin ne gaandhi ji se samajhauta karana chaha.

gaandhi-iravin samajhauta

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

'gaandhi-iravin samajhauta' 5 march, 1931 ee. ko hua tha. mahatma gaandhi aur l aaurd iravin ke madhy hue is samajhaute ko 'dilli paikt' ke nam se bhi jana jata hai. gaandhi ji ne is samajhaute ko bahut mahattv diya tha, jabaki pandit javahar lal neharoo aur netaji subhashachandr bos ne isaki k di alochana ki. kaangresi bhi is samajhaute se poori tarah asantusht the, kyoanki gaandhi ji bharat ke yuva kraantikariyoan bhagat sianh, rajaguru aur sukhadev ko phaansi ke phande se bacha nahian pae the.

• is samajhaute ki shartean nimnalikhit thian-

1. kaangres v usake karyakartaoan ki jabt ki gee sampatti vapas ki jaye.
2. sarakar dvara sabhi adhyadeshoan evan apoorn abhiyagoan ke mamale ko vapas liya jaye.
3. hiansatmak karyoan mean lipt abhiyuktoan ke atirikt sabhi rajanitik qaidiyoan ko mukt kiya jaye.
4. aphim, sharab evan videshi vastr ki dukanoan par shaantipoorn dhang se dharane ki anumati di jaye.
5. samudr ke kinare basane vale logoan ko namak banane v use ekatrit karane ki chhoot di jaye.

golamej sammelan

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy[[chitr:Second-Round-Table-Conference.jpg|thumb|250px|golamej sammelan, landan]]

'golamej sammelan' 1930 se 1932 ee. ke bich landan mean ayojit hua. is sammelan ka ayojan tatkalin vaisaray l aaurd iravin ki 31 agast, 1929 ee. ki ghoshana ke adhar par hua tha. is sammelan mean l aaurd iravin ne saiman kamishan ki riport prakashit ho jane ke uparant bharat ke naye sanvidhan ki rachana ke lie landan mean 'golamej sammelan' ka prastav rakha. navambar, 1931 ee. mean landan mean 'golamej sammelan' ka ayojan hua, jisamean bharat aur ianglaind ke sabhi rajanitik daloan ke pratinidhiyoan ko amantrit kiya gaya. is sammelan ki adhyakshata ianglaind ke tatkalin pradhanamantri raimje maikdonald ne ki aur tin sammelan ayojit kiye-

1. pratham golamej sammelan - 12 sitambar, 1930 ee. se 29 janavari, 1931 ee. tak
2. dvitiy golamej sammelan - 7 sitambar, 1931 ee. se 2 disambar, 1931 ee. tak
3. tritiy golamej sammelan - 17 navambar, 1932 ee. se 24 disambar, 1932 ee. tak

savinay avajna andolan ki punaravritti

gaandhi ji ke ianglaind pravas ke samay is andolan ko sarakar ne barbarata se dabana chaha. bangal evan uttar pashchimi sima pradesh mean andolan ko buri tarah dabaya gaya. bharat mean ate hi gaandhi ji ne punah andolan ki bagador sanbhali. sarakar ne kaangres ko avaidh ghoshit kar gaandhi ji evan saradar patel sahit lagabhag 1 lakh, 20 hazar logoan ko jeloan mean bhar diya. doosari bar yah andolan 3 janavari, 1932 ee. ko prarambh hua. logoan mean andolan ke prati utsah mean kami dekhkar gaandhi ji 'savinay avajna andolan' ko 7 aprail, 1934 ee. ko sthagati kar diya. subhashachandr bos evan saradar patel jaise netaoan ne gaandhi ji ke is krity ki alochana ki. unhoanne kaha- "gaandhi ji ne pichhale 13 varsh ki mehanat tatha kurbaniyoan par pani pher diya." phalasvaroop gaandhi ji kuchh dinoan ke lie kaangres se alag ho gaye.

sampradayik nirnay

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

'sampradayik nirnay' 4 agast, 1932 ee. ko british pradhanamantri remje mekadonald ke dvara diya gaya. isi nirnay ke adhar par naya bharatiy shasan-vidhan banane vala tha, jis par us samay landan mean golamej sammelan mean vichar-vimarsh chal raha tha aur jo bad mean 1935 ee. mean pas hua. sampradayik nirnay 1909 ee. ke bharatiy shasan-vidhan mean nihit sampradayik pratinidhitv ke siddhant par adharit tha. 1906 ee. mean jab yah spasht ho gaya ki desh ke prashasan mean bharatiyoan ko adhik pratinidhitv dene ke lie prachalit shasan-vidhan mean shighr sanshodhan kiya jaega, tab bharat sthit kuchh aangrez adhikariyoan ne vaisaray l aaurd minto dvitiy ki sath-gaanth se musalamanoan ko prerit kiya ki ve 'hij haeenes' sar aga khaan ke netritv mean ek pratinidhimandal vaisaray ke pas le jaean.

poona samajhauta

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

'poona samajhauta' 24 sitambar, 1932 ee. ko hua. yah samajhauta rashtrapita mahatma gaandhi ki rogashaiya par hua. british pradhanamantri raimje maikadonald ke 'sampradayik nirnay' ke dvara n keval muslimoan ko, balki dalit jati ke hinduoan ko savarn hinduoan se alag karane ke lie bhi prithakh pratinidhitv pradan kar diya gaya tha.

gaandhi ji aur harijan utthan

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

gaandhi ji ne harijanoan ke utthan ke lie apana bahumooly yogadan diya. prasiddh 'poona samajhaute' ke bad gaandhi ji ne apane apako poori tarah se harijanoan ki seva mean samarpit kar diya. jel se chhootane ke bad unhoanne 1932 ee. mean 'akhil bharatiy chhuachhoot virodhi lig' ki sthapana ki.

kaangres samajavadi dal

chunav parinam (1937 ee.)

praant	kul sitean	kaangres ko prapt sitean
bangal	250	60
uttar pradesh	228	134
madras	215	159
bambee	175	87
panjab	175	18
bihar	152	95
setral pravians (si.pi.)	112	70
asam	108	35
u disa	60	36
siandh	60	08
uttar-pashchim praant	50	19
kul	1585	721

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

'kaangres samajavadi dal' ki sthapana 1934 ee. mean achary narendr dev, jayaprakash narayan, minoo masani evan ashok mehata ke prayatnoan se ki gayi thi. is dal ka pratham sammelan 1934 ee. mean patana me hua. is parti ki sthapana ka uddeshy ye maange thian- desh ki arthik vikas ki prakriya rajy dvara niyojit evan niyantrit ho, rajaoan aur zamiandaroan ka unmoolan bagair muavaje ke kiya jae. julaee, 1931 ee. mean bihar mean samajavadi dal ki sthapana jayaprakash narayan, phoolan prasad varma evan kuchh any logoan ne milakar ki.

praantiy vidhanasabha chunav

'bharat sarakar adhiniyam' 1935 ke dvara bharatiyoan ko prantiy shasan prabandh ka adhikar mil gaya. isake parinamasvaroop 1937 ee. mean prantiy vidhanasabhaoan ke chunae hue. kaangres ko sanyukt praant, madras, madhy pradesh, barar, u disa tatha bihar mean poorn bahutamat prapt hua, jabaki keandriy vyavasthapika sabha mean vah sabase b de dal ke roop mean ubhar kar ayi. kaangres ne is ashvasan par ki gavarnar bina vajah hastakshep nahian kareangean, 8 prantoan mean apani sarakar banayi tatha siandh, uttar-pashchim sima praant tatha asam mean mila-jula mantrimandal bana. gair-kaangresi mantrimandal bangal evan panjab bana. panjab mean 'yooniyanist parti' ne aur bangal mean 'krishak praja parti' aur muslim lig ne milakar sarakar banayi. 1937 ee. mean praantiy vidhanasabha chunavoan ke sath hi vidhan parishadoan ke lie bhi chunav sanpann karaye gaye. paanch praantoan, bambee, madras, bangal, bihar aur uttar pradesh ke vidhan parishadoan ke lie sanpann chunav mean kaangres ko aanshik saphalata prapt huee.

is samay muslim lig ne yah prachar karana prarambh kar diya ki muslimoan ka hit kaangres ke hath mean surakshit nahian hai. 1939 ee. mean dvitiy vishvayuddh ke prarambh hone par tatkalin vayasaray l aaurd linalithago ne bharatiy vidhanamandal ki sahamati ke bina bharat ko yuddh mean shamil kar liya tatha desh mean apatakal ki ghoshana kar di. kaangres kary samiti ne yuddh ke uddeshyoan ki ghoshana karane ki maang ki tatha yah bhi maang rakhi ki yuddh ke bad bharat ko svatantr kar diya jaye. sarakar ne is maang ki upeksha ki. vayasaray ne 'aupaniveshik svarajy' ka rata-rataya sanvad bol diya. kaangres karyakarini ke adesh par 15 navambar, 1939 ee. ko praantiy kaangres mantrimandaloan ne istipha de diya. kaangres mantrimandal ke tyagapatr diye jane ke bad muslim lig ne 22 disambar, 1939 ee. ko 'mukti divas' ke roop mean manaya.

vidhanaparishad chunav parinam (1937 ee.)

praant	kul sitean	kaangres ko prapt sitean
bangal	57	09
uttar pradesh	52	08
madras	46	26
bambee	26	13
bihar	26	08

gaandhi ji ne 17 aktoobar, 1940 ee. ko 'vyaktigat satyagrah andolan' shuroo kiya. yah aandolan ek tarah se 'vyaktigat savinay avajna aandolan' tha. is aandolan ke pahale satyagrahi vinoba bhave the. unhoanne 17 aktoobar, 1940 ee. ko pavanar mean satyagrah shuroo kiya. doosare satyagrahi javaharalal neharoo the. is aandolan ko 'dilli chalo andolan' bhi kaha gaya. is satyagrah ka mukhy uddeshy british sarakar ke us dave ko khokhala sabit karana tha ki bharat ki janata dvitiy vishvayuddh mean sarakar ke sath hai.

agast prastav

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

'agast prastav' ki ghoshana 8 agast, 1940 ee. ko bharat ke tatkalin vayasaray l aaurd linalithago ne ki thi. in prastavoan ke dvara bharat mean rahane vale alp-sankhyakoan ko adhikaanshat: ve chize prapt ho geean, jinaki unhean apeksha bhi nahian thi. muslim lig ne agast prastav ke us bhag ka, jisamean yah pratijna thi ki "bhavi sanvidhan unaki anumati se hi banega", ka svagat kiya, jabaki kaangres ne 'agast prastav' ko poori tarah asvikar kar diya.

pakistan ki maang

'muslim lig' ke 'lahaur adhiveshan' ki adhyakshata karate hue muhammad ali jinna ne 23 march, 1940 ee. ko bharat se alag muslim rashtr pakistan ki maang ki. jinna ne adhiveshan mean bhashan dete hue kaha ki ve alag muslim rashtr ke atirikt kuchh bhi nahian svikar kareange. apane nirnay par tab tak atal raheange, jab tak ki pakistan ke nirman ki maang ko poornatah svikar nahian kar liya jata. musalamanoan ke lie prithakh rajy ke vichar ka pravartak kavi evan rajanitik chintak mohammad iqabal ko mana jata hai. 1930 ee. mean muslim lig ke 'ilahabad adhiveshan' mean mohammad iqabal ne sarvapratham prithakh muslim desh ki sthapana ki bat kahi. musalamanoan ke prithakh rajy ka nam 'pakistan' ho, yah vichar 1933 ee. kaimbrij vishvavidyalay ke ek anusnatak vidyarthi rahamat ali ke mastishk mean aya, jisane ek parcha kaimbrij pampalet jari kiya. usane socha ki panjab, uttar-pashchimi prant, kashmir, sindh aur baloochistan ko bharatiy musalamanoan ka rashtriy desh hona chahie, jise usane 'pakistan' ki sanjna di. pakistan ki maang ka prastav khalikujjama ne taiyar kiya tha.

faravard bl aauk ki sthapana

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

'faravard bl aauk' nam ki ek nee parti ka gathan netaji subhashachandr bos dvara aprail, 1939 ee. mean kiya gaya tha. 'bharatiy rashtriy kaangres' ke 'haripura adhiveshan' mean 19 faravari, 1938 ee. ko subhashachandr bos ko adhyaksh chuna gaya. kaangres ke 'tripura adhiveshan' mean subhashachandr bos punah kaangres ke adhyaksh chune gaye the, parantu gaandhi ji ke virodh ke chalate unhoanne tyagapatr de diya tatha aprail, 1939 ee. me 'faravard bl aauk' nam ki ek nee parti ka gathan kiya. ullekhaniy hai ki subhashachandr bos ke tyag patr ke pashchath d aau. rajendr prasad ko kaangres ka adhyaksh banaya gaya tha.

krips prastav

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

'krips prastav' 30 march, 1942 ee. ko prastut kiya gaya tha. 1942 ee. mean japan ki faujoan ke rangoon (vartaman yaangoon) par qabza kar lene se bharat ke simaant kshetroan par sidha khatara paida ho gaya tha. ab briten ne yuddh mean bharat ka sakriy sahayog pane ke lie yuddhakalin mantrimandal ke ek sadasy staiford krips ko ghoshana ke ek masavide ke sath bharat bheja. krips prastavoan mean bharat ke vibhajan ki rooparekha ka sanket mil raha tha, atah bharatiy rashtriy kaangres ne aantarim prabandh, raksha se sambandhit yojana evan prantoan ke atmanirnay ke adhikar ko asvikar kar diya.

bharat chho do andolan

[[chitr:Mahatma-Gandhi-4.jpg|thumb|mahatma gaandhi]]

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

'bharat chho do andolan' 9 agast, 1942 ee. ko sampoorn bharat mean rashtrapita mahatma gaandhi ke ahvan par prarambh hua tha. bharat ki azadi se sambandhit itihas mean do p dav sabase zyada mahattvapoorn nazar ate haian- pratham '1857 ee. ka svatantrata sangram' aur dvitiy '1942 ee. ka bharat chho do andolan'. bharat ko jald hi azadi dilane ke lie mahatma gaandhi dvara aangrez shasan ke viruddh yah ek b da 'nagarik avajna andolan' tha. 'krips mishan' ki asaphalata ke bad gaandhi ji ne ek aur b da andolan prarambh karane ka nishchay le liya tha. is andolan ko 'bharat chho do andolan' ka nam diya gaya.

si.ar. farmoola

chakravarti rajagopalachari, jo madras prant ke ek prabhavashali neta the, kaangres evan muslim lig ke samajhaute ke poorn pakshadhar the. ye 10 aprail, 1942 ee. ko pas kiye gaye 'kaangres varkig kameti' ke prastav mean 'bharat vibhajan' ke prastav ko apratyaksh roop se pas karana chahate the. is vishay par matabhed hone par unhoanne 'kaangres varkiang kameti' tatha kaangres se tyagapatr de diya. desh ki saanpradayik samasya sulajhane ke uddeshy se 10 julaee, 1944 ee. ko gaandhi ji ki svikrit se unhoanne kaangres tatha muslim lig ke bich samajhaute ki ek yojana prastut ki jo is prakar thi-

1. 'muslim lig' bharatiy svatantrata ki maang ka samarthan kare v asthayi sarakar ke gathan mean kaangres ke sath sahayog ki bhoomika ada kare.
2. dvitiy vishv yuddh ke khatm hone par bharat ke uttar-pashchimi v poorvi bhagoan mean sthit muslim bahusankhyak kshetroan ki sima ka nirdharan karane ke lie ek kamishan niyukt kiya jay, phir vayask matadhikar pranali k adhar par in kshetroan ke nivasiyoan ki mataganana karake bharat se unake sambandh vichchhed ke prashn ka nirnay kiya jay.
3. mataganana ke poorv sabhi rajanitik daloan ko apane drishtikon ke prachar ki poori svatantrata ho.
4. desh vibhajan ki sthiti mean raksha, yatayat ya any anivary vishayoan par apasi samajhaute ki vyavastha ki jaye.
5. uparyukt shartean tabhi mani ja sakati haian, jab briten bharat ko poorn svatantrata pradan kare.

[[chitr:Chakravarti-Rajagopalachari.jpg|thumb|left|chakravarti rajagopalachari]] muhammad ali jinna ne is farmoole ko asvikar kar diya. kalantar mean isi farmoole ke adhar par bharat ka vibhajan kiya gaya. gaandhi ji ne 'si.ar. farmoola' ke adhar par jinna se bat ki. pahali bar mahatma gaandhi ne jinna ko 'kayad-e-ajam' (mahan neta) kaha aur unake samman ko badhaya, lekin jinna ne pakistan ki maang par atal rahakar varta ko asaphal kar diya.

vevel yojana

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

'vevel yojana' 14 joon, 1945 ee. ko prastut ki gee thi. dvitiy vishvayuddh mitr rashtroan ki vijay ke sath hi samapt hua. tatkalin bharatiy vayasaray vevel bharat mean vyapt gatirodh ko door karane ke lie march, 1945 ee. mean ianglaind gaya. vahaan usane british pradhanamantri charchil evan bharatamantri emari se bharat ke bare mean salah mashavira kiya.

shimala sammelan

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

'shimala sammelan' 25 joon, 1945 ee. ko hua tha. yah shimala mean hone vala ek sarvadaliy sammelan tha, jisamean kul 22 pratinidhiyoan ne hissa liya. is sammelan mean bhag lene vale pramukh neta the- javaharalal neharoo, muhammad ali jinna, ismail khaan, saradar vallabh bhaee patel, abul kalam azad, khan abdul gaffar khaan, tara sianh adi. british bharat ki pramukh rashtriy partiyoan mean se ek 'muslim lig' ki zid ke karan yah sammelan asaphal ho gaya.

praantiy chunav

1945-1946 ee. mean kendriy tatha praantiy chunav sampann hue. is chunav mean simit matadhikar ka prayog kiya gaya, jisake phalasvaroop kendriy vyavasthapika ke lie chunav mean kul janasankhya ka keval ek pratishat bhag hi matadhikar ke yogy paya gaya. jabaki praantiy chunavoan mean kul janasankhya ke keval das pratishat hisse ne hi apane matadhikar ka prayog kiya. in chunavoan mean kaangres ki sarakar gathit huee. uttari-pashchimi simaant praant tatha asam mean bhi kaangres ko bahumat mila. in donoan hi praantoan ke bare mean 'muslim lig' yah dava kar rahi thi ki ye pakistan ke hisse mean hai. chunavoan mean muslim lig ko bhi abhootapoorv saphalata prapt huee. use kul muslim votoan ka 86.6 pratishat mat prapt hua. kendriy vidhan parishad ki sabhi 30 arakshit sitoan par vah vijayi rahi. praantoan mean 509 muslim sitoan mean 442 muslim lig ko prapt hueean. yadyapi muslim lig ne musalamanoan ke atyadhik sthanoan par vijay prapt ki, kintu vah keval sindh aur bangal mean hi mantrimandal bana saki. panjab mean yadyapi muslim lig sabase b de dal ke roop mean ubhari, paratu hindoo, sikkh aur yooniyanist dal ke hindoo aur muslim vidhayakoan ne ek mila-jula mantrimandal malik khijar hayat khaan ke netritv mean banaya, jabaki asam, bihar, uttar pradesh uttari pashchimi sima prant, bambee, madras, madhy prant aur u disa mean kaangres mantrimandal banaye gaye.

nausena vidroh

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

'nausena vidroh' (1945-1946 ee.) british jahaz par kary karane vale karmachariyoan dvara kiya gaya tha. 18 faravari, 1946 ee. ko 'en.es. talavar' namak jahaz ke karmachariyoan ne british sarakar ke samaksh kharab khana milane ki shikayat ki. is par british adhikariyoan ka javab tha ki "bhikhamangoan ko chunane ki chhoot nahian ho sakati." nausena karmachariyoan ne sarakar ki is vibhedatmak niti ke khilaf vidroh kar diya.

kaibinet mishan

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

briten mean 26 julaee, 1945 ee. ko klimeant etali ke netritv mean british mantrimandal ne satta grahan ki. pradhanamantri etali ne 15 faravari, 1946 ee. ko bharatiy sanvidhan sabha ki sthapana evan tatkalin jvalant samasyaoan par bharatiyoan se vichar-vimarsh ke lie 'kaibinet mishan' ko bharat bhejane ki ghoshana ki. is samay etali ne kaha ki- "british sarakar bharat ke poorn svatantrata ke adhikar ko manyata pradan karati hai tatha yah usaka adhikar hai ki british samrajy ke aantargat rahe ya nahi." isi ghoshana ke dauran ek vad-vivad mean apana vichar vyakt karate hue etali ne kaha ki- "ham alpasankhyakoan ke adhikaroan ke prati bhali-bhaanti jagaruk haian aur chahate haian ki alpasankhk bina bhay ke rah sakean, parantu ham yah bhi nahian sahan kareange ki alpasankhyak log bahutasankhyak logoan ki unnati mean a de ayean."

mauntabetan yojana

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

24 march, 1947 ee. ko l aaurd maunt baitan bharat ke vayasaray banakar aye. pad grahan karate hi unhoanne 'kaangres' evan 'muslim lig' ke netaoan se tatkalik samasyaoan par vyapak vichar vimarsh kiya. 'muslim lig' pakistan ke atirikt kisi bhi vikalp par sahamat nahian huee. maunt betan ne kaangres se desh ke vibhajan roopi katu saty ko svikar karane ka anurodh kiya. kaangres neta bhi paristhitiyoan ke dabav ko mahasoos kar is saty ko svikar karane ke lie taiyar ho gaye. vibhajan ko svikar karane ki kaangresiyoan ki vivashata saradar vallabh bhaee patel ke is vaktavy se zahir hoti hai- "yadi kaangres vibhajan svikar n karati to ek pakistan ke sthan par kee pakistan banatean." sikkhoan ne bhi is yojana ko anamane dhang se svikriti de di.

'mauntabetan yojana' svikar karane ke bad desh ke vibhajan ki taiyari aranbh ho gayi. bangal aur panjab mean ziloan ke vibhajan tatha sima nirdharan ka kary ek kamishan ke adhin sauanpa gaya, jisaki adhyakshata 'redaklif' ne ki. isilie bharat aur pakistan ke bich vibhajan karane vali rekha ko raidaklif rekha kaha gaya. vibhajan ke bad 15 agast, 1947 ee. ko bharat tatha pakistan nam ke do naye rashtr astitv mean a gaye. javaharalal neharoo svatantr bharat ke pahale pradhanamantri evan l aaurd maunt betan pratham gavarnar-janaral bane tatha pakistan ka gavarnar-janaral muhammad ali jinna evan pradhamantri liyakat ali ko banaya gaya.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh