प्रत्यय
pratyay= prati (sath mean par bad mean)+ ay (chalanevala) shabd ka arth hai,pichhe chalana. jo shabdaansh shabdoan ke aant mean visheshata ya parivartan la dete haian, ve pratyay kahalate haian. jaise- dayalu= daya shabd ke aant mean alu ju dane se arth mean visheshata a gee hai. atah yahaan 'aloo' shabdaansh pratyay hai. pratyayoan ka apana arth kuchh bhi nahian hota aur n hi inaka prayog svatantr roop se kiya jata hai. pratyay ke do bhed haian-
- krith pratyay:- ve pratyay jo dhatu mean jo de jate haian, krit pratyay kahalate haian. krith pratyay se bane shabd kridant (krith+aant) shabd kahalate haian. jaise- lekhh + ak = lekhak. yahaan ak krith pratyay hai, tatha lekhak kridant shabd hai.
- taddhit pratyay:- ve pratyay jo dhatu ko chho dakar any shabdoan-sanjna, sarvanam v visheshan-mean ju date haian, taddhit pratyay kahalate haian. taddhit pratyay se bane shabd taddhitaant shabd kahalate haian. jaise- seth + ani = sethani. yahaan ani taddhit pratyay haian tatha sethani taddhitaant shabd hai.
krith pratyay
| kram | pratyay | mool shabd\dhatu | udaharan |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ak | lekhh, pathh, kri, gai | lekhak, pathak, karak, gayak |
| 2 | an | palh, sahh, ne, charh | palan, sahan, nayan, charan |
| 3 | ana | ghath, tulh, vandh, vidh | ghatana, tulana, vandana, vedana |
| 4 | aniy | manh, ramh, drishh, poojh, shru | mananiy, ramaniy, darshaniy, poojaniy, shravaniy |
| 5 | a | sookh, bhool, jag, pooj, ishh, bhikshh | sookha, bhoola, jaga, pooja, ichchha, bhiksha |
| 6 | aee | l d, sil, padh, chadh | l daee, silaee, padhaee, chadhaee |
| 7 | an | u d, mil, dau d | u dan, milan, dau dan |
| 8 | i | har, gir, dasharath, mala | hari, giri, dasharathi, mali |
| 9 | iya | chhal, j d, badh, ghat | chhaliya, j diya, badhiya, ghatiya |
| 10 | it | path, vyatha, phal, pushp | pathit, vyathit, phalit, pushpit |
| 11 | itr | charh, po, khanh | charitr, pavitr, khanitr |
| 12 | iyal | a d, mar, s d | a diyal, mariyal, s diyal |
| 13 | ee | hans, bol, tyajh, ret | hansi, boli, tyagi, reti |
| 14 | uk | ichchhh, bhikshh | ichchhuk, bhikshuk |
| 15 | tavy | kri, vachh | kartavy, vaktavy |
| 16 | ta | a, ja, bah, mar, ga | ata, jata, bahata, marata, gata |
| 17 | ti | a, pri, shakh, bhaj | ati, priti, shakti, bhakti |
| 18 | te | ja, kha | jate, khate |
| 19 | tr | any, sarv, ash | anyatr, sarvatr, astr |
| 20 | n | krand, vand, mand, khidh, bel, le | krandan, vandan, mandan, khinn, belan, len |
| 21 | na | padh, likh, bel, ga | padhana, likhana, belana, gana |
| 22 | m | da, dha | dam, dham |
| 23 , | y | gadh, padh, kri, pandit, pashchath, danth, oshthh | gady, pady, krity, pandity, pashchaty, danty, oshthy |
| 24 | ya | mrig, vidh | mrigaya, vidya |
| 25 | roo | ge | geroo |
| 26 | vala | dena, ana, padhana | denevala, anevala, padhanevala |
| 27 | aiya\vaiya | rakh, bach, daant\ga, kha | rakhaiya, bachaiya, dataiya, gavaiya, khavaiya |
| 28 | har | hona, rakhana, khevana | honahar, rakhanahar, khevanahar |
- 2 taddhit pratyay
kram pratyay shabd udaharan (1)- ai pachhatana, jagana pachhatai, jagai (2)- ain pandit, thakur, panditain, thakurain (3)- aee pandit, thakur, l d, chatur, chau da, panditaee, thakuraee, l daee, chaturaee, chau daee (4)- ani seth, naukar, math sethani, naukarani, mathani (5)- ayat bahut, panch, apana bahutayat, panchayat, apanayat (6)- ar/ara loha, sona, doodh, gaanv lohar, sunar, doodhar, ganvar (7)- ahat chikana, ghabara,chill, k dava, chikanahat, ghabarahat, chillahat, k davahat (8)- il phen, koot, tandr, jata, pank, svapn, dhoom, phenil, kutil,tandril, jatil, pankil, svapnil, dhoomil, (9)- ishth kanh, varh, guru, bal kanishth, varishth, garishth, balishth, (10)- ee sundar, bol, paksh, khet, dholak, tel, dehat sundari, boli, pakshi, kheti, dholaki, teli, dehati (11)- een gram, kul gramin, kulin (12)- eey bhavath, bharat, panini, rashtr bhavadiy, bharatiy, paniniy, rashtriy (13)- e bachcha, lekha, l daka bachche, lekhe, l dake (14)- ey atithi, atri, kuanti, purush, radha atithey, atrey, kauantey, paurushey, radhey (15)- el phul, nak phulel, nakel (16)- ait daka, lathi dakait, lathait (17)- era/aira aandh, saanp, bahut, mama, kaansa, lut aandhera, sanpera, bahutera, mamera, kasera, lutera (18)- ola khat, pat, saanp khatola, patola, sanpola (19)- auti bap, thakur, man bapauti, thakarauti, manauti, (20)- auta billa, kajar bilauta, kajarauta (21)- k dham, cham, baith, bal, darsh, dhol dhamak, chamak, baithak, balak, darshak, dholak (22)- kar vishesh, khas visheshakar, khasakar (23)- ka khat, jhat khataka, jhataka (24)- ja bhrata, do bhatija, dooja (25)- da, di, cham, bachha, pankh, taang kram pratyay shabd udaharan
(26)- t rang sang, khap rangat, sangat,khapat
(27)- tan ady adyatan
(28)- tar guru, shreshth gurutar, shreshthatar (29)- tah aansh, sv aanshatah svatah
(30)- ti kam, badh chadh kamati, badhati, chadhati
(31)- dha anek, bahu, shath anekadha, bahudha, shatadha
(32)- pan l daka, bachcha, kala, l dakapan, bachapan, kalapan,
dhimapan
(33)- pa boodha, mota, budhapa, motapa
(34)- matr lesh, ranch leshamatr, ranchamatr
(35)- y gram, pandit, madhur, diti, muni, gramy, paandity, madhury, daity, maun
(36)- l shit, shyam, vats, maans shital, shyamal, vatsal maansal
(37)- lu daya, kripa, nidra, tandra dayalu, kripalu, nidralu, tandralu
(38)- v raghu, laghu raghav, laghav
(39)- vath matri, putr, yath matrivath, putravath, yavath,
(40)- vanh dhan, gun dhanavan, gunavan
(41)- val pali, braj palival, brajapal
(42)- vaan paanch, ath paanchavaan, athavaan
(43)- vi tapas, medha, maya, lakhanoo, tapasvi, medhavi, mayavi, lakhanavi
(44)- shah kram, akshar kramashah, aksharashah
(45)- s vay, sar, gham vayas, saras, ghamas
(46)- sa ai, vai, mara aisa, vaisa, mara-sa
(47)- sara do, tin doosara, tisara
(48)- soan par, tar parasoan, tarasoan
(49)- hara sona, do sunahara, duhara
(50)- hara pani, lak di panihara, lak dahara
(7)* pratyayoan ke poorvokt vargikaran (krith v taddhit) ko kee bhashavidh uchit nahian manate haian kyoanki hindi mean kee pratyay aise haian jo roopoan mean ate haian arthath dhatu mean bhi ju date haian aur sanjna adi shabdoan mean bhi ju date haian, jaise-
era - lut + era (krith pratyay) = lutera
chacha + era (taddhit pratyay) = chachera
aee - padh + aee (krith pratyay) = padhaee
bhala + aee (taddhit pratyay) = bhalaee
ni - katar + ni (krith pratyay) = katarani
ooant + ni (taddhit pratyay) = ooantani
(8)* ye bhashavidh pratyayoan ke vargikaran ke lie aitihasik adhar ko uchit thaharate haian.
(9)* itihas ya strot ke adhar par hindi pratyayoan ko char vargoan mean vibhajit kiya jata hai.
(1)- tatsam pratyay (2)- tadbhav pratyay (3)- deshaj pratyay (4)- videshaj pratyay.
(1)- tatsam pratyay
kram pratyay bodhak/arth udaharan
(1)- a stri0 pratyay, bhavavachak sanjna pratyay adaraniya, priya, mananiya, suta, ichchha, pooja
(2)- ani stri0 pratyay devarani, bhavani, mehatarani
(3)- alu visheshan pratyay, vala kripalu, dayalu, nidralu, shraddhalu
(4)- it visheshan pratyay, yukt pallavit, pushpit, phalit, harshit
(5)- ima bhavavachak sanjna pratyay garima, nilima, madhurima, mahima
(6) - ik visheshan v sanjna pratyay dainik, vaijnanik, vaidik, laukik
(7)- k svarthe, samooh ghatak, thandhak, shatak, saptak
(8)- kar likhane ya banane, vala patrakar, janakar
(9)- j janma hua aandaj, jalaj, pankaj, piandaj, deshaj, videshaj
(10)- jivi jinevala parajivi, buddhijivi, laghujivi, dirghajivi
(11)- jn jananevala ajn, marmajn, vijn, sarvajn
(12)- tah kriyavisheshan pratyay aanshatah vastutah svatah samanyatah
(13)- taya kriya visheshan pratyay mukhyataya, visheshataya, samanyataya
(14)- tar tulana bodhak pratyay uchchatar, nimnatar, sundaratar, shreshthatar
(15)- tam sarvadhikata bodhak pratyay uchchatam, nikrishtatam, mahattam, laghutam
(16)- ta bhavavachak sanjna pratyay navinata, madhurata, sundarata
(17)- tv bhavavachak sanjna pratyay krititv, mamatv, mahatv, satitv
(18)- manh visheshan vachak pratyay vidyaman, sevyaman, buddhiman
(19)- vanh vala balavan, roopavan
(2)* tadbhav pratyay
kram pratyay bodhak/arth udaharan
(1)- aang d vala batang d
(2)- aantoo vala ratantoo, ghumantoo
(3)- at sanjna pratyay khapat, padhat, rangat, likhat
(4)- aandh sanjna pratyay bishaandh, s daandh,
(5)- a achchha, gho da, b da, l daka
(6)- aee vala kathinaee, buraee, saphaee,
(7)- aoo vala khaoo, tikaoo, panditaoo, bikaoo,
(8)- ap/apa bhavavachak pratyay milap, apanapa pujapa, budhapa, randapa
(9)- ar/ara ari karanevala kumhar, luhar, chamar, ghasiyara, pujari bhikhari
(10)- aloo karanevala jhag daloo, dayalu
(11)- avat bhavavachak pratyay kasavat, banavat, binavat, likhavat, sajavat
(12)- as ichchhavachak pratyay chhapas, pyas, likhas, nikas
(13)- ahat\ ahat bhavavachak pratyay g dag dahat, ghabarahat, , chillahat, bhalamanasahat
(14)- in stri0 pratyay julahin, thakurain, telin, pujarin
(15)- iya vala, laghutv bodhak, stri0 pratyay kanaujiya, parvatiya, bhojapuri, chutiya
chuhiya, dibiya
(16)- ee vala, stri0 pratyay ghamandi, lalachi, ooni, sooti, gho di, l daki, nani, chachi
(17)- eela vala chamakila, patharila, sharmila, hathila
(18)- era vala kansera, chachera, phuphera, bahutera, mamera, luteram
(19)- au da\au di pakau da, muangau da, sev da, rev di
(20)- ja janma hua bhatija, bhaanja, atmaja
(21)- d\r cham da, cham di, bachh da, lang da, loth da
(22)- th ata, khata, jata, sota
(23)- pan bhavavachak pratyay chhutapan, bachapan, b dappan, pagalapan
(24)- l agal, dhuandhala, nichala, pichhala
(25)- vala apanevala, ooparavala, khanevala, janevala, taangevala,
lalavala
(3)* deshaj pratyay
kram pratyay bodhak\arth udaharan
(1)- akk d vala ghumakk d, piyakk d, bhulakk d
(2)- a d aandh d, bhukkh d
(3)- ak chatak, dh dak, dh daka, dhamaka, phataka
(4)- ata kharrata, pharrata
(5)- iyal vala a diyal, dadhiyal, s diyal
(4)* videshaj\videshi pratyay
(1)-arabi-farasi pratyay
kram pratyay bodhak\arth udaharan
(1)- a bhavavachak safeda, kharaba
(2)- ana bhavavachak, visheshan vachak zurmana, dastana, mardana, mastana, janana
(3)- ani sanbandhavachak jismani, barfani, roohani
(4)- iyat bhavavachak aangreziyat, asaliyat, adamiyat, iansaniyat,khairiyat
(5)- kar karanevala kashtakar, dastakar, salahakar, peshakar
(6)- khor khanevala gamakhor, ghoosakhor,
(7)- gar\gari\giri karanevala karigar, kimiyagar, bazigar, jadoogari, kuligiri, baboogiri
(8)- gar karanevala parahezagar, madadagar, yadagar, rozagar
(9)- gah sthanavachak eedagah, charagah, bandaragah
(10)- gi bhavavachak sanjna pratyay gandagi, jindagi, bandagi
(11)- cha\chi vala degacha, bagicha, ilayachi, dolachi sandookachi, babarachi
(12)- zad\zada\zadi janm adamazad, haramazada, shahazada, shahazadi
(13)- daan janane vala urdoodaan, kadradaan, kanoonadaan
(14)- dan\dani sthiti vachak, adhar itradan, kalamadan, pikadan, goandadani, chayadani
(15)- dar vala eemanadar, karjadar, dookanadar, maladar, phaujadar
(16)- nak vala khataranak, khauphanak, dardanak, sharmanak
(17)- baz\ bazi vala chalabaz, dhokhebaz, mukadamebaz, chalabazi, dhokhebaz, mukadamebazi
(18)- ban vala daraban, bagaban, mejaban
(19)- mand vala aklamand, jarooratamand, daulatamand
(20)- saj vala gh disaj
(2)* aangrezi pratyay
kram pratyay bodhak\arth udaharan
(1)- ijm vad\mat kamyunijm, buddhijm, soshalijm, marksijm
(2)- ist vadi\ vyakti kamyunist, buddhist, marksist, soshalist,
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tika tippani aur sandarbh