पाणिनि

panini
panini ke samman mean bharat sarakar dvara jari dak tikat|200px|center
poora nam	panini
janm	500 eesa poorv
janm bhoomi	gaandhar
mukhy rachanaean	ashtadhyayi
prasiddhi	sanskrit ke vyakaranachary
vishesh yogadan	sanskrit bhasha ko vyakaran sammat roop dene mean panini ka yogadan atulaniy mana jata hai.
nagarikata	bharatiy
any janakari	panini ne apane samay ki sanskrit bhasha ki sookshm chhanabin ki thi. is chhanabin ke adhar par unhoanne jis vyakaran shastr ka pravachan kiya, vah n keval tatkalin sanskrit bhasha ka niyamak shastr bana, apitu usane agami sanskrit rachanaoan ko bhi prabhavit kiya.

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panini (aangrezi:Pāṇini) sanskrit bhasha ke prasiddh aur shreshth vyakaranachary haian. unake ashtadhyayi namak granth ke ath adhyay haian. har adhyay mean char pad haian. pratyek pad mean prastut vishay ke anusar kam athava adhik sootr sankhya hai. atyant sankshep mean kahe hue niyam athava vidhan ko sootr kahate haian. atyant sankshipt hona hi paniniy sootroan ka sabase nirala vaishishty hai. us sankshep ke lie maharshi panini ne ek svatantr paddhati taiyar ki hai. phalasvaroop sootroan ki adhikaansh rachana atyadhik takaniki aur lok vyavahar ki bhasha se bhinn ho gee hai. panini sootr ki bhasha sanskrit hote hue bhi sanskrit bhasha ke achchhe jnan matr se sootrarth ka jnan asanbhav hai: tathapi yah vyakaran bahut sankshipt ho gaya hai, balki kuchh ek had tak durbodh bhi ho gaya hai, phir bhi ek ek sootr se b da shabd samooh siddh ho jata hai. yah ek b da labh hai.

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parichay

panini (500 eesa poorv) sanskrit vyakaran shastr ke sabase b de pratishthata aur niyamak achary the. inaka janm panjab ke shalatula mean hua tha jo adhunik peshavar (pakistan) ke qarib tatkalin uttar pashchim bharat ke gaandhar mean hua tha. inaka jivanakal 520-460 eesa poorv mana jata hai. inake vyakaran ko ashtadhyayi kahate haian. inhoanne bhasha ke shuddh prayogoan ki sima ka nirdharan kiya, jo prayog ashtadhayayi ki kasauti par khare nahian utare aur unhean vidvanoan ne 'apaniniy' kahakar ashuddh ghoshit kar diya. sanskrit bhasha ko vyakaran sammat roop dene mean panini ka yogadan atulaniy mana jata hai.

ashtadhyayi

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ashtadhyayi matr vyakaran granth nahian hai. isamean prakaraantar se tatkalin bharatiy samaj ka poora chitr milata hai. us samay ke bhoogol, samajik, arthik, shiksha aur rajanitik jivan, darshanik chiantan, khan-pan, rahan-sahan adi ke prasang sthan-sthan par aankit haian. panini ka samay eesa poorv 800 se 400 ke madhy hai, yadyapi vidvanh panini ka samay bhagavan buddh se poorv batate haian, to doosare kahate haian ki buddh bhagavan ke bad hue. artharahit aur atyant sankshipt ri, dhu, bh, dh ityadi sanjnaean panini tantr ki ek advitiy visheshata hai. is prakar ke anek karanoan se panini ka vyakaran shastr anek vaisheshtyoan ki khan aur vyakaranakaroan ke lie ek adarsh ban gaya hai.

prachin kathaoan mean ullekh

panini ka jivan vritt atyant svalp roop mean milata hai. ashtadhyayi ki patanjali rachit tika, mahabhashy mean usake vishay mean kee ullekh ae haian. paramparik lok kathaoan se svalparoop mean jo kuchh jnat hai, use aitihasik saty samajhana bhool hogi. mahabhashyakar patanjali panini ko dakshiputr (1-1-20) kahate haian. narmada nadi ke uttaravarti bharat mean panini ne pravas kiya aur us samay prachalit sanskrit bhasha aur upabhashaoan ka usane bahut sookshm buddhi se adhyayan kiya. panini ne us samay upalabdh ved sootradi vanmay ka bhi gahara adhyayan kiya hoga. yah bat usake sootroan mean ullikhit batoan se bhali prakar se jnat hoti hai. panini ke poorv anek vyakaranakar ho chuke the, parantu unake vyakaranoan mean bahut adhoorapan tha aur vishesh pradesh, shakha, sampraday ki bhasha ka hi unake vyakaran mean vimarsh kiya gaya tha. panini ka vyakaran sarvasamaveshak hone se mahabhashyakar us vyakaran ko sarvaved 'parishad' (2.1.58) yani sarvaved shakha aur sabhi paramparaoan ka sangrahak kahakar any poorv vyakaranoan se usaka vaishishtay spasht se batate haian.

prachin kal mean bharat desh mean vyakaran shastr ka any shastroan se sambandh bahut gahara mana jata tha. vyakaran aur nyay ye do shastr granth sab shastroan ke adhyayan ke lie atyavashyak samajhe jate the. visheshat: tatvajnan se vyakaran shastr ka sambandh do karanoan se hota hai. tatvajnan vastuoan aur ghatanaoan ka yatharth jnan hai. kisi bhi vastu ka sahi svaroop vichar se hi nishchit karana sambhav hai. vicharoan ka madhyam shabd hai aur yah jitana samuchit ho utana hi vichar mean nishchitata hoti hai. aise atyant samuchit shabdoan ka jnan vyakaran shastr se sambhav hai.

vyakaran shastr

panini ne apane samay ki sanskrit bhasha ki sookshm chhanabin ki thi. is chhanabin ke adhar par unhoanne jis vyakaran shastr ka pravachan kiya, vah n keval tatkalin sanskrit bhasha ka niyamak shastr bana, apitu usane agami sanskrit rachanaoan ko bhi prabhavit kiya. panini se poorv bhi vyakaran shastr ke any acharyoan ne is vishal sanskrit bhasha ko niyamoan mean baandhane ka prayas kiya tha, parantu panini ka shastr vistar aur gambhiry ki drishti se in sabhi mean siramaur siddh hua. panini ne apani gahan antadrirshti, samanvayatmak drishtikon, ekagrata, kushalata, dridh parishram aur vipul samagri ki sahayata se jis anoothe vyakaran shastr ka upadesh diya, use dekhakar b de se b de vidvanh ashchary chakit hokar kahane lage – 'paniniyan mahatsuvirachitamh' – panini ka shastr mahanh aur suvirachit hai; 'mahati sookshmekshika vartate sootrakarasy' unaki drishti atyant paini hai; 'shobhana khalu panineah sootrasy kritiah' unaki rachana ati sundar hai; 'paninishabdo loke prakashate' sare lok mean panini ka nam chha gaya hai, ityadi. bhashyakar ne panini ko pramanabhoot achary, mangalik achary, srihridh, bhagavan adi visheshanoan se sambodhit kiya hai. unake anusar panini ke sootr mean ek bhi shabd anarthak nahian ho sakata, aur paniniy shastr mean aisa kuchh nahian hai jo nirarthak ho. unhoanne jo sootr banae haian, ve bahut hi soch vichar kar banae ge haian. unhoanne suhridh ke roop mean vyakaran shastr ka anvakhyan kiya hai. rachana ke samay unaki drishti bhavishy ki or thi aur vah dooratar ki bat sochate the. is prakar unaki pratishtha bachche bachche tak phail gee aur vidyarthiyoan mean unhian ka vyakaran sarvadhik priy hua.

vyakaran aur tatvajnan mean doosare prakar ka bhi sambandh bhi prachin kal se bahut granthoan mean bataya gaya hai. oopar diye ek sambandhoan se bhi yah adhik mahattvapoorn mana gaya hai. usaka svaroop aisa hota hai- vyakaran shastr ka prachin kal mean diya hua ek prasiddh nam 'shabdanushasan' hai. 'shabdanushasan' ka arth hai, sadhu (yogy) shabd se asadhu (ayogy) shabdoan ko alag karana. parantu shabd ka sadhutv aur asadhutv arth sapeksh hai, jaise- 'svajan' shabd, apt, svakiy sambandhi ke arth mean yogy (sadhu) hai. us arth mean 'shvajan' shabd poorn asadhu hai. phir bhi shvajan shabd sarvatha asadhu hi hai, aisa kahana uchit nahian hoga, kyoanki kutte ka (rakshak) manav, athava kuttoan ka samooh ityadi arth ke lie vah yogy hai. isi tarah 'sakal' shabd 'sarv sampoorn' ke arth mean sadhu aur 'tuk da' arth mean asadhu hai. 'shakal' shabd sarv 'arth mean asadhu aur tuk da' arth mean sadhu hai. is tarah shabdoan ka sadhutv aur asadhutv arthavalambi hai, anyanirapeksh arthath keval svaroopashrit nahian hai. is vivechan ka matalab yah hai ki shabd sadhutv ka vichar vyakaran shastr ka pramukh uddeshy hote hue bhi shabd se pratit hone vale arth ka hi vyakaran shastr mean upaang roop se vichar karana anivary hai.

nity dainadin vyavahar mean shabd se sanketik arth pratit hota hai. lekin vyakaran shastr mean prayukt kee shabdoan se svayan shabd svaroop hi jnat hota hai. yah ek vishesh shabd shakti sootrakar ne 'svayan roop shabdasyashabd sanjna' sootr se spasht roop se bataee hai. any shastrakar, shabd keval arth ka hi bodhak hai, aisa kahate haian. par sootrakar panini ke anusar shabd bahy arth ka aur shabd ka hi bodhak hai. agnertak ityadi sootroan mean uchcharit agni shabd ka arth 'agni' shabd pratit hota hai aur anekanek sootroan mean 'yah shabd', amuk shabd kahane ki zaroorat nahian hoti, aur b da shabd ladhav siddh hota hai.

shabd ke arth

shabd se pratit hone vala arth kya jatiroop hai ya vyaktitv hai ya jati aur vyakti donoan shabd se pratit hote haian. us arth se shabd ka koee sambandh hai ya nahian. agar koee sambandh ho to us sambandh ka svaroop kya hai. vah sambandh nity hai ya anity hai. koee sambandh n ho to shabd se arth jnan ki utpatti kaisi. is karan shabd aur arth ka koee sambandh to avashy hi svikar karana hoga. shabd se vachy, gaun, vyang, dyoty ityadi roop se bhinn bhinn arth pratit hote haian. tatpayarth bhi koee shastrakar alag roop se svikar karate haian. vakyarth kya keval shabd samooharth roop se ya usase bhinn haian. ye sab arth bhinn bhinn to haian hi, lekin kabhi kabhi viruddh bhi pratit hote haian. vyakaran shastr mean jo shabd siddhi batalaee gee hai, isase is sab anyany arthoan ka koee sambandh hai ya nahian. us sab arthoan ke vichar ki zaroorat hai ya nahian. pratyaksh aur anuman se jo arth ka svaroop pratit hota hai, vahi shabd se pratit hota hai ya koee bhinn svaroop pratit hota hai. arth ka bodhak shabd vyakaran shastr mean pravritti pratyayadi prakriya se siddh kiya hua shabd ek hi hai ya alag hai. alag ho to un donoan ka sambandh kya hai. ek hi ho to vah vyakaran mean siddh kiya hua shabd anity hi manana p dega. phir shabd nity hai, aisa vyakaran shastr ka siddhaant 'siddhe shabdarth sambandhe' is pramanabhoot pratham vartik se jnat hota hai. shabd, arth aur sambandh in tinoan ka svaroop vyakaran shastr mean siddhaant roop se kaisa svikrit kiya gaya hai. poorvamimaansa, nyay adi any shastrakaroan ne usaka jo svaroop bataya hai, usamean vyakaran shastr mean bataye hue svaroop ka kya bhed hai. is prakar ki anekanek samasyaean upasthit hoti haian. sab samasyaoan ka nivaran karake shabd, arth aur sambandh ka svaroop nishchit karana prarambh mean hi atyavashyak hota hai.

sootrakar panini shabdoan ke sadhutvasadhutv ke vishay mean atyant vastavavadi haian. usane mukhy roop se tatkalin bhasha aur samay upalabdh prachin vedadi vanmay mean prayukt bhasha ka yatharth svaroop sankshep mean batalane vala granth sootr roop mean taiyar kiya. is sankshipt roop ke karan sootrakar ne uparinirdisht anekanek prashnoan ka nirnay pratyaksh roop se kiya nahian hai, phir bhi is sambandh mean usake sootroan mean kuchh ullekh milate haian. kee sthanoan par sootrakar panini ne atyant parimit shabdoan mean aur spasht roop se apane svikrit siddhaant kahe haian. donoan prakar ke (saanketik aur spasht) ullekhoan ke adhar par bahut oohapoh karake usake tikakaroan ne kuchh siddhaant sthir kie haian.

shabd se jati roop arth pratit hota hai ya vyakti roop, is vishay mean prachin shastroan mean anek mat haian. panini ne is vishay mean aisa kaha hai ki sandarbh ke anusar shabd kee sthanoan par jati aur kee sthanoan par vyakti ka bodhak hota hai. is karan se har ek shabd dvayarthi hai. phir bhi jab shabd jatiparak ho to jati ke ek hi hone ke karan shabd ek vachan mean hi prayukt karana uchit hone par bhi usaka bahuvachan prayog bhi ho sakata hai. 'jatyakhyayabhekasminh bahuvachan manyatarasyamh is sootr se uparinirdisht vyavastha usane batalaee hai aur is vivady vishay mean sandarbh arthath lok vyavahar ke anusar arth karana chahie, yah siddhaant apanaya hai.

shabd ka prayog

vyavahar mean shabd ka prayog arth bodh ke lie yani arthaparak hota hai. parantu vyakaran shastr mean shabd ka upayog vishishtarth bodhak shabd ka bodh karane ke lie yani shabdapoorak hota hai. shabd ke upayog mean yah bhed dhyan mean rakhakar agar shabd arthaparak ho to panini ke anusar use vyakaran shastr mean di huee sarvanam, avyay, dhatu ityadi sanjna di jae aur agar shabdaparak ho to usako sarvanam avyayadi vyakaran sanjna n di jae aur us sanjna se prayukt koee bhi pratyayadeshadi kary n kiya jae. yah shabd ka arthaparatv aur shabdaparatv ka bhed sootrakar ne sakshath upayog karake batalaya hai. 'idamh' shabd ka arthaparak upayog ho to usako sarvanam sanjna di jati hai aur us sanjna ke anusar ime, asmai, eshamh ityadi roop vishesh pratyayadi prakriya se ban jate haian, usaka shashthi ek vachan ka vishesh roop 'asy' ho jayega. lekin yadi usaka upayog shabdaparak ho to usaki sarvanam sanjna nahian hogi aur n hi isase prayukt vishesh kary hoga. usaka shashthi ek vachan ka roop 'idamh:' banega. 'idayom:' , is sootr mean shabdaparak hone se 'idam:', aisa roop (n ki asy) sootrakar ne prayukt kiya hai. isi prakar prate:, pratita, anu:, aye, bhuv:, vas:, din:, lash:, ityadi avyay aur dhatuoan ke vibhaktyant prayog panini ne prayukt kie haian. par samany niyam se avyay aur dhatuoan ka vibhaktyant prayog nahian ho sakata hai.

roodh arthath yadchchha shabdoan ke do upavibhag yani avaantar bhed haian. atyant roodh aur sadiroodh. jin shabdoan ka vyavahar mean vishisht arth bodh ke lie pratham prayog kisane kiya, is bat ka pata nahian chalata, ye shabd atyant roodh athava anadiroodh kahalate haian. prachin eeshvaravadiyoan ka mat aisa hai ki kalp ke prarambh mean sakshath eeshvar ne hi kee shabdoan ka arth sahit upadesh maharshiyoan ko diya. ve shabd maharshiyoan ke vyavahar se us samay ki manav jati ko maloom hue. parampara se aj tak ve shabd us arth mean prayukt hote a rahe haian. doosara upavibhag sadiroodh ya adhunik sanketit shabdoan ka hai. panini adi rrishiyoan ke dvara kie hue ri. ghu. bh., adi shabd aur any logoan dvara prayukt ditth, uvitth adi ne shabd is prakar ke haian. in donoan prakar ke roodh shabdoan mean prakriti pratyayadi nahian hote haian. aisa mat doosari vicharadhara valoan ka hai. yaugik shabd prakriti pratyay vibhag yukt hote haian. vyakti aur vastu mean vidyaman vishesh gun ya kriya is prakar ke shabd se jnat hoti hai, jaise pachak, nayak, chor, ashray, gopal, raja, jnani ityadi. is karan se in shabdoan mean mool dhatu aur antim pratyay aisa vibhag spasht riti se jnat hota hai. isalie in shabdoan ko yaugik arthath prakriti pratyay se sadhit samajhana thik hoga.

shabdoan ke bhed

shabdoan ke ye do bhed roodh aur yaugik, sab bhashaoan mean sab samay mean rahate hi haian. is mat ke anuyayi bahusankhyak bhasha vidvanh haian aur bhagavan panini ko bhi yahi mat vishesh many tha, phir bhi shabd ka arth jati hai ya vyakti, is vishay mean jaise panini agrah vale nahian, vaise hi shabd vibhag, shabd sadhana ke bare mean bhi ve kisi ek mat ke pakshapati nahian haian. jin shabdoan mean prakriti pratyay vibhag spasht roop se nahian dikhata hai phir bhi shakatayan athava yask ke matanusar jo yaugik siddh kiye ge haian, unaki vyutpatti ko unadayi bahulamh sootr se panini ne vikalp roop se manyata di hai. shabd roodh ho ya yaugik ho, donoan ke lie vyakaran, shastriy sanskar prakriya saman roop se hoti hai. roodh shabd ke arth mean panini 'sanjna' shabd prayukt karata hai. vyakaran shastr ka antim praman lok vyavahar hi hai. lok vyavahar mean jo shabd jis arth mean jis liang, vachan mean prayukt hota hai, vaisa hi vyakaran shastr se siddh karana aur many karana chahie. lokoan mean jo roodh samajha gayay hai, vah roodh samajhana chahie. vyavahar ke visanvadi tark aur yuktiyaan athava niyam vyarth haian. vyavahar se viruddh niyam ko ashastriy arthath sarvatha tyajy hi samajhana chahie. aisa spasht mat sootrakar panini ne 'tadashishyan sanjnapramanatvanh sootr se vyakt kiya hai. panini ka vyakaran aur bhasha donoan ke sambandh mean kya mat tha, is vishay mean tak ke paanch sootr atyant vicharaniy aur margadarshak haian.

panini ki vicharadhara

panini ne shabd ka shabd bodhakatv 'svan roopan shabdasyashabd sanjna' is sootr se siddhaant roop se svikrit kiya hai. is siddhaant ka vishesh samarthan 'shabd poorvak evan arthasanpratyay:' 'n sosti pratyayo loke y: shabdanugayadrite' ityadi vivaran ke dvara usake tikakaroan ne kiya hai.

shabd se pratit hone vale arth ke bare mean panini ne uparinirdisht sootr dvara any shastrakaroan ke matoan ki apeksha kuchh nirala sa mat prakat kiya hai. shabd aur arth in donoan ke sambandh ke bare mean prachin shastrakaroan ke bhinn bhinn mat haian. koee is sambandh ko nity aur svabhav siddh samajhate haian to koee keval saanketik aur anity samajhate haian. naiyayik use ichchharoop aur nity anity batate haian. arth ke saman shabd bhi shabd ka bodhy hota hai, yah siddhaant manakar sootrakar panini shabd aur arth donoan 'tadatmy' sambandh soochit karata hai. bodhak shabd ka bodhy shabd se tadatmy se alag koee bhi sambandh sambhav nahian hai. bodhak shabd se jaisasa tadatmy sambandh hai, usi tarah bodhy arth se bhi vahi tadatmy sambandh manana uchit hoga lekin yah tadatmy bhedabhed roop hi hota hai. kabhi abhed vastav yani saty aur bhed kalpit hota hai to kabhi bhed vastav aur abhed kalpit hota hai. jab shabd ka arth shabd hi ho to abhed vastav aur bhed kalpit hota hai. aur jab vyavahar mean shabd se bahy arth ka bhed hota hai, tab bhed vastav aur abhed kalpit hai. 'puravan chandr:' 'griharalati balak:' ityadi prayogoan mean upaman aur upamey mean hone vala bhed vastav aur abhed kalpanik hota hai aur 'phool ka rang', 'vriksh ki shakha', 'sone ka alankar (gahana)' ityadi mean phal aur rang, vriksh aur shakha tatha sona aur alankar inamean hone vala abhed vastav mean aur bhed kalpanik hota hai. isi tarah shabd aur arth donoan ke sambandh ke vishay mean panini ko tadatmyavadi manana hi thik hoga.

vaidik kal se shabdoan ke vishay mean do vichar dharaean chalati thian. ek vichar dhara kahati hai ki bhasha mean prayukt har ek shabd, ek ya anek dhatuoan se bana hai. shakat rrishi ka putr shakatayan achary is mat ka b da samarthak tha. aisa kathan nirukt aur mahabhashy ityadi granthoan mean milata hai. svayan niruktakar yask bhi is mat ka hi samarthak tha. usane jo anekanek shabdoan ki vyutpattiyaan b di khianchatan se bataee haian, usase yah bat prakat hoti hai. shabd mean keval ek varn kisi dhatu se milata ho to bhi ni:sanshay hokar keval us varn ki samanata ko lekar us dhatu se shabd ka nirvachan karana, lekin amuk shabd ka nirvachan shaky nahian hai, aisa kabhi n kahana, is bat ka soochak hai. is mat ke anusar bhasha mean prayukt sab shabdoan ka nam, sarvanam, visheshan, hi kya avyayoan ka bhi nirvachan dhooandhane ki b di koshish zaroor karani chahie. panini adi shastrakaroan ne jo keval svechchha se roodh kie haian, aise lat, lit, ith adi yadrichchha shabdoan ka jinaka upayog paribhashik arth mean keval vishisht shastr mean hi kiya gaya hai aur jo vyavahar mean kabhi prayukt nahian hai, aise arthahin shabdoan ka bhi nirvachan kisi n kisi riti se karane ka prayatn karane se usamean bhi kuchh saphalata mil jaegi, aisa is mat ko manane valoan ka kahana hai. vartaman samay mean us shabd se jo arth nikalata hai, us arth se vah nirvasan se sangati rakhane vale arth mean prayukt tha aur kal pravah mean bhinn athava atyant viruddh arth ka bodhak ho gaya, aisa sambhav hai. tadanusar har ek shabd ki vyutpatti arthath dhatu, pratyay adi se vibhajan atal roop se prarambh mean hona hai.

doosari vicharadhara aisi hai ki bhasha mean kee shabd roodh aur yogik hote haian. roodh shabd ko hi shastrakar yadchchha shabd kahate haian. jin shabdoan ka dhatu, pratyay ityadi mean vibhajan spasht roop se maloom hota hai, aise shabd yaugik haian.

ashtadhyayi athava paniniyashtak

panini ka vyakaran shabdanushasan ke nam se vidvanoan mean prasiddh hai, parantu ath adhyayoan mean vibhakt hone ke karan yahi shabdanushasan lok mean ashtadhyayi athava paniniyashtak ke roop mean jana jata hai. panini ne apani ashtadhyayi se sanskrit bhasha ko amarata pradan ki. unaki vyakaran ki riti se sanskrit bhasha ke sabhi ang alaukit ho uthe. sarvashastropakarak ke roop mean paniniy ashtadhyayi ki sahayata se hamean kahian bhi apana marg dhooandhane mean kathinaee nahian hoti hai. sansar ki anek bhashaean niyamit vyakaran ke abhav mean ya to lupt ho geean haian, ya itani durooh haian ki unhean samajhana hi dushkar haian. kintu sanskrit bhasha ke gady aur pady donoan panini shastr se niyamit hone ke karan sada hi subodh bane rahe haian. aj bhi ham paniniy ashtadhyayi ki sahayata se sanskrit ke prachinatam sahity se lekar navinatam rachanaoan ka rasasvad kar sakate haian.

apane vyakaran ko poorv evan sarvagrahi banane ke lie panini ne deshatan kar bharat ke vibhinn janapadoan ki bhasha, unake riti–vyavahar, veshabhoosha, udyog–dhandhe tatha unake vyakti aur jati–vachak namoan ka poorn jnan prapt kiya. atah unaka vyakaran n keval shabdanushasan ki drishti se paripoorn hai, apitu vah tatkalin sabhyata aur sanskriti ka vishvasaniy aur pramanik itihas bhi hai. paniniy vyakaran itana suvyavasthit, vaijnanik, laghavapoorn aur sarvangapoorn siddh hua ki unake samane samast vyakaran gaun ho ge. yahaan tak ki dhire dhire pradeshik vyakaranoan ka prachalan band ho gaya aur kalantar mean ve nashtapray ho ge. paniniy ashtadhyayi ke ath adhyayoan mean se pratyek adhyay mean char pad haian aur kul milakar lagabhag char hazar sootr haian. ashtadhyayi ki sootr sankhya ke vishay mean vidvanoan mean tho da vivad hai. kuchh vidvanh isake sootroan ki sankhya 3981 manate haian. inamean yadi 14 pratyahar–sootr jo d dean to yah sankhya 3995 ho jati hai. ashtadhyayi ko vedang manane valoan ki parampara mean prachalit maukhik path mean yah sankhya 3983 hai. kashika aur siddhant–kaumudi ke paramparagat path ke anusar 3983 sankhya hi di huee hai.

adhyay

vyakaraniy prakriya ki drishti se ashtadhyayi ko mukhy roop se tin bhagoan mean vibhakt kiya ja sakata hai. ek, vakyoan ke padoan ka sankalan (1–2 adhyay); do, padoan ka prakriti–pratyay mean vibhag (3–5 adhyay); tin, prakriti–pratyayoan ke sath agam adeshadi ka sanyojan kar parinishthit padoan ka nirman (6–8 adhyay). ashtadhyayi ke pratham do adhyayoan mean padoan ke subant, tinant bhedoan aur vakyoan mean unake paraspar sambandh par vichar kiya gaya hai. tritiy adhyay mean dhatuoan se shabd–siddhi ka vivechan tatha chaturth aur pancham adhyay mean pratipadikoan evan shabd siddhi ka vichar hai. shashth evan saptam adhyayoan mean subant evan tinant shabdoan ki prakriti–pratyayatmak siddhi evan svaroan ka vivechan hai, tatha ashtam adhyay mean sannihit padoan ke shighrochcharan se varnoan ya svaroan par p dane vale prabhav ki charcha hai. yadi pratipady vishayoan ki drishti se vichar kiya jae to sanjna aur paribhasha, svaroan aur vyanjanoan ke prakar, dhatusiddh kriyapad, karak, vibhakti, ekashesh samas, kridant, subant, taddhit, agam aur adesh, svar vichar, ditv aur sandhi – ye ashtadhyayi ke pratipady vishay haian.

ashtadhyayi sanhita

panini ne sampoorn ashtadhyayi sanhita path mean rachi thi. mahabhashy mean likha hai 'ubhayatha hi tulya sanhita sthaneantaratam uranh raparah iti.' is prakar ke pramanoan se spasht hai ki panini ne ashtadhyayi sanhita path mean rachi thi. yadyapi panini ne pravachan kal mean sootroan ka vichchhed avashy kiya hoga (kyoanki usake bina sootrarth ka pravachan sambhav nahian), tathapi patanjali ne unake sanhita path ko hi pramanik mana hai. paniniy vyakaran mean kee sthanoan par prachin vyakaranoan ke shlokaanshoan ki spasht jhalak upalabdh hoti hai. jaise ‘tadasmai diyate yuktan shranamaansaudanattathin.’ ye anushtuph ke do charan the. isamean panini ne yanktan ka niyuktan padhakar do sootroan ka pravachan kiya hai. achary yudhishthir mimaansak ji ke anusar yadyapi panini ne apane shastr ke pravachan mean sampoorn prachin vanmay ka upayog kiya hai, to bhi panini ka pradhan upajivy apishal vyakaran hai.

sootr

ashtadhyayi ke pratyek pad ki vibhinn sanjnaean us–us pad ke pratham sootr ke adhar par rakhi geean haian.

• gankutadipadah
• bhoopadah
• dvigupadah
• sambandhapadah
• angapadah

panini ki ashtadhyayi ke anushilan se yah spasht pratit hota hai ki ve jis sanskrit bhasha ka vyakaran likh rahe the, vah lokabhasha thi. saiank doan aise sootr haian jinaka upayog vyavahar–gamy shabdoan ki siddhi ke nimitt hi hota hai, kisi shastriy shabd ke lie nahian. udaharanarth – plutavidhan ki yuktimatta – plutavidhan ke nimitt anek sootr haian.

1. door se bulane ke lie prayukt vaky ke ti ki plut sanjna hoti hai – saktoonh pib devadatt 3 yahaan datt ka antim akar plut hua hai.
2. devadatt ko door se pukarana hoga to devadatt mean tin sthanoan mean kramashah plut hoga – devadatt, devadatt, devadatt 3.

panini ne vyavahar mean prayukt hone vali vastuoan ke nam siddh karane ke lie sootroan ka nirman kiya hai. in vastuoan ka sambandh shastroan se n hokar lok–sanskriti se hai. udaharanarth– jitana anaj ek khet mean boya jata hai, utane se usaka namakaran panini ne kiya hai. prasthik, draunik tatha kharik adi shabd isi niyam se banate haian. ashtadhyayi mean us samay prachalit aise muhavare ka prayog hai jo sanskrit ko lokabhasha siddh karate haian. vividh prayog ise spasht siddh karate haian. shayyotthanan dhavati–sej se sidhe uthakar dau data hai. arthath shighrata ke karan vah any avashyak karyoan ki paravah kie bina dau data hai.

granth

panini ne poorvacharyoan ke dvara nirdisht prabhoot sanjnaoan ka prayog apane granth mean kiya hai, parantu laghav ke nimitt unhoanne anek svopajn sanjnaean udbhavit ki haian jaise 'ghu' sanjna– dadhaghvadaph, 'gh' sanjna– taratamapau ghah, vriddh sanjna – vriddho yoona gotr sanjna – apatyan pautrapubhriti gotramh.

pathantar

panini ashtadhyayi ke bhi pathantar upalabdh hote haian. in pathantaroan ko tin bhagoan mean baant sakate haian:–

1. kuchh pathantar aise haian, jo panini ke svakiy pravachan–bhed se utpann hue haian. yatha– ubhayatha hyacharyen shishyaah sootran pratipaditaah,
2. vrittikaroan ki vyakhyaoan ke bhed se– kantheviddhibhyah ityanye pathanti,
3. lekhak ke pramad se. yatha– evan chatakadairatyetath sootramasith. idanian pramadath chatakaya iti pathah.

ashtadhyayi aur usake khilapath (dhatupath, ganapath, unadipath) ke vividh pathoan ka sookshm anven karake is nishkarsh par pahuancha jata hai ki achary panini ke panchang vyakaran ka hi trividh path hai– prachy path- ashtadhyayi ke jis path par kashika vritti hai, vah prachy path hai.
audichy path– kshirasvami adi kashmir pradeshiy vidvanoan se ashriyaman sootrapath hai.
dakshinaty– jis path par katyayan ne apane vartik likhe haian, vah dakshinaty path hai.
mahabhashyakar ne ashtadhyayi ka prayojan shisht prayogoan ke jnan ka marg pradarshan karana likha hai – 'shishtaparijnanartha ashtadhyayi'.

paniniy tantr ke khil granth

paniniy sampraday ki athava kisi bhi vyakaran sampraday ki samagrata ke hetu paanch aangoan se yukt hona nitant avashyak hota hai. isalie sampoorn vyakaran ko panchang vyakaran kaha jata hai. in paanchoan aangoan mean sootrapath to mukhy hi hai, aur usake sahayak athava poorak hone se any aangoan ki bhi upayogita hai. inhian ko khil–granth athava parishisht granth ke nam se pukarate haian– 1. dhatupath, 2. ganapath, 3. unadipath, 4. linganushasan.

ashtakan ganapathashch dhatupathastathaiv ch.
linganushasanan shiksha paniniya ami kramath..

dhatupath

panini ka dhatupath paniniy vyakaran ka ek mahattvapoorn aang hai. panini–prokt dhatuoan ki sankhya lagabhag do sahastr hai. ye dhatuean bhvadi–adadi das ganoan mean vibhakt haian. pratyek dhatu ke sath arth–nirdesh kiya gaya hai. pashchatty bhashavettaoan ne paniniy dhatu–path ki prachur mimaansa ki hai.

ganapath

ganapath ashtadhyayi ka ek atyant mahattvapoorn evan avashyak aang hai. paraspar bhinn kintu kisi ek vishay mean samanata rakhane vale shabdoan ko vyakaran ke ek niyam ke antargat lane ke lie achary ji ne ganapath ka kathan kiya. ganapath ke dvara panini ne ashtadhyayi roopi gagar mean gram, janapad, sangh, gotr, charan adi se sambandhit bhaugolik, rajanitik aur saanskritik samagri ka sagar bhar diya hai. vyakaran niyamoan ki rachana mean sahayak ganapath ki shaili panini ke hathoan mean saanskritik samagri ka bhandar ban gee. kuchh gan to aise the jinaka panini ke dvara hi poora path ek bar mean de diya gaya tha. ye pathit gan kahalae. gotr aur sthan–namoan ki ganasoochiyaan isi prakar ki haian. doosare gan akritigan kahalae. in akritiganoan ke dvar bhasha mean utpann hone vale ne–ne shabdoan ke lie sarvatha khule hue the. ganapath ki is visheshata ke karan ne–ne shabd panini–shastr ke anushasan mean ate rahe haian aur bhi yah ek jita–jagata shastr bana hua hai.

unadi sootr

vyakaran shastr ke anusar shabd do prakar ke hote haian– roodh tatha yaugik. roodh avyutpann hote haian, arthath unaki vyutpatti kisi dhatu se nahian dikhaee ja sakati. yaugik shabd dhatu se nishpann hote haian, isalie ve vyutpann hote haian. unadi sootr pratyek shabd ki sadhuta pratyay ke yog se siddh karate haian. phalatah unaki drishti mean koee shabd avyutpann nahian hai, arthath dhatu–vishesh se unaki siddhi avashy dikhaee ja sakati hai. in sootroan mean arambhik sootr unh pratyay ka vidhan karata hai. kri–va–pa–jimi–svad–sadhyashoobhyan unh – is pratyay ke adim hone ke karan yah samast pratyay–samuchchay unadi ke nam se prakhyat hai. pratyek vyakaran–sampraday ka unadi avibhajy tatha avashyak aang hai. paniniy sampraday mean unadi ke dvividh roop mean milate haian–

1. panchapadi,
2. dashapadi.

panchapadi paanch padoan mean vibhakt hai aur sootroan ki poori sankhya 759 hai; dashapadi dashapadoan mean vibhakt hai, aur sootroan ki sankhya 727 hai.

linganushasan

sanskrit mean lingoan ka nirdharan karana kathin hai. stribodhak hone vala dar shabd punllig hai aur kalatr napuansak hai. purush–suhridh vachak hone par bhi mitr napuansak hai, shatruvachak 'amitr' pulling hai. isi kathinaee ko door karane ke lie achary ji ne lianganushasan ki rachana ki. vyadi hi lianganushasan ke sarvapratham sarvaprachin granthakar haian. panini ka lianganushasan sootratmak hai. samagr sootroan ki sankhya 188 hai. isamean paanch adhikar haian– stri adhikar, pulliang adhikar, napuansak adhikar, puannapuansak adhikar. paniniy lianganushasan ke pravakta svayan sootrakar panini hi haian. linganushasan ka 30vaan sootr hai– 'aph–sumanash–sama–varshanaan bahutvamh'. isamean nity bahuvachanant striliang shabdoan ka pariganan hai. ye shabd haian– ap, sumanas, sama, sikata tatha varsha.

paribhasha path

paribhasha kisi bhi vyakaran–shasan ka anivary aang hai. paribhasha ka lakshan hai– 'aniyame niyamakarini paribhasha'. samanyatah paribhasha do prakar ki hoti haiah ek to paniniy ashtadhyayi mean sootraroop se gathit hai, kyoanki panini ke anek sootr 'paribhasha–sootr' ke nam se vikhyat haian. doosare prakar ki paribhashaean ve haian jo ya to kisi sootr se jnapit hoti haian (jnapakasiddha), athava lok mean prachalit nyay ka anugaman karati haian (nyayasiddha paribhasha).

phit–sootrapath

paniniy sampraday mean phith ka apana mahattv hai. phitsootr sankhya mean 87 haian aur char padoan mean vibhakt haian. 'phith' shabd ka prathama ekavachan hai. 'arthavadadhaturapratyayah pratipadakimh' tatha 'krittaddhitasamasashch' in sootroan ke dvara arthavanh mool shabd ki pratipadik sanjna paniniy mat mean vihit hai. samany riti se kah sakate haian ki suph vibhakti ke yog se pahale arthavanh shabd ka jo mool svaroop rahata hai, jaise– ram, hari, go, bhanu adi vahi pratipadik hai. aur yahi pratipadik 'phith' ke nam se is tantr mean prakhyat hai. phith–sootr–path ke 87 sootroan mean shabdoan ke svar sanchar par vichar hai. in sootroan ki avashyakata to shabdoan ke avyutpann manane ke avasar par ati hai. 'avyutpannani pratipadikani' paniniy mat ka ek bahucharchit paksh hai. vidvanoan ke anusar phith sootroan ke pravakta achary shantanu haian. shantanu–pranit hone se hi ye sootr shantanav nam se prakhyat haian. shantanu achary dvara pranit in sootroan ko paniniy sampraday bhi apane shastr ka upadey aang manata hai.

panini ne sanskrit bhasha ko ek alaukik evan adbhut shastr pradan kiya. is shastr ke vidhi vidhan panini ne atyant vichar poorvak sthir kie the. vivadaspad matoan ke bich panini samanvay aur santulan ka madhyamarg svikar karate haian. panini ke kal mean vyakaran–sambandhi anek mat–matantar prachalit the. udaharanarth– vyakaran mean svabhavik ya prachalit sanjna uchit hai ya kritrim sanjna, shabd ka arth jati hai ya vyakti, anukaranatmak shabdoan ka astitv hai ya nahian, upasarg vachak hai sa dyotak, dhatu ka arth kriya hai ya bhav, shabd vyutpann hote haian ya avyutpann adi. panini inamean se kisi bhi ek mat ka nirakaran nahian karate, apitu ve inake samanvay ka marh svikar karate haian. samast ashtadhyayi mean samanvayatmak aur santulit drishti ki pradhanata hai. is karan yah shastr itani vishal shabd–samagri ko sametane, navin shabd–bhandar ko apane mean sthan dene aur sootrabaddh karane mean saphal hua. isi karan ise lok mean itani adhik pratishtha prapt huee aur panini ka nam bachche–bachche tak pahuanch gaya – 'akumaran yashah panineah'.

ne darshanikoan ka samarthan

panini ke pashchath jo usake tikakar hue unhoanne shabdadvait arthath sphotavad ke nam se ne darshanik mat ka samarthan kiya hai. panini mean usaka nirdesh atyant aspasht roop se bhi upalabdh nahian hota hai. poorvacharyoan ke nam nirdesh anek sthanoan par panini ne kie haian. ek achary 'sphotayan' ka namollekh 'avan sphotayanasy' sootr mean hai. usamean sphot shabd ka ullekh matr hai, jo sphot siddhaant panini se anek shatabdiyoan ke pashchath bhartuhari adi vaiyakaranoan ne svikrit aur samarthit kiya hai, usaka svalp matr sambandh bhi panini ke sootroan mean jnat nahian hota hai. 'sphotayan' achary ke nam nirdesh se yah sphot siddhaant sootrakar panini ko sanmat athava kam se kam jnat to avashy tha, aisa anuman anek prachin vidvanh karate haian, phir vah tark sanmat nahian hai.

sphot siddhaant panini ke pashchath anek shatabdiyoan ke vyatit hone ke bad ek vishesh paristhiti ke karan tikakar vidvanoan ne naya hi pratipadit aur samarthit kiya hai, aisa adhunik vidvanoan ka mat hai aur vahi mat yuktiyukt arthath svikaraniy hai. varn samooh se vyakt hone vali varnasamoohatirikt sphot namak svatantr vastu sootrakar panini ko sarvatha ajnat hi thi. sanmat thi ya nahian, yah prashn utpann hi nahian hota.

sankshep mean, panini rrishi poornh vastavavadi tha aur tatkalin lok bhasha aur shastriy bhasha, donoan varnanatmak vyakaran usane racha. is vishay mean vah poorn yashasvi aur adarsh vyakaranakar tha. yah nishchit roop se manana p dega.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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tika tippani aur sandarbh

1. REDIRECT saancha:tippanisoochi

sanbandhit lekh

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