भारत का भूगोल
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| rashtravaky: "satyamev jayate" (sanskrit) saty hi vijayi hota hai[1] | |||||
| rashtragan: jan gan man | |||||
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| rajadhani | nee dilli 28° 34′ N 77° 12′ E | ||||
| sabase b de nagar | dilli, mumbee, kolakata aur chennee | ||||
| rajabhasha(ean) | hindi sangh ki rajabhasha hai, aangrezi "sahayak rajabhasha" hai. | ||||
| any bhashaean | baangla, gujarati, kann d, malayalam, marathi aur any | ||||
| sarakar prakar | ganarajy draupadi murmoo veankaiya nayadoo om bi dala narendr modi di. vaee. chandrachoo d | ||||
| vidhayika -upari sadan
-nichala sadan |
bharatiy sansad rajy sabha lok sabha | ||||
| svatantrata tithi ganarajy |
sanyukt rajashahi se 15 agast, 1947 26 janavari, 1950 | ||||
| kshetraphal - kul - jaliy (%) |
32,87,263 kimi² (satavaan) 12,22,559 mil² 9.56 | ||||
| janasankhya - 2011 - 2001 janaganana - janasankhya ghanatv |
1,21,01,93,422[2] (dvitiy) 1,02,70,15,248 382[2]/kimi² (27 vaan) 954[3]/ mil² | ||||
| sakal ghareloo utpad (pipipi) - kul - prativyakti |
2012 anuman $4,824 arab[4] $3,944[4] | ||||
| sakal ghareloo utpad (saanketik) - kul - prativyakti |
2012 anuman $1,779 arab[4] $1,454[4] | ||||
| manav vikas sanketaank (echadiaee) | 0.547 (134 vian) – madhyam | ||||
| mudra | bharatiy rupaya 14px (aienar (INR))
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| samay mandal - grishm rritu (delait seviang taim) |
aiesati (IST) (UTC+5:30) anusaran nahian kiya jata (UTC+5:30) | ||||
| iantaranet tieladi | .in | ||||
| vahan chalate haian | baean | ||||
| doorabhash kod | ++91
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any mahatvapoorn janakari
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| simaoan mean sthit desh | uttar pashchim mean afaganistan aur pakistan, uttar mean bhootan aur nepal; poorab mean myaanmar, baangladesh. shrilanka bharat se samudr ke sankirn nahar dvara alag kiya jata hai jo palk stret aur mannar ki kha di dvara nirmit hai. | ||||
| samudr tat | 7,516.6 kilomitar jisamean mukhy bhoomi, lakshadvip aur andaman aur nikobar dvipasamooh shamil haian. | ||||
| jalavayu | sardi (disambar-faravari); garmi (march-joon); dakshin pashchim manasoon ka mausam (joon-sitambar); manasoon pashch mausam (aktoobar-navambar) | ||||
| bhoo-bhag | mukhy bhoomi mean char kshetr haian- gret maunten jon, ganga aur siandhu ka maidan, registan kshetr aur dakshini peniansula. | ||||
| prakritik sansadhan | koyala, lauh ayask, maiganij ayask, maika, b aauksait, petroliyam, taitaniyam ayask, kromait, prakritik gais, maiganesait, choona patthar, arabal lend, dolomait, maoolin, jipsam, apadait, phosaphorait, stitail, phlorait adi. | ||||
| prakritik apada | manasooni badh, phlesh badh, bhookamp, sookha, zamin khisakana. | ||||
| janasankhya vriddhi dar | ausat varshik ghataanki vriddhi dar varsh 2001-2011 ke dauran 1.64 pratishat hai. | ||||
| liang anupat | 1000:940 (2011) | ||||
| dharm | varsh 2001 ki janaganana ke anusar 1,028 miliyan desh ki kul janasankhya mean se 80.5 pratishat ke sath hinduoan ki adhikaanshata hai doosare sthan par 13.4 pratishat ki janasankhya vale muslim isake bad eesaee, sikh, bauddh, jain aur any ate haian. | ||||
| saksharata | 74.04% (2011) purush- 82.14% mahilaean- 65.46% | ||||
| sambhavit jivan dar | 65.8 varsh (purush); 68.1 varsh (mahila)[5] | ||||
| jatiy anupat | sabhi paanch mukhy prakar ki jatiyaan- aaustreliyad, moangol aauyad, yoorop aauyad, kokosin aur nigroid. | ||||
| karyapalika shakha | bharat ka rashtrapati desh ka pradhan hota hai, jabaki pradhanamantri sarakar ka pramukh hota hai aur mantriparishadh ki sahayata se shasan chalata hai jo mantrimandal mantralay ka gathan karate haian. | ||||
| nyayapalika shakha | bharat ka sarvochch nyayalay bharatiy kanoon vyavastha ka shirsh nikay hai isake bad any uchch nyayalay aur adhinasth nyayalay ate haian. | ||||
| any janakari | bharat ka rashtriy dhvaj ayatakar tiranga hai jisamean kesariya oopar hai, bich mean safed, aur barabar bhag mean niche gahara hara hai. safed patti ke kendr mean gahara nila chakr hai jo saranath mean ashok chakr ko darshata hai. | ||||
| bahari k diyaan | bharat ki adhikarik vebasait | ||||
| adyatan | 13:23, 11 navambar 2022 (IST)
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prachin kal mean aryoan ki bharat nam ki shakha dvara himalay parvat ke dakshini bhag ke anaryoan athava aryo ko parajit karake us bhoobhag ka nam bharat shakha ke nam par hi bharatavarsh rakha gaya tatha isake uttar-pashchim mean pravahit hone vali nadi ko sindhu nam diya gaya. kalantar mean eeraniyoan ne ise hindoo tatha desh ko hindustan kaha, jabaki yoonaniyoan ne sindhu nadi ko indas aur us desh ko, jahaan yah nadi pravahit hoti hai. 'indiya' nam diya. vartaman samay mean yahi desh vishv mean 'bharat' evan 'indiya' donoan namoan se jana jata hai. thumb|250px|left|kas pathar bharat ke mukhhy bhoobhag mean char kshetr haian, namat: mahaparvat kshetr, ganga aur siandhu nadi ke maidani kshetr aur marooshthali kshetr aur dakshini prayadvip. himalay ki tin shriankhalaean haian, jo lagabhag samanaantar phaili huee haian. isake bich b de - b de pathar aur ghatiyaan haian, inamean kashmir aur kulloo jaisi kuchh ghatiyaan upajaoo, vishtrit aur prakritik sauandary se bharapoor haian. sansar ki sabase ooanchi chotiyoan mean se kuchh inhhian parvat shriankhalaoan mean haian. adhik ooanchaee ke karan ana -jana keval kuchh hi darroan se ho pata hai, jinamean mukhhy haian -
- chuanbi ghati se hote hue mukhhy bharat-tibbat vhyapar marg par jelepala aur nathula darra
- uttar-poorv darjiliang
- kalhpana (kinhnaur) ke uttar - poorv mean sataluj ghati mean shipaki la darra
parvatiy divar lagabhag 2,400 ki.mi. ki doori tak phaili hai, jo 240 kimi se 320 kimi tak chau di hai. poorv mean bharat tatha myaanmar aur bharat evan baangladesh ke bich mean paha di shriankhalaoan ki ooanchaee bahut kam hai. lagabhag poorv se pashchim tak phaili huee garo, khasi, jaiantiya aur naga pahadiyaan uttar se dakshin tak phaili mizo tatha rakhain pahadiyoan ki shriankhala se ja milati haian.
marushthali kshetr ko do bhagoan mean baanta ja sakata hai b da marushthal kachhchh ke ran ki sima se luni nadi ke uthtari or age tak phaila hua hai. rajasthan siandh ki poori sima isase hokar gujarati hai. chhota marushthal luni se jaisalamer aur jodhapur ke bich uthtari bhoobhag tak phaila hua b de aur chhote marushthal ke bich ka kshetr bilhkul hi banjar hai jisamean choone ke paththar ki parvat mala dvara prithakh kiya hua patharila bhoobhag hai.
parvat samooh aur paha di shriankhalaean jinaki ooanchaee 460 se 1,220 mitar hai, prayadvipiy pathar ko ganga aur siandhu ke maidani kshetroan se alag karati haian. inamean pramukh haian aravali, viandhhy, satapu da, maikala aur ajanhta. is prayadvip ki ek or poorv ghat doosari or pashchimi ghat hai jinaki ooanchaee samanhyat: 915 se 1,220 mitar hai, kuchh shthanoan mean 2,440 mitar se adhik ooanchaee hai. pashchimi ghatoan aur arab sagar ke bich ek sankirn tatavarti patti hai jabaki poorv ghat aur bangal ki kha di ke bich ka vishtrit tatavarti kshetr hai. pathar ka dakshini bhag nilagiri paha diyoan dvara nirmit hai jahaan poorvi aur pashchimi ghat milate haian. isake age ilayachi ki pahadiyaan pashchimi ghat ke vishtaran ke rup mean mani ja sakati haian.
bhoogarbhiy sanrachana
bhoovaijnanik kshetr vhyapak rup se bhautik visheshataoan ka palan karate haian aur inhhean tin kshetroan ke samooh mean rakha ja sakata hai:
- himalay parvat shriankhala aur unake sanbaddh parvat samooh.
- bharat-ganga maidan kshetr.
- prayadvipiy kshetr.
uthtar mean himalay parvat kshetr aur poorv mean nagalushaee parvat, parvat nirman gatividhi ke kshetr hai. is kshetr ka adhikaansh bhag jo vartaman samay mean vishhv ka sarvadhik suandar parvat drishhy prashtut karata hai, 60 karo d varsh pahale samudri kshetr mean tha. 7 karo d varsh pahale shuroo hue parvat-nirman gatividhiyoan ki shriankhala mean talachhatean aur adhar chattanean kafi ooanchaee tak pahuanch gee. aj ham jo in par ubhar dekhate haian, unako uthpanhn karane mean apakshay aur aparadak ne kary kiya. bharat-ganga ke maidani kshetr ek jalodh bhoobhag haian jo dakshin ke prayadvip se uthtar mean himachal ko alag karate haian.
prayadvip sapeksh sthirata aur kabhi-kabhar bhookanpiy pareshaniyoan ka kshetr hai. 380 karo d varsh pahale ke praranbhik kal ki athyadhik kayaantarit chattanean is kshetr mean payi jati haian, baqi kshetr goandavana ke tatavarti kshetr se ghira hai, dakshin mean sidhidar rachana aur chhoti talachhatean lava ke pravah se nirmit haian.
bhaugolik sthiti
prithvi ke uttari golarddh mean 804‘ uttari akshaansh 3706 uttari akshaansh tatha 6807‘ poorvi deshantar se 97025‘ poorvi deshantar ke bich 32,87,782 varg kimi kshetraphal par vistrit bharat hind mahasagar ke uttari mean sthit hai. is prakar isaka akshaanshiy tatha deshantariy vistar lagabhag 300 hai. bharat ki mukhy bhoomi se door aandaman evan nikobar dvip samooh ka dakshinatam bindu 'indira pvaiant' 6030‘ uttari akshaansh par gret nikobar mean sthit hai.
8201/2 poorvi deshantar isake lagabhag madhy se hokar gujarati hai, jo ki desh ka manak samay bhi hai. poorv se pashchim tak isaki lambaee 2,933 kimi tatha uttar se dakshin tak lambaee 3,214 kimi hai. isaki sthaliy sima ki lambaee 15,200 kimi tatha dvip sahit jaliy sima ki lambaee 7516,6 kimi hai. mukhy dharataliy bhag ki samudri sima ki lambaee 6100 kimi hai. yadi aandaman-nikobar tatha lakshadvip dvip samoohoan ko bhi sammilit kiya jae to bharat ki tatiy sima 7516.6 kimi ho jati hai. kshetraphal ki drishti se bharat vishv ka satavaan b da desh hai. isase b de 6 desh haian - roos, kanada, chin, sanyukt rajy amarika, brajil tatha astreliya. isake viparit bharat pakistan se 4 guna, phraans se 6 guna, jarmani se 9 guna tatha baangladesh se 23 guna b da hai. bharat ka dhur dakshini bhag bhoomadhy rekha se matr 876 kimi door hai.
bhoo-akriti
vishv mean kshetraphal evan janasankhya ki drishti se sabase b de mahadvipiy eshiya mean sthit bharat ki akriti poornatah tribhujakar n hokar chatushkoniy he evan yah bhoomadhyarekh ke uttar mean sthit hai. kark rekha isake lagabhag madhy bhag se hokar gujarati hai. kark rekha jin pradeshoan se hokar gujarati hai ve haian - gujarat, rajasthan, madhy pradesh, chhattisagadh, bihar, jharakhand, pashchim bangal, tripura tath mijoram. desh ka manak samay grinavich taim se 5 ghantean 30 minat age hai.
arunachal pradesh tatha saurashtr ke bich sthaniy samay ka antar 30x40=120 minat arthath do ghante ka hai kyoanki arunaanchal pradesh saurashtr ke poorv mean hai, isalie sooryoday vahaan pahale hoga. poora bharat uttari golarddh mean sthit hai.
bharat mean uttar-pashchim mean indira k aaul par desh ki sthaliy sima afaganistan, pakistan, tajakistan aur chin se milati hai jabaki sudoor uttari-poorvi kone par bharatiy sima ke sath chin aur myaanmar ki simaean apas mean milati haian. isaka sabase dakshini bindu andaman-nikobar dvip samooh mean sthit hai, jisako vartaman mean indira pvaiant ke nam se jana jata hai. isake poorv nam haian - la hi chiang, pigameliyam pv aauint tatha parasan pv aauint. dvipoan samep desh ki samudri sima ki kul lambaee 7516,6 kimi. hai.
desh samprati 28 rajyoan tatha 7 kendr shasit pradeshoan ka ek sangh hai. isaki pradeshik jal sima adhar par rekha se mape gaye 12 samudri mil ki doori tak hai jabaki sanlagn kshetr ki doori pradeshik jal sima ke age 24 samudri mil tak hai. is kshetr mean bharat ko svachchhata ka prabandh karane, sima shulk ki vasooli karane adi ka adhikar prapt hai. desh ka ekantik arthik kshetr sanlagn kshetr ke age 200 samudri mil tak haian, jisamean vaijnanik shodhakaryoan ko karane tatha kritrim dvipoan ka nirman evan prakritik sansadhanoan ka vidohan karane ki chhoot mili huee hai.
kshetraphal
yadyapi desh ka kshetraphal vishv ke kul kshetraphal ka matr 2.42 pratishat hi hai, kintu yahaan par vishv ki lagabhag 16 pratishat janasankhya nivas karati hai. yahaan ki prakritik banavat, sansadhan kshamata adi ko dekhate hue jarj bi. kraiansi. ne apani bhaugolik pustak 'eshiya ki bhoomi evan nivasi' mean likha hai ki 'bharat ko mahadvip kahalane ka utana hi adhikar hai jitana ki yoorop ko.'
desh ki simaean
desh ki simaean prakritik evan manav nirmit donoan prakar ki hai. bharat ki sthaliy simaean uttar mean tajakistan, chin v nepal, uttar pashchim mean afaganistan, pashchim mean pakistan, poorv mean baangladesh evan myaanmar tatha uttar-poorv mean bhootan se milati hai. pashchim mean pakistan aur poorv mean baangladesh ke sath bharat ki simaean kritrim athava manav nirmit haian jabaki any 6 deshoan - afaganistan, tajakistan, chin, nepal, bhootan tatha myaanmar ke sath bharat ki simaean prakritik haian. ye prakritik simaean samanyatah ooanchi parvat shriankhalaoan ke roop mean hai. uttar mean himalay parvat hamari sima banata hai. isaki mustagh, agol, kunalun tatha karakoram shreniyaan jammoo kashmir ki sima par hai. yahaan par eshiya ke char pramukh deshoan:
- chin
- bharat
- afaganistan
- pakistan ki sima akar milati hai.
bharat ke poorv ki or uchch himalay ka bhag hai jo bharat tatha chin ke bich aantarrashtriy sima ka kary karata hai. ise maikamohan rekha ke nam se jana jata hai. bharat ke sudoor uttari poorvi kone par uttari-poorvi trisandhi hai jahaan par bharat, chin tatha myaanmar ki simaean apas mean milati hai. pakistan evan bharat ki sima ko sparsh karane vale bharatiy rajy haian - jammoo-kashmir, panjab, rajasthan tatha gujarat; jabaki afaganistan ki sima matr jammoo kashmir rajy ko sparsh karati hai. bharat evan chin ki sima se sate rajy haian - jammoo kashmir rajy ko sparsh karati hai. bharat evan chin ki sima se sate rajy haian - jammoo-kashmir rajy ko sparsh karati hai. bharat evan chin ki sima se sate rajy haian - jammoo-kashmir, himachal pradesh, uttarakhand, sikkim tatha arunachal pradesh. arunachal pradesh, nagalaiand, manipur tatha mijoram ki simaean uttar-poorv mean sthit myaanmar ko sparsh karati haian. baangladesh evan bharat ki sima se lage bharatiy rajy haian - mijoram, tripura, asam, meghalay tatha pashchim bangal.
vartaman mean bharat ke 9 rajyoan v 5 kendrashasit pradeshoan ki simaean samudri tatarekha se lage haian. ye rajy haian - karnatak, maharashtr, gova, keral, tamilanadu, aandhr pradesh, u disa aur pashchim bangal. kendrashasit pradeshoan mean puducheri, lakshadvip, aandaman aur nikobar dvip samooh, dadara evan nagar haveli tatha daman evan div ki simaean bhi samudr se lagati hai. bharat ki sabase lambi sima sthaliy sima chin ke sath lagati hai jabaki sabase chhoti sthaliy sima bhootan ke sath sanlagn hai. is prakar bharat ki sthiti kafi mahattvapoorn hai evan himalay parvatamala tatha hind mahasagar ke shirsh par bharat ki kendriy sthiti hai. bharat ke nikatatam p dosi desh haian - pakistan, afaganistan, chin, nepal, myaanmar tatha baangladesh. pak jalasandhi dvara alag hua shrilanka bhi hind mahasagar mean sthit p dos desh hai. bhootan jaisa p dosi desh ek vishesh sandhi dvara bharat par nirbhar karata hai evan isaki pratiraksha, vikas adi karyoan ka uttaradayitv bharat par hai. samudr par bharat ka sabase nikatatam p dosi shrilanka hai, jise pak jaladamaroomadhy bharat se prithakh karata hai. isi prakar bharat ka doosara sabase nikatatam p dosi desh iandoneshiya hai. iandoneshiya ke sumatra dvip aur bharat ke gret nikobar dvip ko gret chainal prithakh karata hai. maladiv bharat ka ek any p dosi desh hai jo lakshadvip ke dakshin mean sthit hai.
bharat ki bhoo-akritik ikaeeyaan
| ikaiyaan | kshetraphal | kul kshetraphal ka pratishat |
|---|---|---|
| uttari parvat shreniyaan | 5,78,000 | 17.9 |
| vishal maidan | 5,50,000 | 17.9 |
| thar marusthal | 1,75,000 | 5.4 |
| madhyavarti uchch bhoomi | 3,36,000 | 10.4 |
| prayadvipiy pathar | 12,41,000 | 38.5 |
| tatiy maidan | 3,35,000 | 10.4 |
| dvipiy samooh | 8,300 | 0.3 |
| desh | sima par avasthit bharatiy rajy |
|---|---|
| pakistan | gujarat, rajasthan, panjab aur jammoo kashmir |
| afaganistan | jammoo kashmir |
| tajakistan | jammoo kashmir |
| chin | jammoo kashmir, himachal pradesh, uttarakhand, sikkim aur arunachal pradesh |
| nepal | uttarakhand, uttar pradesh, bihar, sikkim aur pashchim bangal |
| bhootan | sikkim, pashchimi bangal, asam aur arunachal pradesh |
| baangladesh | pashchim bangal, asam, meghalay aur tripura |
| myaanmar | arunachal pradesh, nagalaind, manipur aur mijoram |
bhautik svaroop
| shikhar | ooanchaee (mi.) |
|---|---|
| evarest (sagar matha) | 8,848 mi. |
| evarest dakshin | 8,754 mian. |
| kanchanajanga | 8,594 mian. |
| lhotse | 8,501 mian. |
| makaloo | 8,481 mian. |
| kanchanajanga (dakshin) | 8,471 mian. |
| kanchanajanga (pashchim) | 8,420 mian. |
| lhotse madhy | 8,410 mian. |
| lhotse shar | 8,384 mian. |
| dhaulagiri | 8,172 mian. |
| manasloo | 8,156 mian. |
| chioyoo | 8,153 mian. |
| nanga parvat | 8,126 mian. |
| annapoorna | 8,078 mian. |
| gosaee nath | 8,013 mian. |
| makaloo (dakshin) | 8,010 mian. |
| nanda devi | 7,817 mian. |
| namachabarava | 7,756 mian. |
| haramosh | 7,397 mian. |
bharat ka vishal kshetr bhautik drishti se sarvatr saman nahian hai balki isake uchchavachan mean kafi vividhata payi jati hai. isamean kahian par to uchch parvat shreniyaan haian aur kahian par vishal maidan. nadi ghaantiyaan evan pathari bhag bhi desh mean vidyaman haian. yadi uttar mean himalay jaisi navin parvat malaean sthit haian; to aravali, satapu da, vindhyachal jaisi prachin parvat shreniyaan bhi haian. desh ke kul kshetraphal ke 10.7 pratishat bhag par uchch parvat shreniyoan ka vistar paya jata hai, jinaki ooanchaee samudr tat se 2,135 mi. ya isake adhik hai. samudr tat se 305 se 2,135 mi. tak ki ooanchaee vali paha diyaan bhi desh ke 18.6 pratishat bhag par phaili haian. is prakar kul parvatiy bhag 29.3 pratishat hai. samudr tat se 305 se 915 mian tak ooanchaee vale pathari bhag ka vistar bhi desh ke 27.7 pratishat kshetr par hai, jabaki shesh 43.0 pratishat par vistrit maidan paye jate haian. uchchavachan ki drishti se bharat ko samanyatah char prakritik ya bhautik bhagoan mean vargikrit kiya jata hai, jo haian:
- uttar ka parvatiy evan paha di pradesh
- uttar ka vishal maidan
- prayadvipiy pathari bhag
- samudr tatiy maidan. punah thar ka vishal marusthal tatha sagariy bhag mean sthit dvip bhi ek vishesh prakar ka bhautik svaroop prastut karate haian.
uttar ka parvatiy evan paha di pradesh
is pradesh ka himalay parvatiy pradesh ke roop mean bhi jana jata hai, jo desh ki uttar sima par ek chap ke akar mean 2400 kimi. ki lambaee mean phaila hai. isaka kshetraphal lagabhag 5 lakh varg kimi hai. isaka udgam pamir ki gaanth se hua hai. isaki utpatti vastutah ek bhoo-droni, jise tethis sagar kahate haian, se huee hai. himalay parvat shreni ki kul lambaee makaran tat par sthit gvadar se lekar poorv mean mijoan paha diyoan tak 2,400 kimi. hai, jabaki isaki chau daee pashchim mean 400 kimi aur poorab mean 160 kimi. tak hai. himalay ki sthalakritiyoan mean mukhyatah tin lanbi aur ghumavadar shreniyaan haian, jinaki ooanchaee dakshin se uttar ki or kramashah badhati jati hai. mand gati ke karan inhean vartaman ooanchaee ko prapt karane mean 70 lakh varsh lage haian. bhautik drishti se himalay me char samantar shreniyaan milati haian jinamean, sabase uttar mean traans athava tibbat himalay, usake dakshin mean kramashah mahanh athava antarik himalay, laghu athava madhy himalay tatha up athava shivalik shreni sthit haian.
trans athava tibbat himalay shreni sabase uttar mean sthit haian. isaki khoj sanh 1906 svain mahoday ne ki thi. isaki lambaee 100 kimi. tatha chau daee poorvi tatha pashchimi kinaroan par 40 kimi evan bich mean 225 kimi tak payi jati hai. is shreni ki ausat ooanchaee 3,100 se 3,700 mi tak payi jati hai. is shreni ki ausat ooanchaee 3,100 se 3,700 mian tak hai evan shit katibandhiy jalavayu ke karan is par vanaspatiyoan ka poorn abhav paya jata hai. yah shreni bangal ki kha di mean girane vali nadiyoan tatha uttar disha mean bhoo-aveshthit jhiloan se nikalane vali nadiyoan ke bich jal vibhajak ki bhoomika nibhati hai.
himalay tin samanaantar parvat shrankhalaoan mean avasthit hai jo pashchim mean siandhu garj se poorv mean brahmaputr garj tak vistrit hai. kashmir se arunachal pradesh tak himalay parvat shrankhala ka vistar 2500 kimi. hai. is parvat shriankhala ki poorv mean chau daee 150 kimi. tatha pashchim mean 500 kimi tak hai. adhyayan ki suvidha ki drishti se himalay parvat shreni ko tin vrihath bhagoan mean vargikrit kiya ja sakata hai.
mahan (vrihath) athava aantarik himalay
mahan athava antarik himalay hi himalay parvatamala ki sabase pramukh tatha savochch tatha sarvochch shreni hai, jisaki lambaee uttar mean siandhu nadi ke mo d se poorv mean brahmaputr nadi ke mo d tak 2,500 kimi. hai. isaki chau daee 120 se 190 kimi. tak tatha ausat ooanchaee 6,100 mian. hai. atyadhik ooanchaee ke karan himalay sala bhar barf se dhanka rahata haian, atah ise himadri bhi kahate haian. is shreni mean vishv ki sarvochch parvat chotiyaan paee jati haian, jinamean pramukh haian - maunt evarest (8,848 mi.), kanchanajanga (8,598 mian.), makaloo (8,481 mian.), dhaulagiri (8,172 mi.), manasaloo (8156 mi.), nanga parvat (8,126 mian.), annapoorna (8,078 mi.), govaee than (8,013 mi.), nanda devi (7,817 mi.), namachabarava (7,756 mi.), haramosh (7,397 mi.), adi. is shreni mean uttar pashchim ki or jaskar shreni ke uttar-dakshin mean devasaee tatha roopashoo ke ooanche maidan milate haian. sindhu, sataluj, dihaang, ganga, yamuna tatha inaki sahayak nadiyoan ki ghatiyaan isi shreni mean sthit hai.
laghu athava madhy himalay shreni
yah mahanh himalay ke dakshin ke usake samanantar vistrit hai. isaki chau daee 80 se 100 kimi. tak ausat ooanchaee 1,828 se 3,000 ke bich payi jati hai. is shreni mean nadiyoan dvara 1,000 mian. se bhi adhik gahare khaddoan athava garjoan ka nirman kiya gaya hai. yah shreni mukhyatah chhoti-chhoti parvat shreniyoan jaise - dhauladhar, nagativa, pirapanjal, mahabharat tatha masoori kasammilit roop hai. is shreni ke nichale bhag mean desh ke prasiddh parvatiy svasthyavarddhak sthan - shimala, masoori, nainital, chakarata, ranikhet, darjiliang adi sthit hai. vrihat tatha laghu himalay ke bich vistrit ghatiyaan haian jinamean kashmir ghati tatha nepal mean kathamaandoo ghati prasiddh hai. is shreni ke dhaloan par milane vale chhote-chhote ghas ke maidanoan ko jammoo-kashmir mean marg (jaise-sonamarg, gulamarg adi) tatha uttarakhand mean bugyal evan payar kaha jata he.
up himalay ya shivalik shreni
yah himalay ki sabase dakshini shreni hai evan isako ‘vahm himalay’ ke nam se bhi jana jata hai. yah himalay parvat ki dakshinatam shreni hai jo laghu himalay ke dakshin mean isake samanaantar poorv-pashchim disha mean phaili huee hai. isaki ausat ooanchaee 900 se 12,00 mitar tak ausat chau daee 10 se 50 kimi hai. isaka vistar pakistan ke potavar pathar se poorv mean kosi nadi tak hai. gorakhapur ke samip ise dooandava shreni tatha poorv ki or chooriyamooriya shreni ke sthaniy nam se bhi pukara jata hai. yah himalay parvat ka sabase navin bhag hai. laghu tatha vahm himalay ke bich payi jane vali vistrit ghatiyoan ko pashchim mean ‘doon’ tatha poorv mean ‘dvar’ kaha jata hai. deharadoon, ketharidoon tatha patalidoon aur haridvar isake pramukh udaharan hai.
himalay parvat shreniyoan ki disha mean asam se poorv se uttar poorv ho jati hai. namachabaracha ke age yah shreniyaan dakshini disha mean mu dakar patakoee, naga, manipur, lushaee, arakanayoma, adi shreniyoan ke roop mean sthit haian jo bharat evan myanmar ke madhy sima banati hai.
shivalik ko jammoo mean jammoo paha diyaan tatha arunachal pradesh mean daphala, giri, avor aur mishami paha diyoan ke nam se bhi jana jata hai. aksaeechin, devasaee, dishasang tatha liangajitaang ke uchch tarangit maidan in parvatoan ke nirman se pahale hi kriteshash kal mean ban chuke the jo aparadan dharatal ke praman haian.
uttar ka vishal maidan
himalay parvat ki utpatti ke pashchath usake dakshin tatha prachin shailoan se nirmit prayadvipiy pathar ke uttar mean, donoan uchch sthaloan se nikalane vali nadiyoan, siandhu, ganga, brahmaputr, adi dvara jama ki gee jalodh mitti ke jamav se uttar ke vishal maidan ka nirman hua hai. is maidan ko siandhu-ganga brahmaputr ka maidan bhi kahate haian. yah maidan dhanushakar roop mean 3200 kimi. ki lambaee mean desh ke 7.5 lakh varg kimi. kshetr par vistrit haian. isaki chau daee pashchim mean 480 kimi tatha poorv mean matr 145 kimi hai. pradeshik drishti se uttari rajasthan, panjab, hariyana, uttar pradesh, bihar, pashchim bangal, u disa tatha asam mean isaka vistar haian. in maidan ko pashchimi tatha poorvi do bhag mean baanta jata hai. pashchimi maidan ka adhikaansh bhag vartaman pakistan ke sindh praant mean p data hai, jabaki isaka kuchh bhag panjab v hariyana rajyoan mean bhi milata hai. isaka nirman, satajal, vyas tatha ravi evan inaki sahayak nadiyoan dvara kiya gaya hai. poorvi maidan ka vistan uttar pradesh, bihar tatha pashchim bangal rajyoan mean haian, jisaka kshetraphal 3.57 lakh varg kimi. hai. is maidan mean dharataliy bhoo-akriti ke adhar par baangar tatha khadar namak do vishesh bhag milate haian. baangar prachinatam sangrahit purani jalodh mitti ke uchch maidani bhag haian, jahaan kabhi nadiyoan ki badh ka pani nahian pahuanch pata. khadar ki ganana navinatam kachhari bhagoan ke roop mean ki jati hai. yahaan par prativarsh badh ka pani pahuanchane evan nayi mitti ka jamav hone se kafi oopajaoo mane jate haian.
uttar ke vishal maidan ka pradeshik vibhajan
uttar ke vishal maidan ko anek upavibhagoan mean baanta gaya hai, jinamean pramukh haian - panjab, hariyana ka maidan, rajasthan ka medan, ganga ka maidan evan brahmaputr nadi ki ghati. ganga ke maidan ko haridvar se aligadh tak oopari doab tatha aligadh se ilahabad tak madhy doab ke nam se jana jata hai. ganga tatha yamuna doab ke oottari-madhy uttar pradesh mean sthit bhag ko roohelakhand ka maidan kaha jata hai. is maidan par ram ganga, sharada tatha gomati nadiyaan pravahit hoti hai. uttar pradesh ke uttari poorvi bhag mean avadh ka maidan sthit haian, jisamean ghaghara, rapti tatha gomati nadiyaan bahati hai. ganga ke maidan ke uttari-poorvi bhag mean asam tak brahmaputr nadi ka maidan sthit hai, jo ki garo paha di, meghalay pathar tatha himalay parvat ke bich lambe evan patale roop mean phaila hai. isaki chau daee matr 80 kimi. hai. brahmaputr nadi ghati ki avanatiy sanrachana me jama kiye gaye avasadoan se is medan mean miyandar, gokhur jhil, adi ka nirman ho gaya hai. is maidan ke dhal ki disha dakshin-pashchim ki or hai tatha isaki sima par taraee ev arddh-taraee kshetr milate haian, jo daladalo evan saghan vanoan se achchhadit haian
uttar ke vishal maidan se sambandhit do pramukh shabdavaliyaan haian - bhavar tatha taraee. ye avasadi jamav ki visheshataoan ki paricharak bhi haian.
- bhavar
yah kshetr himalay tatha ganga ke maidan ke bich paya jata hai. jisamean parvatiy bhag se niche ane vali nadiyoan ne lagabhag 8 kimi ki chau daee mean kank doan evan pattharoan ka jamav kar diya hai. yahi ganga maidan ki sabase uttari sima bhi hai. is patharile kshetr mean himalay se nikalane vali nadiyaan prayah vilin ho jati hai aur keval kuchh b di nadiyoan ki dhara hi dharatal par pravahit hoti huee dikhati hai.
- taraee
yah kshetr bhavar ke niche usake samanantar sthit hai, jisaki chau daee 15 se 30 kimi tak payi jati haian. bhavar pradesh mean vilin huee nadiyoan ka jal taraee kshetr mean oopar a jata he. yah vastav mean nimn samatal maidani kshetr haian, jahaan nadiyoan ka jal idhar-udhar phail jane se daladaloan ka nirman ho gaya hai. vartaman mean yahaan ki saghan vanaspatiyoan ko katakar tatha daladaloan ko sukhakar krishi kary ke lie upayogi bana liya gaya hai.
- baangar
baangar pradesh bhi uttar ke vishal maidan ki ek visheshata hai. yah pradesh purani jalodh mitti ka bana hota hai jahaan nadiyoan ki badh ka jal nahian pahuanchata hai. is pradesh mean choonayukt sangrathanoan ki adhikata hone ke karan yah krishi ke lie adhik upayukt nahian hota hai. panjab mean milane vale baangar ko dhaya kaha jata hai.
- khadar
baangar ke viparit khadar pradesh mean nadiyoan ki badh ka jal prativarsh pahuanchata hai. is pradesh ka nirman navin jalodh mitti dvara hota hai kyoanki badh ke jal ke sath navin mitti yahaan prati varsh bichhati rahati hai. yah pradesh krishi ke lie atyadhik upayukt hoti hai. panjab mean milane vale khadar ko ‘bet’ kaha jata hai.
- delta
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
uttari vishal maidan mean ganga tatha siandhu nadi ke delta milate haian. ganga ka delta rajamahal ki paha diyoan mean sundaravan ke kinare tak 430 kimi ki lambaee mean vistrit hai. isaki chau daee 480 kimi hai. siandhu nadi ka delta 960 kimi lamba aur 160 kimi chau da hai.
prayadvipiy pathari bhag
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
ganga ke vishal maidan ke dakshin se lekar kashmir se kanyakumari tak tribhujakar akriti mean lagabhag 16 lakh varg kimi. kshetr par prayadvipiy pathari bhag phaila hua hai. yah bhag dakshini-poorvi rajasthan, madhy pradesh, chhattisagadh, jharakhand, u disa, maharashtr, gujarat, karnatak, andhr pradesh, tamilanadu evan keral rajyoan mean phaila hai. yah desh ka sarvadhik kshetraphal vala tatha prachin bhautik pradesh hai. yah desh ka sarvadhik kshetraphal vala tatha prachin bhautik pradesh hai. is par pravahit hone vali nadiyoan ne isaka kee chhote-chhote patharoan mean vibhajit kar diya hai. isaki lambaee rajasthan se kumari antarip tak lagabhag 1,700 kimi. tatha gujarat se pashchim bangal tak chau daee 1,400 kimi hai. is pathar ki ausat ooanchaee samudr tal se 600 mitar tak hai. isaki uttari sima par aravali, kaimoor tatha rajamahal paha diyaan sthit hai. poorv mean poorvi ghat tatha pashchim mean pashchimi ghat paha di isaki sima banate haian. yah kshetr vichchhinn paha diyoan, shikhar maidanoan gabhirakrit, sankari evan adhivardhit ghatiyoan, shriankhalabaddh patharoan, samapray maidanoan evan avashisht khandoan ka ek prakritik bhoodrishy hai. poorvi evan pashchimi ghat ka milan jis sthan par hota hai, vahaan annamalaee paha diyaan sthit hai. narmada nadi ke uttar mean malava pathar sthit hai. yah pathar lava nirmit hone ke karan kali mitti ka samaprayah ban gaya hai, jisaka dhal vishal maidan ki or hai. is par betava, parvati, nivaj, kali sindh, chambal tatha mahi nadiyaan bahati hai. malava pathar ki uttari tatha uttari poorvi sima par bundelakhand tatha baghelakhand ke pathar sthit haian jabaki kaimoor tatha bharaner shreniyoan ke poorv mean baghelakhand ka pathar hai. is pathar ke uttar mean sonapur paha diyaan tatha dakshin mean ramagadh ki paha diyaan sthit hai.
samudratatiy maidan
dakshin ke prayadvipiy pathari bhag ke donoan or poorvi ghat tatha pashchimi ghat parvatamalaoan evan sagar tat ke bich samudratatiy maidanoan ka vistar hai. yah tatiy maidan desh ke any prakritik vibhag se spasht bhinnata rakhata hai. sthit ke adhar par inhe pashchimi tatha poorvi tatiy maidanoan mean vibhajit kiya jata hai. [[chitr:Yamuna-Mathura-2.jpg|thumb|250px|yamuna nadi]] pashchimi samudr tatiy maidan ka vistar gujarat mean kachchh ki kha di se lekar kumari antarip tak paya jata hai. isaki ausat chau daee 64 kimi. hai. is maidan ki sarvadhik chau daee narmada tatha tapti nadiyoan ke muhanoan ke samip 80 kimi tak milati hai. is maidan ka dhal pashchim ki or atyadhik tivr haian, jis par tivragami evan chhoti nadiyaan pravahit hoti hai. is maidan ko paanch upakhandoan mean vibhajit kiya gaya hai:
- kachchh prayadvipiy tatiy maidan jo ki shushk evan arddhashushk retila maidan hai. isake madhy mean giranar paha diyaan sthit haian.
- gujarat ka maidan, jisaka vistar kachchh evan saurashtr ke poorv mean haian. is par mahi, sabaramati, narmada tatha tapti nadiyaan pravahit hote hue arab sagar mean milati haian.
- koankan ka maidan daman se gova tak 500 kimi lamba haian. is par sal, sagaun adi ke vanoan ki adhikata haian.
- kanaratatiy maidan gova se mangalor tak paya jata hai. isaka nirman prachin kayantarit shailoan se hua hai. is par balua stoopoan ka jamav paya jata hai. yah tat garam masaloan, supari, kela, am, nariyal, adi ki krishi ke lie prasiddh haian.
- malabar tatiy maidan keral ka tatiy maidan haian, jo ki mangalor se kanyakumari tak 500 kimi ki lan. mean phaila hai. is par laigoon (kayal) namak chhoti-chhoti tatiy jhilean payi jati haian. is maidan ke tatiy bhagoan mean matsyayan kiya jata hai.
[[chitr:Sindhu-River-1.jpg|thumb|250px|sindhu nadi]] poorvi samudr tatiy medan pashchim bangal se lekar kumari antarip tak milata hai. isaki chau daee pashchimi tatiy maidan ki apeksha adhik haian. is maidan par pravahit hone vali nadiyoan- mahanadi, godavari, krishnaa, kaveri adi ne vistrit delta ka nirman kiya hai. is par chilka tatha pulikat jaisi vistrit laigoon jhilean bhi payi jati haian. is maidan ke uttari bhag ko uttari sarakar tatha dakshin bhag ko koramandal tat ke nam se jana jata hai. isake tin pramukh up vibhag haian:
- utkal ka maidan jo ki u disa tat ke sahare lagabhag 400 kimi ki lambaee mean phaila hai. is maidan par mahanadi ka delta, chilka jhil tatha vishakhapatnam bandaragah sthit haian.
- andhr ka maidan andhr pradesh ke tatiy kshetr mean sthit haian jis par godavari evan krishnaa nadiyoan ne apane delta ka nirman kiya hai. in donoan deltaoan ke bich koleroo jhil sthit haian.
- tamilanadu ke maidan ka vistar tamilanadu tatha pandicheri ke tatiy kshetr mean haian. pulikat jhil se kumari antarip tak isaki lambaee 675 kimi hai. isaki ausat chau daee 100 kimi hai. pulikat ek laigoon jhil hai jisake age shriharikota dvip sthit hai. yah maidan sabase lamba hai.
nadiyaan
| prachin nam | adhunik nam |
|---|
bharat ki nadiyoan ko char samoohoan mean vargikrit kiya ja sakata hai jaise :-
- himachal se nikalane vali nadiyaan
- dakshin se nikalane vali nadiyaan
- tatavarti nadiyaan
- aantardeshiy naloan se droni kshetr ki nadiyaan
himalay se nikalane vali nadiyaan
himalay se nikalane vali nadiyaan barf aur ghleshiyaroan ke pighalane se bani haian at: inamean poore varsh ke dauran niranhtar pravah bana rahata hai. m aaunasoon mah ke dauran himalay kshetr mean bahut adhik vrishti hoti hai aur nadiyaan barish par nirbhar haian at: isake ayatan mean utar chadhav hota hai. inamean se kee ashthayi hoti haian. tatavarti nadiyaan, visheshakar pashchimi tat par, lanbaee mean chhoti hoti haian aur unaka simit jalagrahan kshetr hota hai. inamean se adhikaansh ashthayi hoti haian. pashchimi rajasthan ke aantardeshiy nala droni kshetr ki kuchhh nadiyaan haian. inamean se adhikaansh ashthayi prakriti ki haian. himachal se nikalane vali nadi ki mukhhy pranali siandhu aur ganga brahmaputr meghana nadi ki pranali ki tarah hai.
siandhu nadi
vishhv ki mahan, nadiyoan mean ek hai, tibbat mean manasarovar ke nikat se nikalati hai aur bharat se hokar bahati hai aur tathpashhchath pakistan se ho kar aur aantat: karachi ke nikat arab sagar mean mil jati hai. bharatiy kshetr mean bahane vali isaki sahayak nadiyoan mean sataluj (tibhbat se nikalati hai), vhyas, ravi, chinab, aur jhelam hai. [[chitr:Ganga-Varanasi.jpg|thumb|250px|varanasi mean ganga nadi ke ghat]]
ganga
brahmaputr meghana ek anhy mahathvapoorn pranali hai jisaka up droni kshetr bhagirathi aur alakananda mean haian, jo devaprayag mean milakar ganga ban jati hai. yah uttaraanchal, uttar pradesh, bihar aur p.bangal se hokar bahati hai. rajamahal ki pahadiyoan ke niche bhagirathi nadi, jo purane samay mean mukhhy nadi hua karati thi, nikalati hai jabaki padbha poorab ki or bahati hai aur baangladesh mean pravesh karati hai.
sahayak nadiyaan
yamuna, ramaganga, ghaghara, gandak, kosi, mahanadi, aur son; ganga ki mahathvapoorn sahayak nadiyaan hai. chanbal aur betava mahathvapoorn up sahayak nadiyaan haian jo ganga se milane se pahale yamuna mean mil jati haian. padma aur brahmaputr baangladesh mean milati hai aur padma athava ganga ke rup mean bahati rahati hai.
brahmaputr
brahmaputr tibbat se nikalati hai, jahaan ise saangano kaha jata hai aur bharat mean arunachal pradesh tak pravesh karane tatha yah kafi lanbi doori tay karati hai, yahaan ise dihaang kaha jata hai. pasi ghat ke nikat debaang aur lohit brahmaputr nadi se mil jati hai aur yah sanyukht nadi poore asam se hokar ek sankirn ghati mean bahati hai. yah ghubari ke anupravah mean baangladesh mean pravesh karati hai.
sahayak nadiyaan
bharat mean brahmaputr ki pramukh sahayak nadiyaan subasiri, jiya bhareli, ghanasiri, puthibhari, pagaladiya aur manas haian. baangladesh mean brahmaputr tisht adi ke pravah mean mil jati hai aur aantat: ganga mean mil jati hai. meghana ki mukhhy nadi barak nadi manipur ki pahadiyoan mean se nikalati hai. isaki mahathvapoorn sahayak nadiyaan makhkoo, traang, tueevee, jiri, sonee, rukhvi, kacharaval, ghalarevari, laangachini, mahuva aur jatianga haian. barak nadi baanghladesh mean bhairav bazar ke nikat ganga-brahmaputr ke milane tak bahati rahati hai. dakhkan kshetr mean adhikaansh nadi pranaliyaan samanhyat poorv disha mean bahati haian aur bangal ki kha di mean mil jati haian. godavari, krishhna, kaveri, mahanadi, adi poorv ki or bahane vali pramukh nadiyaan haian aur narmada, tapti pashchim ki bahane vali pramukh nadiyaan hai. dakshini prayadvip mean godavari ka doosari sabase b di nadi ka droni kshetr hai jo bharat ke kshetr 10 pratishat bhag hai. isake bad krishhna nadi ke droni kshetr ka shthan hai jabaki mahanadi ka tisara shthan hai. dekhkan ke oopari bhoobhag mean narmada ka droni kshetr hai, yah arab sagar ki or bahati hai, bangal ki kha di mean girati haian dakshin mean kaveri ke saman akar ki hai aur paranhtu isaki visheshataean aur banavat alag hai.
kee prakar ki tatavarti nadiyaan haian jo apekshakrit chhoti haian. aisi nadiyoan mean kafi kam nadiyaan-poorvi tat ke delhta ke nikat samudr mean milati hai, jabaki pashchim tat par aisi 600 nadiyaan hai.
rajasthan mean aisi kuchh nadiyaan hai jo samudr mean nahian milati haian. ye khare jhiloan mean mil jati hai aur ret mean samapht ho jati haian jisaki samudr mean koee nikasi nahian hoti hai. isake atirikht kuchh marushthal ki nadiyaan hoti hai jo kuchh doori tak bahati haian aur marushthal mean lupht ho jati hai. aisi nadiyoan mean luni aur machhchh, shpen, sarashvati, banas aur ghaghgar jaisi anhy nadiyaan haian.
bharat ki pramukh nadiyoan ki soochi
| kram | nadi | lambaee (ki.mi.) | udgam sthan | sahayak nadiyaan | pravah kshetr (sambandhit rajy) |
|---|
bharat ke rajyoan ka bhoogol
- arunachal pradesh
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
arunachal pradesh ka adhikatar bhag himalay se dhaka hai, lekin lohit, chaangalaang aur tirap patakaee pahadi़yoan mean sthit haian. kaangto, nyegi kaangasaang, mukhy gorichan choti aur poorvi gorichan choti is rajy mean himalay ki sabase ooanchi chotiyaan haian. tavaang ka 'bumala darra' sanh 2006 mean 44 varshoan mean pahali bar vyapar ke lie khola gaya tha aur vyapariyoan ko ek doosare ke kshetr mean pravesh karane ki anumati di gee thi.
- asam
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
bhoo-akriti: maidani ilaqoan evan nadi ghatiyoan vale asam ko tin pramukh bhautik kshetroan mean vibhajit kiya gaya hai- uttar mean brahmaputr nadi ghati, dakshin mean barak nadi ghati evan karbi tatha alang ziloan ke parvatiy kshetr aur in donoan ghatiyoan ke madhy sthit uttari kachhar ki paha diyaan.
- brahmaputr nadi ghati asam ka pramukh bhautik kshetr hai. yah nadi asam ke poorvottar sire par sadiya ke pas pravesh karati hai, phir pashchim mean poore asam mean lagabhag 724 kimi. lanbe marg mean pravahit hokar dakshin ki or mu dakar baangladesh ke maidani ilaqoan mean chali jati hai. brahmaputr nadi ghati, chhoti ekal paha diyoan aur maidani ilaqoan mean achanak uthate shikharoan, jinaki chau daee 80 kimi. se zyada nahian hai, se bhari huee hai. pashchim disha ko chho dakar baqi sabhi dishaoan mean yah parvattoan se ghiri huee hai. p dos ki paha diyoan se nikali kee jaladharaoan evan upanadiyoan ka jal isamean samahit hota hai.
- barak nadi ghati dakshin-poorv disha mean vistrit nimn bhoomi ke kshetr ki sanrachana karati hai, jo krishi ke lie mahattvapoorn hai evan isase apekshakrit saghan basi janasankhya ko madad milati hai, halaanki is ghati ka ek chhota sa hi hissa rajy ke simakshetr mean hai.
- aandhr pradesh
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
aandhr pradesh rajy mean tin pramukh bhautik-bhaugolik kshetr haian:-
- poorv mean tatiy maidan, jo bangal ki kha di se lekar parvatashreniyoan tak phaila hai;
- parvatashreniyaan arthath poorvi ghat, jo tatiy maidanoan ka pashchimi parshv banate haian;
- ghat ke pashchim se poorv mean pathar.
- odisha
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
u disa rajy 17.780 aur aur 22.730 akshaansh aur 81.37poorv aur 81.53 poorv deshaantar ke bich p data hai. bhaugolik roop se yah rajy uttar-poorv mean pashchim bangal, uttar mean jharakhand, pashchim mean chhattisagadh aur dakshin mean aandhr pradesh aur poorv mean bangal ki kha di se ghira hua hai.
- uttar pradesh
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
uttar pradesh ke pramukh bhoogoliy tatv is prakar se haian-
- bhoo-akriti - uttar pradesh ko do vishisht bhaugolik kshetroan, ganga ke madhyavarti maidan aur dakshini uchchabhoomi mean baanta ja sakata hai. uttar pradesh ke kul kshetraphal ka lagabhag 90 pratishat hissa ganga ke maidan mean hai. maidan adhikaanshat: ganga v usaki sahayak nadiyoan ke dvara lae ge jalodh avasadoan se bane haian. is kshetr ke adhikaansh hissoan mean utar-chadhav nahian hai, yadyapi maidan bahut upajaoo hai, lekin inaki ooanchaee mean kuchh bhinnata hai, jo pashchimottar mean 305 mitar aur sudoor poorv mean 58 mitar hai. ganga ke maidan ki dakshini uchchabhoomi atyadhik vichchhedit aur visham viandhy parvatamala ka ek bhag hai, jo samanyat: dakshin-poorv ki or uthati chali jati hai. yahaan ooanchaee kahian-kahian hi 305 se adhik hoti hai.
- uttarakhand
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
uttarakhand rajy ka kshetraphal 53,484 varg kimi. aur janasankhya 8,479,562 (2001 ki janaganana ke anusar) hai. uttarakhand bharat ke uttar - madhy bhag mean sthit hai. yah poorvottar mean tibbat, pashchimottar mean himachal pradesh, dakshin - pashchim mean uttar pradesh aur dakshin - poorv mean nepal se ghira hai. uttarakhand ka kul bhaugolik kshetraphal 28° 43’ u. se 31°27’ u. aur rekhaansh 77°34’ poo. se 81°02’ poo ke bich mean 53,483 varg kimi hai, jisamean se 43,035 ki.mi. parvatiy hai aur 7,448 ki.mi. maidani hai, tatha 34,651 ki.mi. bhoobhag vanachchhadit hai. rajy ka adhikaansh uttari bhag vrihadtar himalay shriankhala ka bhag hai, jo ooanchi himalayi chotiyoan aur himanadiyoan se dhka hua hai, jabaki nimn talahatiyaan saghan vanoan se dhaki huee haian jinaka pahale aangrez lak di vyapariyoan aur svatantrata ke bad van anubandhakoan dvara dohan kiya gaya.
- karnatak
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
bhautik roop se karnatak ko char bhinn kshetroan mean baanta gaya hai- samudratatiy maidan, parvat shreniyaan (pashchim ghat), poorv mean sthit karnatak ka pathar aur pashchimottar mean kapas utpak kali mitti ka kshetr. samudratatiy maidan malabar tat ka vistar haian aur yahaan joon se sitanbar tak dakshin-pashchim m aaunasoon se bhari varsha hoti hai. tat par sthit ret ke tile bhoomi ki or badhate hue chhote jalodh maidanoan mean badal jate haian, jinamean nariyal ke vrikshoan se ghire anoop(laigoon) haian. samudr ke alava any kisi bhi marg se tat par pahuanchana mushkil hai. poorv mean pashchimi ghat ki dhalanoan ke roop bhoomi tezi se uthati hai, jahaan samudr tal se ausat ooanchaee 760- 915 mitar hai.
- keral
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
- keral ke poorv mean ooanche pashchimi ghat aur pashchim mean arab sagar ke madhy mean sthit is pradesh ki chau daee 35 kimi se 120 kimi tak hai.
- bhaugolik drishti se keral parvatiy kshetroan, ghatiyoan, madhhyavarti maidanoan tatha samudr ka tatavarti kshetr haian.
- keral nadiyoan aur talaboan ke sambandh mean bahut hi samriddh hai.
- gujarat
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
gujarat ko tin bhaugolik kshetroan mean baanta gaya hai jaise-
- saurashtr prayadvip- jo moolatah ek paha di kshetr hai, bich-bich mean madhyam ooanchaee ke parvat haian.
- kachchh- jo poorvottar mean uja d aur chattani hai. vikhyat kachchh ka ran isi kshetr mean hai.
- gujarat ka maidan- jo kachchh ke ran aur aravali ki paha diyoan se lekar daman ganga tak phaili hai.
gujarat ki sabase ooanchi choti girinar paha diyoan mean sthit gorakhanath ki choti hai, jo 1117 mitar ooanchi hai. gujarat ki jalavayu ooshn pradeshiy aur manasooni hai. varsha ki kami ke karan is pradesh mean retili aur baluee mitti payi jati hai. pradesh mean poorv ki or uttari gujarat mean varsha ki matr 50 semi tak hoti hai. isake dakshin ki or madhy gujarat mean mitti kuchh adhik upajaoo hai tatha jalavayu bhi apekshayata ardr hai. varsha 75 semi tak hoti hai. narmada, tapti, sabaramati, sarasvati, mahi, bhadar, banas, aur vishvamitr is pradesh ki suparichit nadiyaan haian. kark rekha is rajy ki uttari sima se hokar gujarati hai, atah yahaan garmiyoan mean khoob garmi tatha sardiyoan mean khoob sardi p dati hai. shaharikaran ki prakriya ne rajy ke vibhinn kshetroan mean vibhinn kuchh svaroop dharan kie haian. rajy ka sarvadhik shaharikrit kshetr ahamadabad-vadodara audyogik patti hai. rashtriy rajamarg sankhya-8 ke kinare uttar mean ooanjha se dakshin mean vapi ke audyogik maidan mean ek vrihadanagariy kshetr[6] ubhar raha hai. saurashtr krishi kshetr mean kramik basav pranali ko dekha ja sakata hai, jabaki uttar aur poorv ke bahy kshetroan mean bikhari huee chhoti-chhoti bastiyaan haian, jo shushk, parvatiy ya vanachchhadit kshetr haian. adivasi janasankhya inhian simaant anutpadak kshetroan mean keandrit hai.
- gova
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
105 kilomitar samudri tat vale gova mean retile tat, muhane v aantarip haian. isake bhitari hisse mean nichale pathar aur lagabhag 1,220 mitar ooanche pashchimi ghatoan (sahyadri) ka ek hissa hai. gova ki do pramukh nadiyaan, maandovi v juari, ke muhane mean gova ka dvip (ilhas) sthit hai. is trikoniy dvip ka shirsh aantarip ek chattani muhana hai, jis par do langaragah haian. yahaan par tin shahar marmagav ya marmugav (vasko d gama sahit) madagaanv aur panaji (navagova) haian.
- chhattisagadh
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
- chhattisagadh rajy madhy pradesh ke dakshin-poorv mean 17°46' uttari akshaansh se 24°5' uttari akshaansh tatha 80°15' poorvi deshaantar se 84°15' poorvi deshaantar rekhaoan ke madhy sthit hai.
- chhattisagadh ka kul bhaugolik kshetraphal 1,35,194 varg kimi. hai. isaki uttari-dakshin lambaee 360 kimi. tatha poorv-pashchim chau daee 140 kimi. hai.
- chhattisagadh ke uttar mean uttar pradesh, uttari-poorvi sima mean jharakhand, dakshin-poorv mean odisha rajy sthit hai. dakshin mean andhr pradesh, dakshin-pashchim mean maharashtr tatha uttari-pashchim bhag mean madhy pradesh sthit hai.
- jammoo aur kashmir
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
jammoo aur kashmir poorvattar mean siankyaang ka svayatt kshetr v tibbati svayatt kshetr (donoan chin ke bhag) se, dakshin mean himachal pradesh v panjab rajyoan se, pashchim mean pakistan aur pashchimottar mean pakistan adhikrit bhoobhag se ghira hai.
sthiti: jammoo aur kashhmir rajhy 32-15 aur 37-05 uttari akshaansh aur 72-35 tatha 83-20 poorvi deshaantar ke bich sthit hai. bhaugolik roop se is rajhy ko char kshetroan mean baanta ja sakata hai.
- paha di aur arddh-paha di maidan jo kandi patti ke nam se prachalit hai;
- parvatiy kshetr jisamean shivalik paha diyaan shamil haian;
- kashmir ghati ke paha d aur pir paanchal parvatamala tatha
- tibhbat se laga laddakh aur karagil kshetr.
- jharakhand
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
- jharakhand 21°58'10" uttari akshaansh se 25°19'15" uttari akshaansh tatha 83°20'50" poorvi deshaantar 88°4'40" poorvi deshaantar ke madhy vistrit hai.
- jharakhand ka kul kshetraphal 79,714 varg kimi. jo bharat ke kul kshetraphal ka 2.4 pratishat hai.
- jharakhand ke poorv mean pashchim bangal, pashchim mean uttar pradesh aur chhattisagadh, uttar mean bihar tatha dakshin mean u disa se ghira hua hai.
- tamilanadu
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
tamilanadu rajy prakritik roop se poorvi tat par samatal pradesh tatha uttar aur pashchim mean paha di kshetroan ke bich vibhajit hai. poorvi maidan ka sabase chau da hissa upajaoo kaveri ke delta par hai aur age dakshin mean ramanathapuram aur madurai ke shushk maidan haian. rajy ke samooche pashchimi simaant par pashchimi ghat ki ooanchi shriankhala phaili huee hai. poorvi ghat ki nichali paha diyaan aur simaant kshetr, jo sthaniy taur par javadi, kalarayan aur shevar aauy kahalate haian, pradesh ke madhy bhag ki or phaile haian.
- tripura
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
madhy evan uttari tripura ek paha di kshetr hai, jise poorv se pashchim ki or char pramukh ghatiyaan, dharmanagar, kailashahar, kamalapur aur khovaee, katati haian. ye ghatiyaan uttar ki or bahane vali nadiyoan (joori, manu v dev, dhalaee aur khovaee) dvara nirmit haian. pashchim v dakshin ki nichali ghatiyaan khuli v daladali haian, halaanki dakshin mean bhoobhag bahut adhik kata hua aur ghane jangaloan se dhaka hai. uttar se dakshin ki or unmukh shreniyaan ghatiyoan ko alag karati haian.
- dilli
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
dilli ek jalasanbhar par sthit hai. jo ganga tatha siandhu nadi pranaliyoan ko vibhajit karata hai. dilli ki sabase mahattvapoorn sthalakriti visheshata parvat skandh (rij) hai, jo rajasthan praant ki prachin aravali parvat shreniyoan ka charam biandu hai. aravali sanbhavat: duniya ki sabase purani parvat mala hai, lekin ab yah poori tarah vriksh vihin ho chuki hai. pashchimottar pashchim tatha dakshin mean phaila aur tikone parakot ki do bhujaoan jaisa lagane vala yah skandh kshetr 180 varg kilomitar kshetr mean phaila hai. kachhari mitti ke maidan ko akriti ki vividhata deta hai tatha dilli ko kuchh utkrisht jiv v vanaspatiyaan upalabdh karata hai. yamuna nadi tribhujakar parakote ka tisara kinara batati hai. isi trikon ke bhitar dilli ke prasiddh sat shaharoan ki utpatti ee.poo. 1000 se 17 vian shatabdi ke bich huee.
- nagalaiand
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
- nagalaiand ka lagabhag samoocha hissa parvatiy hai.
- uttar mean naga paha diyaan brahmaputr ghati se achanak lagabhag 610 mitar ki ooanchaee tak uthati haian aur usake bad dakshin-poorv disha mean inaki ooanchaee 1,800 mitar tak ho jati hai, myaanmar sima ke pas ye paha diyaan patakee shriankhala se mil jati haian aur yahaan inaki sabase ooanchi choti mauant saramati hai, jisaki ooanchaee 3,826 mitar hai.
- panjab
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
bhoo-akriti: panjab ka adhikaansh hissa samatal maidani hai, jo poorvottar mean samudr tal se lagabhag 275 mitar se dakshin-pashchim mean lagabhag 168 mitar ki ooanchaee ki anuvarti dhalan vala hai. bhautik roop se is pradesh ko tin hissoan mean baanta ja sakata hai. poorvottar mean 274-914 mitar ki ooanchaee par sthit shivalik paha diyaan rajy ka bahut hi chhota hissa haian. dakshin mean shivalik paha diyaan sankare aur laharadar taraee kshetr ke roop mean phaili huee haian, jinase hokar kee mausami dharaean bahati haian.
- pashchim bangal
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
pashchim bangal rajhy ke poorv mean baangladesh, pashchim mean nepal, uttar-poorv mean bhootan, uttar mean sikkim, pashchim mean bihar, jharakhand, dakshin-pashchim mean u disa tatha dakshin mean bangal ki kha di hai. pashchim bangal rajy mean bharat ke hugali nadi par kolakata se 22 mil uttar chaubis paragana zile mean neehati nagar sthit hai.
- bihar
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
- bhoo-akriti: prakritik roop se yah rajy ganga nadi dvara do bhagoan mean vibhajit hai, uttar bihar maidan aur dakshin bihar maidan. sudoor pashchimottar mean himalay ki taraee ko chho dakar ganga ka uttari maidan samudr tal se 75 mitar se bhi kam ki ooanchaee par jalodh samatali kshetr ka nirman karata hai aur yahaan badh ane ki sanbhavana hamesha bani rahati hai. ghaghara, gandak, bagamati, kosi, mahananda aur any nadiyaan nepal mean himalay se niche utarati haian aur alag-alag jalamargoan se hoti huee ganga mean milati haian.
- manipur
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
- bharat ke poorvi sire par manipur rajy sthit hai.
- isake poorv mean mhyaanmar (barma) aur uttar mean nagalaiand rajhy hai, pashchim mean asam rajhy aur dakshin mean mizoram rajhy hai.
- manipur ka kshetraphal 22,327 varg kilomitar hai. bhaugolik roop se manipur ke do bhag haian, pahadiyaan aur ghatiyaan.
- ghati madhhy mean hai aur usake charoan taraph pahadiyaan haian.
- madhy pradesh
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
madhhy pradesh doosara sabase b da bharatiy rajhy hai. bhaugolik drishti se yah desh mean kenhdriy shthan rakhata hai. isaki rajadhani bhopal hai . madhy ka arth bich mean hai, madhy pradesh ki bhaugolik sthiti bharatavarsh ke madhy arthath bich mean hone ke karan is pradesh ka nam madhy pradesh diya gaya, jo kabhi 'madhy bharat' ke nam se jana jata tha. madhy pradesh hriday ki tarah desh ke thik bichoanbich mean sthit hai.
- maharashtr
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
maharashtr mean kee prakar ki akarshak bhoo- akritiyaan haian. narmada nadi, jo vibhransh ghati se hokar bahati huee arab sagar mean girati hai, rajy ki uttari sima ke ek hisse ka nirman karati hai. arab sagar mean hi milane vali tapti nadi ki vibhransh ghati isaki uttari sima ke doosare hisse ko chihnit karati hai. ye do nadi ghatiyaan satapu da shriankhala namak utkhand se vibhakt hoti haian. tapti ghati ke dakshin mean arab sagar ke kinare koankan ka tatiy kshetr hai, jisake poorv mean pashchimi ghat ya sahyadri paha diyoan ke nam se vikhyat kagar sthit hai.
- mizoram
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
bhoogarbhashastriy drishti se mizo paha diyaan arakan ark ka hissa hai jo susangathit samanaantar parvataskandhoan ki uttar-dakshin disha mean sthit shriankhala hai, jisaka nirman tritiyak balua patthar, choona-patthar aur slet-patthar[7] se hua hai. sankari nadi ghatiyoan se vibhakt parvataskandhoan ki ooanchaee 2,157 mitar hai. dakshin mean kaladan aur isaki sahayak nadiyaan dakshin disha mean bahati huee myaanmar mean pravesh karati haian, jabaki dhaleshvari (tlavang) aur sonaee (tuirel) nadiyaan uttar disha mean asam ki aur bahati haian.
- meghalay
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
meghalay dakkan ke pathar se rajamahal darre dvara alag kiya hua ek uchch bhookhand hai. yahaan ki chattanean aur bhoo-vaijnanik sanrachana bihar aur bangal ke chhota nagapur kshetr jaisi hai. chattanean poorv kaianbriyan kal ki ady mahakalpi shail aur grenait, nimn-purajivi shilaang samooh, apar goandavana, silahat traip aur tisare yug ke kathor avasadi jamavoan se bani huee hai. isake shikharoan ki ooanchaee 1,220 se 1,830 mitar ke bich hai.
- rajasthan
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
bhoomi: aravali paha diyaan rajy ke dakshin-pashchim mean 1,722 mitar ooanche guru shikhar[8] se poorvottar mean khet di tak ek rekha banati huee guzarati haian. rajy ka lagabhag 3/5 bhag is rekha ke pashchimottar mean v shesh 2/5 bhag dakshin-poorv mean sthit hai. rajasthan ke ye do prakritik vibhajan haian. behad kam pani vala pashchimottar bhoobhag retila aur anutpadak hai. is kshetr mean vishal bharatiy registan (thar) nazar ata hai. sudoor pashchim aur pashchimottar ke registani kshetroan se poorv ki or badhane par apekshakrit utpadak v nivas yogy bhoomi hai.
- sikkim
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
- sikkim rajy ka kul kshetraphal 7,096 varg kilo mitar hai.
- isaka bhoo bhag uttar se dakshin tak 112 kilo mitar tatha poorv se pashchim tak 64 kilomitar mean phaila hua hai.
- yah uttar-poorv himachal mean 27 digri 00'46" se 28 digri 07'48" uttari akshaansh aur 88 digri 00'58" se 88 digri 55'25" poorv deshaantar ke madhy sthit hai.
- vishv ki tisari sabase b di aur ooanchi choti 'kanchanajanga', jise sikkim ki raksha devi mana jata hai, apani prakritik sauandary ki chhata bikherati hai.
- hariyana
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
hariyana mean do b de bhoo-kshetr hai, rajy ka ek b da hissa samatal jalodh maidanoan se yukt hai aur poorvottar mean tikhe dhal vali shivalik paha diyaan tatha sankara paha di kshetr hai. samudr ki satah 210 mitar se 270 mitar ooanche maidani ilakoan se pani bahakar ekamatr barahamasi nadi yamuna mean ata hai, yah rajy ki poorvi sima se hokar bahati hai. shivalik paha diyoan se nikali anek mausami nadiyaan maidani bhagoan se guzarati hai. inamean sabase pramukh ghagghar (rajy ki uttari sima ke nikat) nadi hai.
- himachal pradesh
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
himachal pradesh pashchimi himalay ke madhy mean sthit hai, ise dev bhoomi kaha jata hai. himachal pradesh uttar mean jammoo aur kashmir, pashchim tatha dakshin-pashchim mean dakshin mean hariyana evan uttar pradesh, dakshin-poorv mean uttarakhand tatha poorv mean tibbat se ghira hai. himachal pradesh mean devi aur devataoan ka nivas sthan mana jata hai.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ mundakopanishadh tritiy mundak shlok 6
satyamev jayate nanritan satyen pantha vitato devayanah.
yenakramantyrishayo hyaptakama yatr satsatyasy paraman nidhanamh॥ - ↑ 2.0 2.1 India : Census 2011
- ↑ Population Density per Square Mile of Countries
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Report for Selected Countries and Subjects (aangrezi) (e.es.pi) International Monetory Fund. abhigaman tithi: 15 mee, 2012.
- ↑ sitambar 2006-2011 ki sthiti ke anusar
- ↑ megalopolis, arthath kee b de shaharoan vala ek satat shahari kshetr
- ↑ 16 se 664 lakh varsh purani chattanean
- ↑ mauant aboo