ब्राह्मण

brahman
brahman|200px|center
vivaran	'brahman' bharatiy samaj mean varn vyavastha ka mahattvapoorn hissa haian. brahman varn ab hindoo samaj ki ek jati bhi hai.
any nam	'vipr', 'dvij', 'dvijottam' ya 'bhoosur'
adhikar	archa, dan, ajeyata, avadhyata
kartavy	'brahmany' (vansh ki pavitrata), 'pratiroopacharya' (kartavyapalan), 'lokapakti' (lok ko prabuddh karana)
upajatiyaan	tyagi, bajapeyi, bhoomihar, mahiyal, galav, anavil, chitapavan, karve, ayangar, hegade, nanboodiri, ayangar, ayyar, niyogi, das, mishr, gau d, sarasvat, kanyakubj, maithil, utkal.
sanbandhit lekh	varn vyavastha, hindoo dharm, brahman granth, brahman sahity, brahman granthoan ke bhashyakar
any janakari	samavediy brahman granthoan mean tandy brahman sabase adhik prasiddh haian. isamean pachchis adhyay haian. isalie yah 'pancharvish brahman' bhi kahalate haian. jin brahmanoan ke baithane se brahmabhoj ki pankti dooshit samajhi jati hai, unako 'panktidooshan' kaha jata hai.

brahman bharat mean aryoan ki samaj vh‍yavash‍tha arthath varn vyavastha ka sabase oopar ka varn hai. bharat ke samajik badalav ke itihas mean jab bharatiy samaj ko hindoo ke roop mean sanbodhit kiya jane laga, tab brahman varn, jati mean bhi pari‍vartit ho gaya. brahman varn ab hindoo samaj ki ek jati bhi hai. brahman ko 'vipr', 'dvij', 'dvijottam' ya 'bhoosur' bhi kaha jata hai.

itihas

brahman samaj ka itihas prachin bharat ke vaidik dharm se aranbh hota hai. 'manusmriti' ke anusar aryavart vaidik logoan ki bhoomi hai. brahman vyavahar ka mukhy srot ved haian. brahmanoan ke sabhi sampraday vedoan se prerana lete haian. paranparik taur par yah vishvas hai ki ved 'apaurushey' tatha anadi haian, balki anadi saty ka prakaty hai, jinaki vaidhata shashvat hai. vedoan ko shruti mana jata hai dharmik v saanskॄtik ritiyoan evan vyavahar mean vividhataoan ke karan aur vibhinn vaidik vidyalayoan ke unake sanbandh ke chalate, brahman samaj vibhinn upajatiyoan mean vibhajit hai. sootr kal mean, lagabhag 1000 ee. poo. se 200 ee. poo. vaidik aangikaran ke adhar par, brahman vibhinn shakhaoan mean batane lage. pratishthit vidvanoan ke netॄtv mean, ek hi ved ki vibhinn namoan ki prithak-prithakh shakhaean banane lagian. in pratishthit rrishiyoan ki shikshaoan ko 'sootr' kaha jata hai. pratyek ved ka apana sootr hai. samajik, naitik tatha shastranukool niyamoan vale sootroan ko 'dharmasootr' kahate haian , anushthanik valoan ko 'shrautasootr' tatha ghareloo vidhishastroan ki vyakhya karane valoan ko 'grihasootr' kaha jata hai. sootr samanyataya pady ya mishrit gady-pady mean likhe hue haian.thumb|left|brahman ardhy dete hue

vyakhya

brahm = ved ka pathak athava brahm = paramatma ka jnata. rrigved ki apeksha any sanhitaoan mean yah sadharan prayog ka shabd ho gaya tha, jisaka arth purohit hai. rrigved ke 'purushasookt' (10.90) mean varnoan ke char vibhajan ke sandarbh mean isaka jati ke arth mean prayog hua hai. vaidik granthoan mean yah varn kshatriyoan se ooancha mana gaya hai. rajasooy yajn mean brahman kshatriy ko kar deta tha, kintu isase shatapath brahman mean varnit brahman ki shreshthata nyoon nahian hoti. is bat ko bar-bar kaha gaya hai ki kshatriy tatha brahman ki ekata se hi sarvagiann unnati ho sakati hai. yah svikar kiya gaya hai ki katipay rajany evan dhanasampann log brahman ko yadi kadachit dabane mean samarth hue haian, to unaka sarvanash bhi shighr hi ghatit hua hai. brahman prithvi ke devata ('bhoosur') kahe gaye hai, jaise ki svarg ke devata hote haian. aitarey brahman mean brahman ko dan lene vala (adayi) tatha som pine vala (apayi) kaha gaya hai. usake do any virood 'avasayi' tatha 'yathakam-prayapy' ka arth aspasht hai. pahale ka arth sab sthanoan mean rahane vala tatha doosare ka anand se ghoomane vala ho sakata hai.

panini kal mean brahman

katyayan ne char varnoan ke bhav ya karm ko chaturvarny kaha hai. anupoorvi kram se charoan varnoan ke liye 'brahmanakshatriyavith shoodra:' yah samast pad prayukt hota tha. panini ne 'brahmanh' aur 'brahman' donoan shabdoan ko paryay roop mean prayukt kiya hai. brahmanh ke lie hitakari is arth mean brahmany pad banata tha. patanjali ne isaka arth 'brahmanebhy: hitamh' kiya hai. unaka kahana hai ki brahmanh aur brahman paryayavachi haian., kiantu yath pratyay brahman shabd se hi hota hai, brahman se nahian. jnat hota hai ki panini-kal mean brahman shabd brahmanochit adhyatmik gun-sampatti ke lie prayukt hota tha aur brahman janm par ashrit jati ke lie. brahman ke bhav (adarsh) aur karm (achar) ke liye brahmany pad siddh kiya gaya hai. nam matr ke acharahin brahman 'brahmabandhu' kahalate the. aitarey brahman, chhandogy upanishad, shrautasootr evan grihyasootroan mean 'brahmabandhu' shabd paya jata haian. sootr 6.3.44 ki kashika vritti mean udahrit 'brahmabandhutar' aur 'brahmabandhutam' prayog batate haian ki 'brahmabandhu' pad ke pichhe kutsa parak vyangy ki kee kotiyaan thian. panini ke samay mean keval jati ka abhiman karane vale karm-vihin brahmanoan ke lie brahmabandhu ki tarah 'brahmanajatiy' yah naya visheshan bhi prachalit ho gaya tha.

janapadoan ke anusar brahmanoan ke nam

'brahmano janapadakhyayaan' sootr se jnat hota hai ki bhinn-bhinn deshoan mean bas jane ke karan brahmanoan ke alag-alag namoan ki pratha chal p di thi. kanboj janapad se lekar kaliang-ashmak-kachchh-sauvir janapadoan tak phaile hue vistrit pradesh mean brahman phail chuke the. svabhavat: prithakh-prithakh bhookhandoan ke anusar unake alag nam bhi p de hoange. kashika mean surashtr brahm (=surashtreshu brahm) aur avanti brahma (= avantishu brahma) ye do udaharan haian. avantibrahm malav brahmanoan ke poorvavarti the, kyoanki ujjayini ke sath shabd ka sambandh gupt kal ke lagabhag arambh hua. isi prakar gujarati aur kachchhi brahmanoan ke poorvavarti surashtr ke brahman rahe hoange. janapadoan ke anusar nam p dane ke karan brahmanoan ke panchagau d aur panchadravi d do mukhy bhed kalaantar mean prasiddh hue.

buddh tatha mahavir ka kathan

n jatahi n gottehi n jachcha hoti brahmano.
yamhi sachchan ch dhammo ch so suchi so ch brahmano॥

arthath bhagavan buddh kahate haian ki "brahman n to jata se hota hai, n gotr se aur n janm se. jisamean saty hai, dharm hai aur jo pavitr hai, vahi brahman hai. kamal ke patte par jal aur are ki nok par sarasoan ki tarah jo vishay-bhogoan mean lipt nahian hota, maian use hi brahman kahata hooan." thumb|brahman

tasapane viyanetta sangahen y thavare.
jo n hiansi tivihen tan vayan boom mahanan॥

arthat mahavir svami kahate haian ki "jo is bat ko janata hai ki kaun prani tras hai, kaun sthavar hai. aur man, vachan aur kaya se kisi bhi jiv ki hiansa nahian karata, usi ko ham brahman kahate haian."

n vi muandien samano n oankaren banbhano.
n muni rannavasenan kusachiren n tavaso॥

arthath mahavir svami kahate haian ki "sir muanda lene se hi koee shraman nahian ban jata. 'oankar' ka jap kar lene se hi koee brahman nahian ban jata. keval jangal mean jakar bas jane se hi koee muni nahian ban jata. valkal vastr pahan lene se hi koee tapasvi nahian ban jata."

shanakaistu kriyalopadinaah kshatriy jatayah.
vrishalatvan gata loke brahmana darshanen ch॥
paundrakashachaundradravidaah kambojaah bhavanaah shakaah .
paradaah pahalvashchinaah kirataah daradaah khashaah॥

arthath brahmanatv ki upalabdhi ko prapt n hone ke karan us kriya ka lop hone se pondr, chaundr, dravi d, kamboj, bhavan, shak, parad, pahalav, chini kirat, darad v khash ye sabhi kshatriy jatiyaan dhire-dhire shoodratv ko prapt ho geean.

adhikar tatha kartavy

shatapath brahman mean brahman ke kartavyoan ki charcha karate hue usake adhikar is prakar kahe gaye haian-

1. archa
2. dan
3. ajeyata
4. avadhyata

• brahman ke kartavy is prakar haian-

1. 'brahmany' (vansh ki pavitrata)
2. 'pratiroopacharya' (kartavyapalan)
3. 'lokapakti' (lok ko prabuddh karana)

• brahman svayan ko hi sanskrit karake vishram nahian leta tha, apitu doosaroan ko bhi apane gunoan ka dan achary athava purohit ke roop mean karata tha.
• acharyapad se brahman ka apane putr ko adhyay tatha yajnik kriyaoan mean nipun karana ek vishesh kary tha.
• upanishad granthoan mean aruni evan shvetaketu tatha varun evan bhrigu ka udaharan hai.
• achary ke anekoan shishy hote the tatha unhean vah dharmik tatha samajik prerana se padhane ko badhy hota tha. use pratyek jnan apane chhatroan par prakat karana p data tha. isi karan kabhi kabhi chhatr achary ko apane mean parivartit kar dete the, arthath achary ke saman pad prapt kar lete the. adhyayan kal tatha shikshan pranali ka sootroan mean vivaran prapt hota hai.
• purohit ke roop mean brahman mahayajnoan ko karata tha. sadharan grihriyajn bina usaki sahayata ke bhi ho sakate the, kintu mahattvapoorn kriyaean (shraut) usake bina nahian sampann hoti thian. kriyaoan ke vidhivat kiye jane par jo dharmik labh hota tha, usamean dakshina ke atirikt purohit yajaman ka sajhedar hota tha. purohit ka sthan sadharan dharmik ki apeksha samajik bhi hota tha. vah raja ke any vyaktigat karyoan mean bhi usaka pratinidhi hota tha. rajaniti mean usaka b da hath rahane laga tha.

smriti granthoan ka ullekh

thumb|brahman smriti granthoan mean brahmanoan ke mukhy chh: kartavy (shatkarm) bataye gaye haian-

1. pathan
2. pathan
3. yajan
4. yajan
5. dan
6. pratigrah

inamean pathan, yajan aur dan samany tatha pathan, yajan tatha pratigrah vishesh kartavy haian. apaddharm ke roop mean any vyavasay se bhi brahman nirvah kar sakata tha, kintu smritiyoan ne bahut se pratibandh lagakar lobh aur hiansavale kary usake lie varjit kar rakhe haian. gau d athava lakshanavati ka raja adisoor ne brahman dharm ko punarujjivit karane ka prayas kiya, jahaan par bauddh dharm chhaya hua tha.

vargikaran

is samay desh bhed ke anusar brahmanoan ke do b de vibhag haian-

1. panchagaud
2. panchadravin

thumb|left|brahman pashchim mean afaganistan ka gor desh, panjab, jisamean kurukshetr sammilit hai, goanda-basti janapad, prayag ke dakshin v asapas ka pradesh, pashchim bangal, ye paanchoan pradesh kisi n kisi samay par gau d kahe jate rahe. inhian paanchoan pradeshoan ke nam par sambhavat: samoohik nam 'panch gau d' p da. adi gau doan ka udgam kurukshetr hai. is pradesh ke brahman visheshat: gau d kahalaye. kashmir aur panjab ke brahman sarasvat, kannauj ke as-pas ke brahman kanyakubj, mithila ke brahman maithil tatha utkal ke brahman utkal kahalaye. narmada ke dakshinasth andhr, dravi d, karnatak, maharashtr aur gurjar, inhean 'panch dravid' kaha gaya hai. vahaan ke brahman inhian paanch namoan se prasiddh haian.

antarvibhag

uparyukt dasoan ke anek antarvibhag haian. ye sabhi ya to sthanoan ke nam se prasiddh hue, ya vansh ke kisi poorv purush ke nam se prakhyat, athava kisi vishesh padavi, vidya ya gun ke karan namadhari hue. b danagara, vishanagara, bhatanagar, nagar, mathur, moolagaanvakar ityadi sthanavachak nam haian. vansh ke poorv purush ke nam, jaise- sanyal (shandily), narad, vashishth, kaushik, bharadvaj, kashyap, gobhil ye nam vansh ya gotr ke soochak haian. padavi ke nam, jaise- 'chakravartti vandyopadhyay', 'mukhyopadhyay', 'bhatt', 'phadanavis', 'kulakarni', 'rajabhatt', 'joshi' (jyotishi), 'deshapande' ityadi. vidya ke nam, jaise- 'chaturvedi', 'trivedi', 'shastri', 'pandey', 'vyas', 'dvivedi' ityadi. karm ya gun ke nam, jaise- 'dikshit', 'sanadhay', 'sukul', 'adhikari', 'vastavy', 'yajak', 'yajnik', 'naigam', 'achary', 'bhattachary' ityadi.

brahmanoan ko sampoorn bharatavarsh mean vibhinn upanamoan se jana jata hai, jaise- poorvi uttar pradesh, pashchimi uttar pradesh, uttaraanchal, dilli, hariyana v rajasthan ke kuchh bhagoan mean tyagi, avadh (madhy uttar pradesh) tatha madhy pradesh mean bajapeyi, bihar v bangal mean bhoomihar, jammoo kashmir, panjab v hariyana ke kuchh bhagoan mean mahiyal, madhy pradesh v rajasthan mean galav, gujarat mean anavil, maharashtr mean chitapavan evan karve, karnatak mean ayangar evan hegade, keral mean namboodaripad, tamilanadu mean ayangar evan ayyar, aandhr pradesh mean niyogi evan rav tatha u disa mean das evan mishr adi bihar mean maithil brahman adi.

panktidooshan brahman

mukhy lekh : panktidooshan brahman

• jin brahmanoan ke baithane se brahmabhoj ki pankti dooshit samajhi jati hai, unako panktidooshan kaha jata hai.
• aise logoan ki b di lambi soochi hai.

pancharvish brahman

mukhy lekh : pancharvish brahman

samavediy brahman granthoan mean tandy brahman sabase adhik prasiddh haian. isamean pachchis adhyay haian. isalie yah pancharvish brahman bhi kahalata hai.

bhatapaant

mukhy lekh : bhatapaant

• bhatapaant ek vicharadhara hai. bhatapaant ka arth hai, "ek pankti mean baithakar saman kul ke logoan ke dvara kachcha bhojan karana."
• yah vicharadhara bahut prachin hai.
• puranoan aur smritiyoan mean havy-kavyagrahan ke sambandh mean brahmanoan ki ek pankti mean baithane ki patrata par vistar se vichar hua hai.

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