गैलिलियो गैलीली
gaililiyo gailili
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| poora nam | gaililiyo gailili |
| janm | 15 faravari, 1564 |
| janm bhoomi | pisa, itali |
| mrityu | 8 janavari, 1642 |
| mrityu sthan | itali |
| karm-kshetr | khagolashastri, bhautik vijnani aur ganitajn |
| prasiddhi | gatiki, doorabin avalokan, khagol vijnan, soory kendriyata |
| nagarikata | italavi |
| any janakari | gaililiyo pahale vyakti the jinhoanne khagoliy prekshan, chandrama par kretaroan v paha doan ki khoj aur brihaspati ke char upagrahoan, prayah gailili upagrahoan ke roop mean jana jata hai, ke lie doorabin ka upayog kiya tha. |
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gaililiyo gailili (aangrezi:Galileo Galilei) ek italavi khagolashastri, bhautik vijnani aur ganitajn the. gaililiyo pahale vyakti the jinhoanne khagoliy prekshan, chandrama par kretaroan v paha doan ki khoj aur brihaspati ke char upagrahoan, prayah gailili upagrahoan ke roop mean jana jata hai, ke lie doorabin ka upayog kiya tha. unhoanne shukr ke kalaoan ka avalokan kiya aur saur dhabboan ke adhyayan se soory ki ghoornan gati ka pata lagaya. gaililiyo ne nishkarsh nikala ki arastu ka vaishvik manachitr, jo apane samay mean abhi bhi vyapak roop se vishvasaniy tha, galat tha. isake bajay unhoanne k aauparanikas ke 'soory keandriy siddhaant' ka samarthan kiya. yah samarthan unhean kaitholik charch ke sath sangharsh mean le aya. un par mukadama chalaya gaya aur apane jivan ke aantim ath sal ke lie unhean ghar mean najaraband kar diya gaya. gaililiyo pisa mean janme the, unake pita vinseanjiyo gailili ek vakil aur sangitakar the. gaililiyo ko pisa aur padua ke vishvavidyalayoan mean shikshit kiya gaya tha. sabase pahale unhoanne aushadhi ka adhyayan kiya, lekin ganit ke lie ise chho d diya. apane kairiyar ke praranbhik dinoan mean, gaililiyo ne arastu ke darshan ki alochana ki, balki phir khuleam usaka upahas u daya. prakritik ghatana ki vyakhya ke mamale mean arastu ki apani svayansiddh dharana thi ki prithvi brahmaand ke keandr par dridhata se kh di hai. tab aantariksh mean prithvi ki gati ka koee jnat bhautik praman nahian tha.
jivan parichay
yoorop mean ek samay tha jab rom aur yoonan ki sabhyataean apane patan ki or agrasar thian. usake bad poora mahadvip ajnanata ke andhakar mean chhup gaya. phir samay ne karavat li aur vijnan aur takaniki pragati ne yoorop ko is andhakar se nikalakar raushani ki or mo da. is raushani ko paida karane mean soory ki tarah jis vaijnanik ne yogadan diya use gaililiyo gailili ke nam se jana jata hai.
janm
adhunik itali ke pisa namak shahar (pisa ki tedhi minar ke lie prasiddh) mean 15 pharavari 1564 ko gaililiyo gailili ka janm hua. unake pita unhean chikitsa vijnan padhana chahate the, kiantu unaka shauq ganit aur darshan mean tha. unhoanne chikitsa ki digri hasil kie bina pisa chho d diya tha.
khagol vijnani
adhikaansh log gaililiyo ko ek khagolavijnani ke roop mean yad karate haian jisane doorabin mean sudhar kar use adhik shaktishali tatha khagoliy prekshanoan ke lie upayukt banaya aur sath hi apane prekshanoan se aise chauankane vale tathy ujagar kie jisane khagol vijnan ko nee disha di aur adhunik khagol vijnan ki nianv rakhi. par bahut kam log yah janate haian ki khagol vijnani hone ke alava ve ek kushal ganitajn, bhautikividh aur darshanik bhi the jisane yoorop ki vaijnanik kraanti mean mahattvapoorn yogadan diya. isilie gaililiyo ko 'adhunik khagol vijnan ke janak', 'adhunik bhautiki ka pita' ya 'vijnan ka pita' ke roop mean sanbodhit kiya jata hai.
bhautikividh
gaililiyo ne bhautik vijnan mean gatiki ke samikaran sthapit kie. unaka j datv ka niyam jagaprasiddh hai. unhoanne pisa ki minar ke apane prasiddh prayog dvara siddh kiya ki vastuoan ke girane ki gati unake dravyaman par nirbhar nahian karati. unhoanne pahali bar siddh kiya ki nirvat mean prakshepy ka path parvalayakar hota hai. gaililiyo ne uchch koti ka kampas banaya jo samudri yatriyoan ke lie kafi upayogi siddh hua. usake any avishkaroan mean tharmamitar, sookshmadarshi, peandulam gh di ityadi haian. bhautik niyamoan ke bare mean bataya ki ve un sabhi nikayoan mean, jo niyat gati se chalate haian, saman roop se lagoo hote haian. yah sapekshata ke siddhaant ki praranbhik jhalak thi.
ganitajn
gaililiyo ko sookshm ganitiy vishleshan karane ka kaushal sanbhavat: apane pita vinsainjo gailili se virasat mean anuvaanshik roop mean tatha kuchh unaki karyashaili ko qarib se dekh kar mila hoga. vinsainjo ek jane-mane sangit visheshajn the aur ‘lyoot’ namak vady yantr bajate the jisane bad mean gitar aur bainjo ka roop le liya. unhoanne bhautiki mean pahali bar aise prayog kie jinase 'araikhik sanbandh' ka pratipadan hua. tab yah jnat tha ki kisi vady yantr ki tani huee dor (ya tar) ke tanav aur usase nikalane vali avritti mean ek sanbandh hota hai, avritti tanav ke varg ke samanupati hoti hai. is tarah sangit ke siddhaant mean ganit ki tho di bahut paith thi. isase prerit hokar gaililiyo ne pita ke kary ko age badhaya. mana jata hai ki gaililiyo ne hi pahali bar kaha ki sabhi prakritik niyam ganitiy niyamoan ka palan karate haian. usane ek jagah likha, 'philosophi ki is vishal kitab ko brahmand ne likhi hai aur yah ganitiy bhasha mean hai (bhagavan ki bhasha ganit hai). isake patr vritt, tribhuj aur doosare jyamiti akar haian.
darshanik
gaililiyo ne darshan shastr ka bhi gahan adhyayan kiya tha sath hi ve dharmik pravritti ke bhi the. par ve apane prayogoan ke parinamoan ko kaise nakar sakate the jo purani manyataoan ke viruddh jate the aur ve inaki poori eemanadari ke sath vyakhya karate the. unaki charch ke prati nishtha ke bavajood unaka jnan aur vivek unhean kisi bhi purani avadharana ko bina prayog aur ganit ke tarajoo mean tole manane se rokata tha. charch ne ise apani avajna samajha. par gaililiyo ki is soch ne manushy ki chiantan prakriya mean naya mo d la diya. svayan gaililiyo apane vicharoan ko badalane ko taiyar ho jate yadi unake prayogoan ke parinam aisa ishara karate. apane prayogoan ko karane ke lie gaililiyo ne lanbaee aur samay ke manak taiyar kie taki yahi prayog anyatr jab doosari prayogashalaoan mean duharae jaean to parinamoan ki punaravritti dvara unaka satyapan kiya ja sake.
prakash ki gati napane ka prayas
gaililiyo ne prakash ki gati napane ka bhi prayas kiya aur tatsanbandhi prayog kie. gaililiyo v unaka ek sahayak do bhinn parvat shikharoan par kapat lagi lalaten lekar rat mean chadh ge. sahayak ko nirdesh diya gaya tha ki jaise hi use gaililiyo ki lalaten ka prakash dikhe use apani lalaten ka kapat khol dena tha. gaililiyo ko apane kapat kholane v sahayak ki lalaten ka prakash dikhane ke bich ka samay aantaral mapana tha- paha doan ke bich ki doori unhean jnat thi. is tarah unhoanne prakash ki gati jnat ki. par gaililiyo – gaililiyo thahare – ve itane se kahaan santusht hone vale the. apane prayogik nishkarsh ko duharana jo tha. is bar unhoanne aisi do paha diyoan ka chayan kiya jinake bich ki doori kahian zyada thi. par ashchary, is bar bhi samay aantaral pahale jitana hi aya. gaililiyo is nishkarsh par pahuanche ki prakash ko chalane mean lag raha samay unake sahayak ki pratikriya ke samay se bahut kam hoga aur is prakar prakash ka veg napana unaki yukti ki sanvedanashilata ke pare tha. par gaililiyo dvara brihaspati ke chandramaoan ke brihaspati ki chhaya mean a jane se un par p dane vale grahan ke prekshan se ol romar namak h aaulaiand ke khagolavijnani ko ek vichar aya. unhean laga ki in prekshanoan ke dvara prakash ka veg jnat kiya ja sakata hai. sanh 1675 mean unhoanne yah prayog kiya jo is tarah ka pratham prayas tha. is prakar yaantrik baloan par kie apane mukhy kary ke atirikt gaililiyo ke in any karyoan ne unake prabhav kshetr ko kahian adhik vistrit kar diya tha jisase lanbe kal tak prabuddh log prabhavit hote rahe.
nishkarsh
gaililiyo ne aj se bahut pahale ganit, saiddhaantik bhautiki aur prayogik bhautiki ke paraspar sanbandh ko samajh liya tha. paravalay ya pairabola ka adhyayan karate hue ve is nishkarsh par pahuanche the ki ek saman tvaran (uniform acceleration) ki avastha mean prithvi par pheanka koee piand ek paravalayakar marg par chal kar vapas prithvi par a girega – basharte hava ke gharshan ka bal upekshaniy ho. yahi nahian, unhoanne yah bhi kaha ki unaka yah siddhaant zaroori nahian ki kisi grah jaise piand par bhi lagoo ho. unhean is bat ka dhyan tha ki unake mapan mean gharshan (friction) tatha any baloan ke karan avashy trutiyaan aee hoangi jo unake siddhaant ki sahi ganitiy vyakhya mean badha utpann kar rahian thian. unaki isi aantardrishti ke lie prasiddh bhautikividh aianstain ne unhean 'adhunik vijnan ka pita' ki padavi de dali. kathan mean kitani sachaee hai pata nahian – par mana jata hai ki gaililiyo ne pisa ki tedhi minar se alag-alag sanhati (mass) ki geandean girane ka prayog kiya aur yah paya unake dvara girane mean lage samay ka unaki sanhati se koee sambandh nahian tha – sab saman samay le rahian thian. ye bat tab tak chhaee arastoo ki vicharadhara ke ekadam viparit thi – kyoanki arastoo ke anusar adhik bhari vastuean tezise girani chahie. bad mean unhoanne yahi prayog gedoan ko avanat taloan par ludhaka kar duharae tatha pun: usi nishkarsh par pahuanche. gaililiyo ne tvaran ke lie sahi ganitiy samikaran khoja. unhoanne kaha ki agar koee sthir piand saman tvaran ke karan gatishil hota hai to usaki chalit doori samay aantaral ke varg ke samanupati hogi.
S = ut + ½ft2, if u = 0 then S = ½ft2 or S ∝ t2
j datv ka siddhaant
gaililiyo ne hi 'j datv ka siddhaant' hamean diya jisake anusar 'kisi samatal par chalayaman piand tab tak usi disha v veg se gati karega jab tak use chhe da n jae'. bad mean yah jakar nyootan ke gati ke siddhaantoan ka pahala siddhaant bana. pisa ke vishal kaithedral (charch) mean jhoolate jhoomar ko dekh kar unhean khyal aya kyoan n isaka dolan kal napa jae – unhoanne apani nabj ki dhap-dhap ki madad se yah kary kiya – aur is prakar saral lolak ka siddhaant bahar aya – ki lolak ka avarttakal usake ayam (amplitude) par nirbhar nahian karata (yah bat keval chhote ayam par lagoo hoti hai – par ek gh di ka nirman karane ke lie itani parishuddhata kafi hai). sanh 1632 mean unhoanne jvar-bhate ki vyakhya prithvi ki gati dvara ki. isamean unhoanne samudr ki talahati ki banavat, isake jvar ki tarangoan ki ooanchaee tatha ane ke samay mean sanbandh ki charcha ki – halaanki yah siddhaant sahi nahian paya gaya. bad mean kepalar v any vaijnanikoan ne ise sudhara aur sahi karan – chandrama ko bataya.
apekshikata siddhaant ki nianv
jise aj ham apekshikata (Relativity) ka siddhaant kahate haian usaki nianv bhi gaililiyo ne hi dali thi. unhoanne kaha hai 'bhautiki ke niyam vahi rahate haian chahe koee piand sthir ho ya saman veg se ek saral rekha mean gatiman. koee bhi avastha n param sthir ya param chal avastha ho sakati hai'. isi ne bad mean nyootan ke niyamoan ka adharagat dhaancha diya. sanh 1609 mean gaililiyo ko doorabin ke bare mean pata chala jisaka halaiand mean avishkar ho chuka tha. keval usaka vivaran sunakar unhoanne usase bhi kahian adhik parishkrit aur shaktishali doorabin svayan bana li.
doorabin ka upayog
25 agast 1609 ko gaililiyo ne apane adhunik dooradarshi ka sarvajanik pradarshan kiya. phir shuroo hua khagoliy khojoan ka ek adbhut adhyay. gaililiyo ne chaand ko dekha usake oob d-khab d gandhe dekhe. phir unhoanne doorabin chamakile shukr grah par sadhi – ek aur nee khoj – shukr grah bhi (chandrama ki tarah) kala (phases) ka pradarshan karata hai. jab unhoanne brihaspati grah ko apani doorabin se nihara, phir jo dekha aur usase unhoanne jo nishkarsh nikala usane sauramandal ko thik-thik samajhane mean b di madad ki. gaililiyo ne dekha ki brihaspati grah ke pas tin chhote-chhote 'tare' jaise dikhaee de rahe haian. kuchh ghante bad jab dubara use dekha to vahaan tin nahian balki char 'tare' dikhaee die. gaililiyo samajh ge ki brihaspati grah ka apana ek alag sansar hai. usake gird ghoom rahe ye piand any grahoan ki tarah prithvi ki parikrama karane ke lie badhy nahian haian. unhoanne apane teliskop se jupitar grah ke char chandramaoan ki khoj ki. yahian se tolemi aur arastoo ki parikalpanaoan ki niv hil gee. jinamean grah aur soory sabhi piandoan ki gatiyoan ka kendr prithvi ko bataya gaya tha. gaililiyo ki is khoj se sauramadanl ke soory keandrit siddhaant ko bahut bal mila. halaanki nikolas k aauparanikas gaililiyo se pahale hi yah kah chuke the ki grah soory ki parikrama karate haian n ki prithvi ki, par ise manane vale bahut kam the. halaanki yah parikalpana bharatiy tatha muslim vaijnanikoan mean pahale se maujood thi kiantu yoropiyan charch isase sahamat n hokar arastoo ki thyori par hi vishvas rakhate the.
aantim samay
gaililiyo ne k aauparanikas ke siddhaant ko khula samarthan dena shuroo kar diya. ye bat tatkalin vaijnanik aur dharmik manyataoan ke viruddh jati thi. is karan gaililiyo ke kathan ko kaitholik charchoan ke virodh ka samana karana p da. gaililiyo ne khandan karate hue kaha ki usane kahian bhi baibil ke viruddh kuchh nahian kaha hai. gaililiyo ke jivanakal mean ise unaki bhool hi samajha gaya. sanh 1633 mean charch ne gaililiyo ko adesh diya ki ve sarvajanik roop se kahean ki ye unaki b di bhool hai. unhoanne aisa kiya bhi. phir bhi gaililiyo ko apane jivan ke antim din roman samrajy ki kaid mean bitane p de. bad mean unake big date svasthy ke maddenajar saza ko grih-kaid mean tabdil kar diya gaya. apane jivan ka aantim din bhi unhoanne isi kaid mean guzara. kahian varsh 1992 mean jakar vaitikan shahar sthit eesaee dharm ki sarvochch sanstha ne yah svikara ki gaililiyo ke mamale mean unase galati huee thi. yani unhean tin sau se adhik sal lag ge asaliyat ko samajhane aur svikarane mean. jab gaililiyo pisa ke vishvavidyalay mean khagol vijnan ke pradhyapak the to unhean apane shishyoan ko yah padhana padhata tha ki grah prithvi ki parikrama karate haian. bad mean jab ve paduva namak vishvavidyalay mean ge tab unhean jakar nikolas k aauparanikas ke ne siddhaant ka pata chala tha. khud apani doorabin dvara kie ge prekshanoan se (visheshakar brihaspati ke chandrama dekh kar) ve ab poori tarah ashvast ho chuke the ki k aauparanikas ka soory-keandrit siddhaant hi sauramandal ki sahi vyakhya karata hai. 72 sal ki avastha ko pahuanchate-pahuanchate gaililiyo apani aankhoan ki roshani poori tarah kho chuke the. bahut se log yah manate haian ki unaka aandhapan apani doorabin dvara sanh 1613 mean soory ko dekhane (jisake dvara unhoanne saur-kalank ya sanasp aauts bhi khoje the) ke karan utpann hua hoga. par jaanch karane par pata chala ki aisa motiyabiand ke a jane aur aankh ki glaukoma namak bimari ke karan hua hoga.
mrityu
sanh 1642 mean grih-kaid jhel rahe gaililiyo ki 8 janavari ko mrityu ho gee. kuchh mas bad usi varsh nyootan ka janm hua. is tarah kah sakate haian ki tab ek yug ka aant aur ek aur ne kraantikari yug ka shubharanbh hua. is tarah gaililiyoan ne yoorop ki vaijnanik pragati mean masiha ki tarah kary kiya.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
bahari k diyaan
sanbandhit lekh
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