मलयालम भाषा

malayalam dravi d bhasha parivar ke dakshin dravi d upasamooh ki bhasha hai. malayalam ka vikas tamil ki kisi pashchimi boli se hua, ya phir adi-dravi d ki ek shakha se, jisase adhunik tamil ka bhi vikas hua. is bhasha ka prachinatam praman lagabhag 830 ee. ka ek abhilekh hai. aranbh mean sanskrit shabdoan ke vyapak aantarvah ne malayalam lipi (granth lipi se utpann, jo svayan brahmi lipi se paida huee) ko prabhavit kiya.

shabd dhvani aur lipi

isamean dravi d dhvaniyoan ke sath sabhi sanskrit dhvaniyoan ke lie bhi akshar hai. is bhasha ko likhane ke lie koleluttoo (shalaka lipi) ka bhi istemal hota hai, jisaki utpatti tamil lekhan pranali se huee hai. tamil granth lipi ka bhi upayog hota hai.

vyakaran

• samany dravi d bhashaoan ki tarah isake upavaky mean karta - karm - kriya ka shabdakram hota hai.
• isamean karta-karm-karak chihn hote haian; lekin any dravi d bhashaoan ke viparit isamean samapika kriya ka rupaantaran purush, vachan v liang ke bajay sirf kal ke anuroop hota hai.

bhasha kshetr

malayalam bhasha mukhyatah dakshin-pashchimi tatiy rajy keral mean boli jati hai, yah keral aur keandrashasit pradesh lakshadvip ki rajabhasha hai; lekin simavarti karnatak aur tamilanadu ke dvibhashi samuday ke log bhi yah bhasha bolate haian.

bolane valoan ki sankhya

madhy 1997 mean malayalam bhashi logoan ki sankhya lagabhag tin karo d sath lakh thi. is bhasha mean kshetr aur jati adharit boliyaan haian. aupacharik, sahityik bhasha aur am bolachal ki bhasha mean aantar hai.

malayali sahity

• dakshin bharat ki malayalam bhasha mean rachanaoan ka praranbhik bhandar upalabdh hai.
• upalabdh sahityik kriti 'ram-charitam' (12vian sadi ke uttararddh ya 13vian sadi ke poorvarddh mean) hai.
• bad ke kal ke lokaprey pattoo (git) sahity ko chho d kar mukhy roop se shrriangarik kavitaean likhi gee, jo malayalam aur sanskrit ki sammishrit 'mani-pravalam shaili' mean rachi gee haian.
• 15vian sadi mean ‘git’ dhara se ‘shuddh’ malayalam ka istemal kiya gaya aur yah cheroosseri ki lanbi kavita 'krishna-gatha' mean kavy ke uchch star tak pahuanchi.
• 16vian sadi ke poorvarddh mean bhakti aandolan ke prabhav se ejhuthachan ki mahanh kavita rachi gee. inaki 'adhyatm-ramayanam' ko utana hi samman diya jata hai, jitana uttari bharat mean tulasidas ke ramacharitamanas ko diya jata hai.
• malayalam kavita ke nrity evan rangamanch se ghanishth sanpark ke karan do pramukh kavi kuanjan 'nanbiyar' (1705-1770) aur 'unnai variyar' (donoan samakalin) uday hua.
• nanbiyar ki pauranik kathaoan ko pravahapoorn katha chhandoan mean ‘thullal’ ke lie racha gaya, jo unake hi dvara avishkrit kavy-path v nrity ki ek sammishrit natak-shaili thi.
• unnai variyar ke 'nal - charitam' ko samanyatah nrity rangamanch ki ek any shaili, kathakali, ke lie likhi gee sarvottam naty rachana mana jata hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

bahari k diyaan

• bharopiy parivar ki bharatiy ary bhashaean -prophesar mahavir saran jain