चंद्रकीर्ति
chandrakirti (utkarsh 600 se 650 ee.) bauddh tarkashastr ke prasangik mat ke mukhy pratinidhi the. inhoanne bauddh sadhu nagarjun ke vicharoan par 'prasannapad' namak prasiddh tika likhi thi. halaanki nagarjun ki vyakhya mean pahale se kee tikaean thian, lekin chandrakirti ki tika inamean sabase pramanik ban gee. mool roop se sanskrit mean sanrakshit yah ekamatr tika hai.[1]
janm tatha shiksha
tibbati itihas lekhak taranath ke kathananusar chandrakirti ka janm dakshin bharat ke kisi 'samant' namak sthan mean hua tha. chandrakirti balyakal se hi ye b de pratibhashali the. bauddh dharm mean dikshit hokar inhoanne tripitakoan ka ganbhir adhyayan kiya. theravadi siddhaant se asantusht hokar ye mahayan darshan ke prati akrisht hue the. usaka adhyayan inhoanne achary kamalabuddhi tatha achary dharmapal ki dekharekh mean poorn kiya tha. kamalabuddhi 'shoonyavad' ke pramukh achary buddhapalat tatha achary bhavavivek (bhavavivek ya bhavy) ke patt shishy the.[2]
'shoonyavad' ke pratinidhi
achary dharmapal nalanda mahavihar ke kulapati the, jinake shishy shilabhadr ne chini yatri hvenasaang ko mahayan ke pramukh granthoan ka adhyapan karaya tha. chandrakirti ne nalanda mahavihar mean hi adhyapak ke gauravamay pad par arudh hokar apane darshanik granthoan ka pranayan kiya. chandrakirti ka samay eesvi shashth shatak ka uttarardh hai. yogachar mat ke achary chandragomi se inaki spardha ki kahani bahut prasiddh hai. ye 'shoonyavad' ke prasangik mat ke pradhan pratinidhi mane jate haian.
rachanaean
chandrakirti ki tin rachanaean ab tak jnat haian-
- madhyamikavatar - is rachana ka keval tibbati anuvad hi upalabdh hai, mool sanskrit ka pata nahian chalata. yah 'shoonyavad' ki vyakhya karane vala maulik granth hai.
- chatu: shatak tika - isaka bhi keval aranbhik aansh hi mool sanskrit mean upalabdh hai. samagr granth tibbati anuvad mean milata hai, jisake uttarardh[3] ka vidhushekhar shastri ne sanskrit mean pun: anuvad kar 'vishvabharati sirij'[4] mean prakashit kiya.
- prasannapada - yah sanskrit mean poornat: upalabdh atyant prakhyat granth hai, jo nagarjun ki 'madhyamikakarika' ki nitaant praudh, vishad tatha vidvattapoorn vyakhya hai.[2]
'madhyamikakarika' ki rahasyamayi karikaoan ka goodharth 'prasannapada' ke anushilan se b di sugamata se abhivyakt hota hai. nagarjun ka yah granth karikabaddh hone par bhi yayarthat: sootragranth ke saman sankshipt, ganbhir tatha goodh hai, jise subodh shaili mean samajhakar yah vyakhya namat: hi nahian, pratyut vastut: bhi 'prasannapada' hai. chandrakirti ne ne tarkoan ki udvabhavana kar 'shoonyavad' ke pratipakshi tarko ka khandan b di ganbhirata tatha praudhi ke sath kiya hai. badarayan ke brahmasootroan ke rahasy samajhane ke liye jis prakar achary shankar ke bhashy ka anushilan avashyak hai, usi prakar 'madhyamikakarika' ke goodh tatv samajhane ke liye achary chandrakirti ki 'prasannapada' ka anusandhan ni:sandeh avashyak hai.
darshanik vichar
- achary chandrakirti prasangik madhyamik mat ke prabal samarthak rahe the. bhavavivek ne buddhapalit dvara keval prasang vakyoan ka hi prayog kiye jane par anek akshep kiye. unaka (bhavavivek) kahana tha ki keval prasang vakyoan ke dvara paravadi ko shoonyata ka jnan nahian karaya ja sakata, at: svatantr anuman ka prayog nitant avashyak hai. is par chandrakirti ka kahana hai ki asali madhyamik ko svatantr anuman ka prayog nahian hi karana chahie. svatantr anuman ka prayog tabhi sambhav hai, jabaki vyavahar mean vastu ki svalakshanasatta svikar ki jae.
- chandrakirti ke matanusar svalakshanasatta vyavahar mean bhi nahian hai. yahi nagarjun ka bhi abhipray hai. unaka kahana hai ki paramarthat: shunyata manate hue vyavahar mean svalakshanasatta manakar bhavavivek ne nagarjun ke abhipray ke viparit acharan kiya hai. chandrakirti ke anusar bhavavivek nagarjun ke sahi mantavy ko nahian samajh sake.
- chandrakirti prasang vakyoan ka prayojan paravadi ko anuman virodh dikhalana matr manate haian. prativadi jab apane mat mean virodh dekhata hai to svayan usase hat jata hai. yadi virodh dikhalane par bhi vah nahian hatata hai to svatantr hetu ke prayog se bhi use nahian hataya ja sakata, at: svatantr anuman ka prayog vyarth hai. svatantr anuman nahian manane par bhi chandrakirti prasiddh anuman manate haian, jisake dharmi, pakshadharmata adi pratipaksh ko many hote haian.
- nyay parampara ke anusar paksh-pratipaksh donoan dvara many ubhay prasiddh anuman ka prayog uchit mana jata hai. arthath drishtant adi vadi evan prativadi donoan ko many hona chahie. kintu chandrakirti yah avashyak nahian manate. unaka kahana hai ki yah ubhay prasiddhi svatantr hetu manane par nirbhar hai. svatantr hetu svalakshanasatta manane par nirbhar hai. svalakshanasatta manana hi sari g dab di ka mool hai. at: chandrakirti ke anusar bhavavivek ne svalakshanasatta manakar nagarjun ke darshan ko vikrit kar diya hai. keval prasang ka prayog hi paryapt hai aur usi se parapratijna ka nishedh ho jata hai.
- vidvanoan ki ray mean chandrakirti ne achary nagarjun ke abhipray ko yathartharoop mean prastut kiya.
- achary chandrakirti ki anek rachanaean haian, jinamean nagarjun pranit 'mulamadhyamikakarika' ki tika 'prasannapada', aryadev ke 'chatu:shatak' ki tika 'madhyamakavatar' aur usaki svavritti pramukh hai. in rachanaoan ke dvara chandrakirti ne nagarjun ke madhyamik darshan ki sahi samajh paida ki hai.
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