धर्मकीर्ति बौद्धाचार्य

dharmakirti dharmapal aur eeshvarasen ke shishy the. bauddh nyay ki jis parampara ka prarambh maitreyanath, asang aur vasubandhu ki kritiyoan se hua tha, use achary dinnag ne apani kritiyoan mean vad vidhi se prithakh tarkashastr ya hetushastr ke roop mean vikasit kiya. age chalakar dinnag dvara pravartit is tark vidya ko dharmapal evan eeshvarasen ke shishy achary dharmakirti ne (bauddh nyay ko) 'pramanashastr' ke roop mean vikasit kiya.

samay kal

tibbati parampara ke anusar achary kumaril aur achary dharmakirti samakalin the. kumaril ne dinnag ka khandan to kiya hai, kintu dharmakirti ka nahian, jabaki dharmakirti ne kumaril ka khandan kiya hai. aisi sthiti mean kumaril achary dharmakirti ke vriddh samakalin hi ho sakate haian. achary dharmakirti ne tarkashastr ka adhyayan eeshvarasen se kiya tha, kintu unake diksha guru prasiddh vidvanh evan nalanda ke achary dharmapal the. dharmapal ko vasubandhu ka shishy kaha gaya hai. vasubandhu ka samay chauthi shatabdi nishchit kiya gaya hai. dharmapal ke shishy shilabhadr eesviy varsh 635 mean vidyaman the, jab hvenasaang nalanda pahuanche the. at: yah manana hoga ki jis samay dharmakirti dikshit hue, us samay dharmapal maranasann the. is drishti se vichar karane par dharmakirti ka kal 550-600 ho sakata hai.

yash pataka

dharmakirti ke granthoan mean jis nyayashastr ya praman vidya ka vishad roop mean praudh riti se upanyas milata hai, vah samast paravarti bauddh nyayashastr aur brahman tatha jain nyay ke vikas ka bhi mool adhar bana. n keval bharat apitu tibbat, chin, madhy eshiya evan dakshin poorv ke tamam deshoan mean dharmakirti ki yash pataka vigat chaudah sau varshoan se phahara rahi hai. unake dvara pratipadit siddhaant n keval bharatiy darshanik parampara mean pramanavad ke merudand ke roop mean svikrit hue, apitu bahari deshoan mean bhi unake anuvad atyant lokapriy hue. kintu sanskrit ya kisi any bhasha mean dharmakirti ki jivani ka koee kramabaddh ya vyavasthit vivaran upalabdh nahian hota. taranath aur bu-donh ke viviranoan se katipay tathy nikalate haian, jinamean dharmakirti ke jivan par prakash p data hai.

jivan parichay

dinnag ki bhaanti hi dharmakirti bhi dakshin mean, trimalay ke ek brahman parivar mean utpann hue the. unake pita ka nam koroonand tha. unaki prarambhik shiksha brahman parampara aur darshanik parivesh mean huee thi. bad mean unaka jhukav bauddh dharm aur darshan ki or ho gaya. phalat: unhoanne nalanda mean akar vasubandhu ke vriddh jivit shishy aur yogachar parampara ke sakshath pratinidhi achary dharmapal se bauddh dharm ki diksha grahan ki. tarkashastr evan bauddh nyay vidya mean apani goodh saiddhaantik jijnasa ko shant karane ke lie unhoanne achary dinnag ke sakshath shishy achary eeshvarasen se bauddh praman vidya ka adhyayan kiya aur apane guru se adhik praudh jnan arjit karane mean saphal hue. svayan inake guru eeshvarasen ne yah bat svikar ki thi, aisa parampara se jnat hota hai. ant mean ve kaliang desh mean mrityu ko prapt hue.

samalochana

apane guru ki ajna se dharmakirti ne dinnag ke pradhan granth praman samuchchay par vartik roop ek padyatmak lagabhag 2000 karikaoan mean ek granth likha. jo granth ukt, anukt aur durukt padarthoan ki chinta se yukt ho, vah 'granth vartik' kaha jata hai. achary dinnag ne jab 'pramanasamuchchay' likhakar bauddh pramanashastr ka bij vapan kiya to any bauddhetar darshanikoan mean usaki pratikriya hona svabhavik tha. tadanusar nyay darshan ke vyakhyakaroan mean udyotakar ne, mimaansak mat ke achary kumaril ne, jain acharyaan mean achary mallavadi ne dinnag ke mantavyoan ki samalochana ki. phalasvaroop bauddh vidvanoan ko bhi pramanashastr ke vishay mean apane vicharoan ko suvyavasthit karane ka avasar prapt hua. aise vidvanoan mean achary dharmakirti pramukh haian, jinhoanne dinnag ke darshanik mantavyoan ka suvishad vivechan kiya tatha udyotakar, kumaril adi darshanikoan ki jamakar samalochana karake bauddh pramanashastr ki bhoomika ko sudridh banaya. unhoanne keval bauddhetar vidvanoan ki hi alochana nahian ki, apitu kuchh gaun vishayoan mean apana mat dinnag se bhinn roop mean bhi prastut kiya. unhoanne dinnag ke shishy eeshvarasen ki bhi, jinhoanne dinnag ke mantavyoan ki apani samajh ke anusar vyakhya ki thi, unaki bhi samalochana kar bauddh pramanashastr ko paripusht kiya.

granth rachana

achary dharmakirti ke pramanashastr vishayak sat granth prasiddh haian. ye satoan granth pramanasamuchchay ki vyakhya ke roop mean hi haian. pramanasamuchchay mean pratipadit vishayoan ka hi in granthoan mean vishesh vivaran hai. kintu ek bat asandigdh haian ki dharmakirti ke granthoan ke prakash mean ane ke bad dinnag ke granthoan ka adhyayan gaun ho gaya. achary dharmakirti ke sat granth is prakar haian-

1. pramanavartik
2. pramanavinishchay
3. nyayabindu
4. hetubindu
5. vadanyay
6. sambandhapariksha
7. santanantarasiddhi

inake atirikt pramanavartik ke 'svarthanuman parichchhed' ki vritti evan 'sambandhapariksha ki tika' bhi svayan dharmakirti ne likhi hai. achary dharmakirti ke is granthoan ka pradhan aur poorak ke roop mean bhi vibhajan kiya jata hai. tatha hi- 'nyayabindu' ki rachana tikshnabuddhi purushoan ke lie, 'pramanavinishchay' ki rachana madhyabuddhi purushoan ke lie tatha 'pramanavartik' ka nirman mandabuddhi purushoan ke lie haian- ye hi tinoan pradhan granth hai., jinamean pramanoan se sambaddh sabhi vaktavyoan ka suvishad niroopan kiya gaya hai. avashisht char granth poorak ke roop mean haian. tathahi-svarthanuman se sambaddh hetuoan ka niroopan 'hetubindu' mean hai. hetuoan ka apane sadhy ke sath sambandh ka niroopan 'sambandhapariksha' mean hai. pararthanuman se sambaddh vishayoan ka niroopan 'vadanyay' mean hai arthath isamean pararthanuman ke avayavoan ka tatha jay-parajay ki vyavastha kaise ho- isaka vishesh pratipadan kiya gaya hai.

pramanavartik parichchhed

pramanavartik mean char parichchhed haian-

1. svarthanuman
2. pramanyavad
3. pratyaksh
4. pararthanuman

inamean se pararthanuman parichchhed par svayan achary dharmakirti ne svopajn vritti likhi, shesh tin parichchhedoan par devendrabodhi, prajnakar gupt, dharmottar, jin, shakyabuddhi, prabhabuddhi, prabhriti acharyoan ne apane bhashy ya tikayean likhian. in granthoan mean (devendrabuddhi adi) dharmakirti ke pramanavad ki shabdik vyakhya, tatv jnan evan tatvik rahasy tatha dharmik rahasy, vivechanapoorvak pramanavad ki vyakhya prajnakar gupt prastut ki gayi hai. praman vinishchay pramanavartik ka hi saiddhaantik sankshep hai aur nyay bindu isaka bhi atyant sankshipt roop hai. sambandh pariksha mean laukik padarthoan ke paraspar sambandh ki atatvikata ko pradarshit kiya gaya hai. santanantarasiddhi mean vijnanavad ke mat se saanvritik drishti se svabhinn santan ke anuman ka prakar bataya gaya hai. inake atirikt sambandh pariksha vritti (sambandh pariksha ki svopajnavritti), jatakamala tika, buddhaparinirvan stotr, hevajramahatantrarajasy panjikanetr vibhadna, sootravidhi, sarvadurgatiparishodhanamarahopamandal upayika, vajradakasy stav dandak se granth bhi bhot parampara mean dharmakirti rachit mane jate haian. inamean se koee bhi granth mool sanskrit mean upalabdh nahian hai.

dharmakirti ke tikakar

achary dharmakirti ke mantavyoan ka khandan vaisheshik darshan mean vyomashiv ne, mimaansa darshan mean shalikanath ne, nyay darshan mean jayant aur vachaspatimishr ne, vedant mean bhi vachaspatimishr ne tatha jain darshan mean akalank adi acharyoan ne kiya hai. dharmakirti ke tikakaroan ne un akshepoan ka yathasambhav nirakaran kiya hai. dharmakirti ke tikakaroan ko tin varg mean vibhakt kiya jata hai-

1. pratham varg ke puraskarta devendrabuddhi mane jate haian, jo dharmakirti ke sakshat shishy the aur jinhoanne shabd pradhan vyakhya ki hai. devendrabuddhi ne pramanavartik ki do bar vyakhya likhakar dharmakirti ko dikhaee aur donoan hi bar dharmakirti ne use nirast kar diya. ant mean tisari bar asantusht rahate hue bhi use svikar kar liya aur man mean yah sochakar nirash hue ki vastut: mera pramanashastr yatharth roop mean koee samajh nahian sakega. shakyabuddhi evan prabhabuddhi adi bhi isi pratham varg ke achary haian.
2. doosare varg ke aise achary haian, jinhoanne shabd pradhan vyakhya ka marg chho dakar dharmakirti ke tattvajnan ko mahattv diya. is varg ke puraskarta achary dharmottar hai. dharmottar ka karyakshetr kashmir raha, at: unaki parampara ko kashmir-parampara bhi kahate haian. vastut: dharmakirti ke mantavyoan ka prakashan dharmottar dvara hi hua hai. dhvanyalok ke karta anandavardhan ne bhi dharmottar krit pramanavinishchay ki tika par tika likhi hai, kintu vah anupalabdh hai. isi parampara mean shankaranand ne bhi pramanavartik par ek vistrit vyakhya likhana shuroo kiya, kintu vah adhoori rahi.
3. tisare varg mean dharmik drishti ko mahattv dene vale dharmakirti ke tikakar haian. unamean prajnakar gupt pradhan hai. unhoanne svarthanuman ko chho dakar shesh tin parichchhedoan par 'alankar' namak bhashy likha, jise 'pramanavartikalankar bhashy' kahate haian. is shreni ke tikakaroan mean pramanavartik ke pramanaparichchhed ka atyadhik mahattv hai, kyoanki usamean bhagavan buddh ki sarvajnata tatha unake dharmakay adi ki siddhi ki gee hai. prajnakar gupt ka anusaran karane vale achary hue hai. 'jin' namak achary ne prajnakar ke vicharoan ki pushti ki hai. ravigupt prajnakar ke sakshat shishy the. jnanashrimitr bhi isi parampara ke anuyayi the. jnanashri ke shishy yamari ne bhi alankar ki tika ki. karnagomi ne svarthanuman parichchhed ne charoan parichchhedoan par tika likhi hai, kintu use shabdarthaparak vyakhya hi manana chahie.

rahul saankrityayan ka yogadan

mahapandit rahul saankrityayan ke athak parishram ke phalasvaroop pramanavartik evan prajnakar gupt ke bhashy ke sath tika, vad nyay, nyayabindu ye granth apane mool roop mean upalabdh evan prakashit hue haian. hetu bindu tika (alok) se evan any jain nyay granthoan se hetu bindu ka addhar kiya ja sakata hai. bhot anuvad se isaka sanskrit mean punaruddhar kiya gaya hai. dharmakirti tatvoan ke hitadhyashay se prerit buddh ki deshana ki charcha karate haian, kintu unaka sarvajnatv unaki charcha ka vishay nahian hai. dharmakirti ne eeshvar ke astitv ka bhi nishedh kiya, kyoanki unake mat mean praniyoan ke adrisht ya karmavashath, pratityasamutpad mukhen jagath ke vividh upadanoan ki srishti hoti hai. unhoanne charavakasammat bhautikavadi drishti ka niras kar vijnan ke astitv ka samarthan kiya, kintu tathagat dvara upadisht nairatmy, pudgal nairatmy evan dharm nairatmy, ke siddhaant ka bhi samyakh pratipadan kiya.

jnanakar ka astitv

bahyarth ke astitv ka nirakaran kar achary dharmakirti ne sautrantik sakar buddhi ke siddhaant ka bhi nirasan kar yah sthapit kiya ki keval svasanvedan roop vijnan ki sthiti hai. vishayakar se vijnan ke astitv bodh ki koee apeksha nahian hai. jnanakar ka astitv unhoanne svikar kiya, kintu jnanakar ke adhar roop mean vishay (bahyarth) ke astitv ka samarthan nahian kiya. hamean sanghat ka baudh hota hai, kintu paramanuoan ka jnan nahian hota. sautrantik paramanu ke akar ki kalpana nahian karate, unake sanghat ke jnan roop mean akar ki kalpana karate haian. vastut: jnan mean bahyarth ke akar ki kalpana anarthak hai. keval vijnan ka astitv hai, jo svasanvedan svaroop hai, pramey, pramata aur pramiti ek hi hai, anek nahian. vah jney se abhinn aur advay roop hai.

sahopalambh niyam se nil aur nilabuddhi ka abhed manana chahie. vahaan kahian grahy-grahak ka, vishay jnan adi ka bhed pratiti hota hai, vah bhraanti ke karan hota hai. yah bhraanti anadi kal se asevit vasanajanit pratit se hoti hai. jis prakar chandrama ek hota hua bhi bhraantivashath do dikhaee deta hai, usi prakar keval vijnan hi sath hai, vijnan se vyatirikt vishayakar ki kalpana nity jagath hone ke karan anavashyak hai. at: keval jnan matr, saty hai, usi se jnata aur jney ka bhed ullasit hota hai. dharmakirti ke anusar buddhi mean jo arth prakashit hota hai, vah vakta ke vyapar ka vishay hota hai aur usamean shabd ka hi pramany hota hai. vah arthatatvashrit nahian hai. vishay ke akar ke bhed se buddhi ke adhigam ke bhed se, adhigam (prapti) ke phal ke bhav se, praman ke svaroop ko gati (pramany) ka bodh svat: hota hai. pramany vyavaharashrit hai, samast shastr jo bhagavan tathagat pravedit dharmavinay par adhrit haian, praniyoan ke moh ke nivartan ke lie prayukt hua hai.

avisanvadi jnan

ajnat arth ka prakashak shastr hi praman hai. avisanvadi jnan praman kaha jata hai. arth kriya sthiti yani kriya kary ko utpann karane ki samarthy se yukt hona hi avisanvadan hai. vyavahar se pramanyabodh sambhav hota hai. lok mean vah purush sanvadak kaha jata hai jo saty bhashi hai aur poorvopadarshit arth ka prapak hai. usi prakar poorvopadarshik arth ka vyapak jnan bhi sanvadak kaha jata hai. jo pradarshik arth ka prapak yani usaka pravartak aur purusharth siddhi ka karan hota hai. adhigat arth mean purush pravartit hota hai aur arth prapit hota hai, at: arthadhagati hi praman phal hai. tatpary yah hai ki arthadhigam se praman ka vyapar samapt ho jata hai. yahi vah sthiti hai, jahaan purush ka karitr hota hai. ise arthakriya ksham vastu kahate haian. jo kriya is vastu ka adhigam karati hai, vahi saphal purusharth hai. is prakriya mean vijnan jnapak matr hai, karak karan nahian. anadhigat arth hi praman hota hai. arth kshanik hai, jo indriy dvara adhigat aur kalpana dvara nirmit hota hai. isalie jnan ka pratham kshan sada indriy vijnan ka kshan hota hai. vah avikalp hota hai. kintu vikalpotpatti ki shakti se sanyukt hota hai. saty ki pariksha keval vyavahar (anubhav) se hoti hai. pramany parat: hota hai, kyoanki prapak jnan hi praman hai. karan gun ke jnan se, sanvad ke jnan se, arth kriya k jnan se jnan ki avisanvadita jnapit ya siddh hoti hai.

dinnag ka anusaran karate hue dharmakirti vastu ko paramarthasath manate haian. jo arth kriyasamarth hai, vahi vastu hai. jisamean arth kriya ki samarthy nahian hoti, vah avastu kahi jati hai. at: vastu svalakshan hoti hai. yah paramarthasath ya vastusath kshanik, svalakshan hone ke karan, vikalp shoony (nirvikalp) hota hai. atit aur anagat avastu hai, keval pratyutpann vastu hai. sanvritisaty parikalp roop hai. yah shuddh aur vastu mishrit dvividh hai. vastu bhi shuddh aur parikalp mishrit do prakar ki hoti hai. nam, jatyadi ki kalpana vikalpoan se rahit avisanvadi jnan pratyaksh praman hai, jo sakshatkari jnan hota hai. yah nirvikalp hota hai aur svalakshan ko grahan karata hai. yah nam, jati, dravy, gun aur karm ka parigrah nahian karata. isalie pratyaksh ka yah lakshan kiya gaya.

pratyakshadkalpanapodhampratyakshenaiv sidhyati.
pratyatmavedy: sarveshaan vikalpo nam sanshray:..
sanhaty sarvatashchintaan stimitenantaratmana.
sthitoapi chakshuvaan roopamikshate sakshaja mati:..

pratyaksh ke prakar

achary dharmakirti ne pratyaksh ke char prakar bataye haian-

1. indriy pratyaksh
2. manovijnan
3. yogi pratyaksh
4. atm sanvedan

dharmakirti ne spashtat: smriti aur pratyabhijna se pratyaksh ka antar bhi spasht kiya hai. svalakshan hi pratyaksh ka vishay hai. dharmakirti ke anusar vastusath ka bodh pratyaksh praman se hota hai. kalpana prasoot avastu ya samany ke bodh ke lie anuman praman ki avashyakata hoti hai. anuman se vishesh ka jnan nahian hota. isalie dharmakirti any vadiyoan ke mat ke viruddh praman viplavavad ke siddhaant ko aangikar karate haian. ardhakirti ke anusar samany lakshan ka bodh anuman se hota hai. svarthanuman aur pararthanuman ke bhed se anuman do prakar ka hota hai. svarthanuman jnanatmak hota hai aur pararthanuman shabdatmak hota hai. donoan mean atyant bhed hone ke karan donoan ke prithak-prithakh lakshan kiye jate haian.

praman vivechan

anumey (sadhy) mean satv, sapaksh mean saty evan asapaksh mean asatv is triroop liang (hetu) anumey (ke vishay) mean jo jnan hota hai, vah svarthanuman kaha jata hai. anupalabdhi, svabhav aur kary ye tin liang hote haian. anupalabdhi gyarah prakar ki (svabhav, kary, vyapak, svabhav viruddh, viruddh karyopalabdhi, viruddh vyaptolabdhi, karanaviruddhopalabdhi, karanaviruddhakaryopalabdhi) hoti hai. doosare ko triroop liang ka akhyan karana hi pararthanuman kahalata hai. triroop liang se usaki smriti banati hai aur smriti se anuman hota hai. is prakar karan ke oopar kary (anuman) ka upachar roop samarop hota hai. prayog ke bhed se sadharmy aur vaidharmy ke bhed se pararthanuman bhi dvividh hota hai. vastut: in donoan bhedoan mean koee bhed nahian hai, keval prayog ka antar hai.

is prakar dharmakirti ne apane paramaguru dinnag dvara pramanasamuchchay adi granthoan mean pramanoan ke vivechan svaroop ko sopaskar abhivyakt kar unake hetu trairoopy siddhaant ko anekash: parishkrit aur praudh svaroop pradan kiya aur is prakar unake dvara prastut vishleshan se vyapti ke siddhaant ko bhi ek sunishchit vaijnanik aur shastriy svaroop prapt hua.

bauddh paksh ki pratishtha evan raksha

dharmakirti ke samay mean kumaril bhatt, prabhriti achary brahmanavad ko pun: pratishthit karane mean lage hue the. at: unhoanne bauddhavad ka nirasan karane ka bharasak prayas kiya. dharmakirti ne apane praudh pramanashastr dvara bauddh paksh ki pratishtha evan raksha ka poorn yatn kiya. doosari or jain, nyay, vedanti aur any vicharak bhi paraspar ek doosare ke matoan ko khandit karane evan svapakshasthapan mean dridh roop mean pramanashastr aur tark paddhati ka prayog kar rahe the. vatsyayan, udyotakar, vachaspatimishr, udayan, gangesh, prabhriti naiyayik, samantabhadr, siddhasen divakar, akalankadev prabhriti jainachary, tatha dharmakirti, dharmottar, prajnakar gupt prabhriti bauddh naiyayik, shankarachary sureshvarachary prabhriti vedant ke acharyoan ne apane mat ki sthapana evan parapaksh ke khandan mean apane tarkik vaibhav shastriy soojh evan darshanik drishti ka parichay dete hue ganbhir darshanik evan praudh nyay shastriy granthoan ka pranayan kiya. us parampara ka pravartan udyotakar ke bad dharmakirti se hua aur yah parampara sahasroan varshoan tak akshunn riti se chalati rahi. samast bharatavarsh mean nyay shastr ke saiddhantik vivechan evan vividh paddhatiyoan ke paraspar khandan-mandan ki is pranali ka samast shrey mool roop se dinnag ke yogy uttaradhikari achary dharmakirti ko hi hai. unaka bharatiy bauddh praman shastriy parampara mean mahattv in sabhi drishtiyoan se parimey hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh