दिङ्नाग बौद्धाचार्य

dinnag bauddhachary ka janm dakshin bharat ke kanchinagar ke samip sianhavaktr namak sthan par vidya-vinayasampann brahman kul mean hua tha. unhoanne apane arambhik jivan mean paramparagat sabhi shastroan ka vidhivat adhyayan kiya tha aur unamean poorn parangat pandit ho gaye the. isake bad ve vatsiputriy nikay ke mahasthavir nagadatt se pravrajya grahan kar bauddh bhikshu ho gaye.

• 'dinnag' yah nam pravrajya ke avasar par diya hua unaka nam hai.
• mahasthavir nagadatt se hi unhoanne samast shravak pitakoan evan shastroan ka adhyayan kiya tha aur unamean param nishnat ho gaye the. ek din mahasthavir nagadatt ne unhean 'shamath' aur 'vipashyana' vishay ko samajhate hue anirvachaniy pudgal ki deshana ki.
• dinnag atyant tikshn buddhi ke svatantr vicharak pandit the. unhean anirvachaniy pudgal ka siddhant ruchikar pratit nahian hua. guru ke upadesh ki pariksha ke lie apane nivas-sthan par akar unhoanne din mean sare daravajoan-khi dakiyoan ko kholakar tatha rat mean charoan or dipak jalakar kap doan ko utar kar sir se pair tak sare aangoan ko bahar-bhitar sookshm roop mean nirikshan karate hue anirvachaniy pudgal ko dekhana shuroo kiya. apane sath adhyayan karane vale sathiyoan ke yah poochhane par ki 'yah ap kya kar rahe haian'? dinnag ne kaha- 'pudgal ki khoj kar raha hooan'. sookshmataya nirikshan karane par bhi unhoanne kahian pudgal ki prapti nahian ki. shishy parampara se yah bat mahasthavir guru nagadatt tak pahuanch gee. nagadatt ko laga ki dinnag hamara apaman kar raha hai aur apane nikay ke siddhantoan ke prati use avishvas hai. guru ne dinnag par kupit hokar unhean sangh se bahar nikal diya. nikal diye jane ke bad kramash: charika karate hue ve achary vasubandhu ke samip pahuanche. is anushruti se yah nishkarsh nikalata hai ki dinnag pahale vatsiputriy nikay mean pravrajit hue the, kintu us nikay ke darshanik siddhant unhean ruchikar pratit nahian hue. isake bad achary vasubandhu ke samip rahakar unhoanne samast shravak aur mahayan pitak, sampoorn bauddh shastr aur visheshat: pramanashastr ka gambhir adhyayan kiya.
• kaha jata hai ki achary vasubandhu ke char shishy apane-apane vishayoan mean vasubandhu se bhi adhik vidvanh the. jaise-

1. achary gunaprabh- vinay-shastroan mean,
2. achary sthiramati- abhidharm vishay mean,
3. achary vimuktisen- prajnaparamita shastr mean tatha
4. achary dinnag- pramanashastr mean.

• kuchh vidvanoan ki ray hai ki achary vimuktisen dinnag ke shishy the, vasubandhu ke nahian. bhotadeshiy vidvatparampara to unhean vasubandhu ka shishy hi nirdharit karati hai.
• bharatiy itihas ke marmajn bhotavijnan lama taranath ka kahana hai ki triratn das aur sanghadas bhi vasubandhu ke shishy the.

rachanaean

achary dinnag ki anek rachanaean haian. unhoanne vibhinn vishayoan par granthoan ka pranayan kiya hai.

yuktyanuyayi sautrantik

• achary dinnag ke pray: sabhi granth vishuddh pramanamimaansa se sambaddh tatha svatantr evan maulik granth haian. isilie ve bharatiy tarkashastr ke pravartak mahanh tarkik mane jate haian. in granthoan mean jin vishayoan ko achary ne pratipadit kiya hai, ve sautrantik darshan sammat hi haian. bahyarth ki satta evan jnan ki sakarata ko manate hue unhoanne vishay ka niroopan kiya hai. pramanasamuchchay ke avalokan se yah nishchit hota hai ki keval pramanaphal ke niroopan ke avasar par hi unhoanne vijnanavadi drishtikon apanaya hai. praman aur prameyoan ki sthapana unhoanne visheshat: sautrantik darshan ke anuroop hi ki hai. dinnag ke in vicharoan ne sautrantik nikay ke chintan ki ek apoorv disha uddhatit ki hai, jisase ukt nikay ke chintan mean nootan parivartan parilakshit hota hai. dinnag ke is prayas se tattvachintan ke kshetr mean tark vidya ki mahati pratishtha huee aur jnan ki pariksha ke ne niyam vikasit hue tatha ve niyam sabhi shastriy paramparaoan aur sampradayoan mean many hue. vastav mean dinnag se hi vishuddh tarkashastr prarambh hua. phalat: sautrantik nikay ne agam ki paridhi se bahar nikal kar abhyuday aur ni:shreyas ke sadhak darshanik kshetr mean padarpan kiya.
• dinnag ke bad achary dharmakirti ne dinnag ke granthoan mean chhipe hue goodh tathyoan ka prakashan karate hue sat granthoan (sapt pramanashastr) ki rachana ki. un granthoan mean nyayaparameshvar dharmakirti ne buddhavachanoan ki neyarthata aur nitarthata ka vivechan karate hue shatasahastrika prajnaparamita adi prajnaparamita sootroan ko buddhavachan ke roop mean pramanit kiya. achary dharmakirti ke is satprayas se dinnag ke bare mean jo mithya drishtiyaan aur bhram utpann ho gaye the, unaka niras hua. log kahate the ki dinnag ne keval vad-vivad ev jay-parajay moolak tarkashastroan ki rachana ki hai. unamean marg aur phal ka niroopan nahian hai aur aise shastroan ki rachana karana adhyatm pradhan bauddh dharm ke anuyayi ek bhikshu ko shobha nahian deta. dharmakirti ki vyakhya ki vajah se dinnag samast buddh vachanoan ke utkrisht vyakhyata aur mahanh rathi siddh hue. sath hi, sautrantikoan ki darshanik parampara ka naya ayam prakashit hua. phalat: in donoan ke bad sautrantik darshan ke jo bhi achary utpann hue, ve sab 'yukti-anuyayi sautrantik' kahalae. isi parampara mean age chalakar prasiddh sautrantik achary shubhagupt bhi utpann hue.
• yukti-anuyayi sautrantik darshan-prasthan ke vikas mean ni:sandeh achary dharmakirti ka yogadan raha hai, kintu isaka prathamik shrey achary dinnag ko jata hai. yah sahi hai ki pramanashastr aur nyayaprakriya ke vikas mean achary dharmakirti ke vishisht mat aur maulik udbhavanaean rahi haian, kintu sabhi paravarti achary aur vidvanh unhean dinnag ke vyakhyakar hi manate haian. dharmakirti dvara pranit sabhi granthoan ke vishay ve hi rahe haian, jo dinnag ke pramanasamuchchay ke haian. yadyapi dharmakirti ne pramanavartik ke pratham parichchhed mean prameyavyavastha aur pramanaphal ki sthapana ke sandarbh mean vijnaptimatrata ki charcha ki hai aur is tarah vijnanavad ki pratishtha ki hai, kintu in tho de sthanoan ko chho dakar shesh sampoorn granth mean sautrantik drishti se hi vishay ki sthapana ki hai. isalie achary dinnag aur dharmakirti yadyapi mahayan ke anuyayi haian, phir bhi yah kaha ja sakata hai ki ye donoan sautrantik achary the. yukti-anuyayi sautrantik darshanaparampara ka svaroop usake darshan ke svaroop ka niroopan karate samay age vivechit hai.
• achary dharmakirti ke pramey sambandhi vichar achary dinnag ke saman hi haian. dharmakirti dvara pranit pramanavartik, pramanavinishchay, nyayabindu, hetubindu, sambandhapariksha, santanantarasiddhi aur vadanyay satoan prasiddh granth pramanasamuchchay ki tika ke roop mean upanibaddh haian. yadyapi in granthoan mean prameyavyavastha ke avasar par yukti-anuyayi sautrantik aur yukti-anuyayi vijnanavadiyoan ki vicharadhara ke anuroop tattvamimaansa ki vishesh roop se charcha ki gee hai, tathapi ye granth mukhy roop se pramanamimaansa ke pratipadak hi haian.

pramanasamuchchay

yah granth achary dinnag ki kriti hai. yah achary ki anek chhitaput rachanaoan ka samuchchay hai aur atyant mahattvapoorn hai. yah mahaniy bhavi bauddh nyay ke vikas ka adhar aur bauddh vicharoan mean nee utkranti ka vahak raha hai. is granth ke prabhav se bharatiy darshanik chintanadhara mean ne evan vishisht parivartan ka sootrapat hua. jnan ke samyaktv ki pariksha, poorvagrahamukt tattvachintan, praman ke pramany adi ka nirdharan adi ve visheshataean haian, jinaka vishleshan dinnag ke bad pray: sabhi bharatiy darshanoan mean bahulata se prarambh hota hai. is prakar ham vishuddh jnanamimaansa aur nirapeksh pramanamimaansa ka pradurbhav dinnag ke bad ghatit hote hue dekhate haian. is granth mean chhah parichchhed haian, yatha-

1. pratyaksh parichchhed
2. svarthanuman parichchhed
3. pararthanuman parichchhed
4. drishtantapariksha
5. apohapariksha evan
6. jatyuttar pariksha.

• in parichchhedoan ke vishay unake nam se hi prakat hai. inamean svasanvedan pratyaksh ki suspasht sthapana, pramanadvay ka spasht nirdharan, jnan ki hi pramanata, sadhan aur dooshan ka vivechan, shabdarth-vishayak chintan (apohavichar), praman aur pramanaphal ki ekatmakata evan prasang ke svaroop ka nirdharan adi vishay vishesh roop se charchit hue haian.

dinnag ka samay kal

achary dinnag ke samay ko lekar vidvanoan mean vivad adhik hai. d aau. satishachandr vidyabhooshan unaka kal eesviy sanh 450 se 520 ke bich nirdharit karate haian. d aau. es. en. das gupt unhean eesviy paanchavian shatabdi ke ant mean utpann manate haian. d aau. vinayaghosh bhattachary manate haian ki ve 345 se 425 eesviy varshoan mean vidyaman the. pandit dalasukhabhaee malavaniyaan is mat ka samarthan karate haian. nyayasootroan ke bhashyakar vatsyayan aur prashastapad ke matoan ki dinnag ne yuktipoorvak samalochana ki hai tatha nyayavartikar udyotakar ne dinnag ke mat ki samalochana dinnag ki rachanaoan ka anuvad chini bhasha mean 557 se 569 eesviy varshoan mean sampann ho gaya tha. in sab sakshyoan ke adhar par achary dinnag ka kal eesviy paanchavian shatabdi ka poorvarddh manana samichin maloom hota hai. mahapandit rahul saankrityayan bhi unhean 425 eesviy varsh mean vidyaman manate haian.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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sanbandhit lekh

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