संगीत

[[chitr:Delhi-Folk.jpg|thumb|250px|lok git kalakar, dilli]] sangit manaviy lay evan talabaddh abhivyakti hai. bharatiy sangit apani madhurata, layabaddhata tatha vividhata ke lie jana jata hai. vartaman bharatiy sangit ka jo roop drishtigat hota hai, vah adhunik yug ki prastuti nahian hai, balki yah bharatiy itihas ke prarambh ke sath hi ju da hua hai. vaidik kal mean hi bharatiy sangit ke bij p d chuke the. samaved un vaidik rrichaoan ka sangrah matr hai, jo gey haian. prachin kal se hi eeshvar aradhana hetu bhajanoan ke prayog ki parampara rahi hai. yahaan tak ki yajnadi ke avasar par bhi samoohagan hote the. dhyan dene ki bat hai ki prachin kal ki any kalaoan ke saman hi bharatiy kala bhi dharm se prabhavit thi. vastav mean bharatiy sangit ki utpatti dharmik prerana se hi huee hai. parantu dhire-dhire yah dharm ko to dakar laukik jivan se sanbandhit hoti gee aur isi ke sath nrity kala, vady tatha gitoan ke naye-naye roopoan ka avishkar hota gaya. kalaantar mean naty bhi sangit ka ek hissa ban gaya. samay ke sath sangit ki vibhinn dharaean vikasit hoti gee, naye-naye rag, naye-naye vady yantr aur naye-naye kalakar utpann hote gaye. bharatiy sangit jagat anek mahanh vibhootiyoan ke yogadanoan ke parinamasvaroop hi itana vishal roop dharan kar saka hai.

sangit kya hai?

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is prashn ka uttar bharatiy sangitakaroan ne vividh roop se dene ka prayas kiya hai. 'sangit ratnakar' ke anusar gitan vady tatha nrity trayan sagitamuchyate - arthath git, vady aur nrity - in tinoan ka samuchchay hi sangit hai. parantu bharatiy sangit ka adhyayan karane par yah abhas hota hai ki in tinoan mean git ki hi pradhanata rahi hai tatha vady aur nrity git ke anugami rahe haian. ek any paribhasha ke anusar, samyakh prakaren yadh giyate tatsangitamh - arthath samyakh prakar se jise gaya ja sake vahi sangit hai. any shabdoan mean svar, tal, shuddh, acharan, hav-bhav aur shuddh mudra ke gey vishay hi sangit hai. vastav mean svar aur lay hi sangit ka arthath git, vady aur nrity ka adhar hai.

sangit ki paribhasha

sangit vah lalit kala hai, jisamean svar aur lay ke dvara ham apane bhavoan ko prakat karate haian. lalit kala ki shreni mean 5 kalaean ati haian–sangit, kavita, chitrakala, moortikala aur vastukala mean manav bhavanaoan ko vyakt to karate haian, parantu pratyek mean usaka madhyam badala karata hai. agar rang, painsil, kagaz adi ke dvara bhavoan ko vyakt karate haian to chitrakala ki rachana hoti hai. isi prakar yadi svar-lay ke dvara apane bhavoan ko prakat karate haian to sangit ki rachana hoti hai.

kivadanti

lalit kalaoan mean sangit ko sarvashreshth mana gaya hai. is prakar sangit samast kalaoan mean sarvashreshth hua. sangit ka sambandh devi-devataoan se bhi jo da gaya hai. kivadanti hai ki sarvapratham brahma ne sarasvati devi ko aur sarasvati ne narad ko sangit ki shiksha di. isake bad narad ne bharat ko aur bharat ne natyashastr dvara jan sadharan mean sangit ka prachar kiya. sangit ki

utpatti mean is prakar ki mukhy 7 kivandantiyaan prasiddh haian. prachin kal mean in kivandantiyoan ka mahatv shayad raha bhi ho, kintu aj ke vaijnanik yug mean inaka vishesh mahatv nahian hai.

parichay

'sangit' shabd 'git' shabd mean 'samh' upasarg lagakar bana hai. 'samh' yani 'sahit' aur 'git' yani 'gan'. 'gan ke sahit' arthath aangabhoot kriyaoan (nrity) v vadan ke sath kiya hua kary 'sangit' kahalata hai.

nrittan vadyanugan proktan vadyan gitanuvarti ch.
ato gitan pradhanatvadatradabhidhiyate..

bharatiy sangit

prachin kal mean bharatiy sangit ke do roop prachalit hue-1. margi tatha 2. deshi. kalaantar mean margi sangit lupt hota gaya. sath hi deshi sangit do roopoan mean vikasit hua- (i) shastriy sangit tatha (ii) lok sangit.

• shastriy sangit shastroan par adharit tatha vidvanoan v kalakaroan ke adhyayan v sadhana ka pratiphal tha. yah atyant niyamabaddh tatha shreshth sangit tha.
• lok sangit kal aur sthan ke anuroop prakriti ke svachchhand vatavaran mean svabhavik roop se palata hua vikasit hota raha, atah yah adhik vividhatapoorn tatha halka-phulka v chittakarshak hai.

sangit ki utpatti

bharatiy sangit ki utpatti vedoan se mani jati hai. vadoan ka mool mantr hai - 'Om' (oamh) . (oamh) shabd mean tin akshar a, u tatha mh sammilit haian, jo kramashah brahma arthath srishtikarta, vishnu arthath jagath palak aur mahesh arthath sanharak ki shaktiyoan ke dyotak haian. in tinoan aksharoan ko rrigved, samaved tatha yajurved se liya gaya hai. sangit ke sat svar sh daj (sa), rrishabh (r), gaandhar (ga) adi vastav mean ooan (oamh) ya oankar ke hi arntavibhag haian. sath hi svar tatha shabd ki utpatti bhi ooan ke garbh se hi huee hai. mukh se uchcharit shabd hi sangit mean nad ka roop dharan kar leta hai. is prakar 'ooan' ko hi sangit ka jagat mana jata hai. isilie kaha jata hai ki jo sadhak 'ooan' ki sadhana karane mean samarth hota hai, vahi sangit ko yatharth roop mean grahan kar sakata hai. yadi darshanik drishti se isaka goodharth nikala jay, to isaka tatpary yahi hai ki ooan arthath sampoorn srishti ka ek aansh hamari atma mean nihit hai aur sangit usi atma ki avaz hai, aantah sangit ki utpatti hridayagat bhavoan mean hi mani jati hai.

pramukh vady yantr evan kalakar

vady	vadak	chitr
sitar	pandit ravishankar, nikhil bainarji, vilayat khaan, bande hasan, shahid paravej, umashankar mishr, buddhadity mukharji adi.	40px
tabala	alla rakkha khaan, gudee maharaj, (pan. samata prasad) zakir husain, latif khaan, kishan maharaj, fayyar khaan, sukhaviandar sianh adi.	40px
baansuri	pannalal ghosh, hari prasad chaurasiya, vi. kuanjamani, en. nila, rajendr prasanna, rajendr kulakarni adi.	40px
sarod	amazad ali khaan, ali akabar khaan, alauddin khaan, vishvajit ray chaudhari, zarin daroovala, buddhadev das gupta, mukesh sharma adi.	40px
vayalin	d aau. en. rajan, vishnu goviand jog, el. subrahmanyamh, sangita rajan, kunakk di vaidyanathan, ti. en. krishnanh adi.	40px
vina	es. balachandran, kalyan krishna bhagavatar, badarooddin dagar, vi. doresvami ayangar adi.	40px
shahanaee	bismilla khaan, dayashankar jagannath, ali ahamad husain khaan adi.	30px
santoor	shivakumar sharma, bhajan sopari adi.	40px
pakhavaj	gopal das, ustad rahaman khaan, chhatrapati sianh, thakur lakshman sianh adi.	40px
rudravina	asad ali khaan, ustad sadik ali khaan adi.	40px
mridang	paladhar raghu, thakur bhikam sianh, d aau. jagadish sianh adi.	40px

sangit ke roop

pratyek kala ke mukhy do roop hote haian-kriya aur shastr. kriya ke aantargat usaki sadhana vidhi aur shastr ke aantargat usaka itihas, paribhashik shabdoan ki vyakhya adi ati hai. sangit ke bhi do roop haian-

kriyatmak roop

sangit ka kriyatmak roop vah hai, jise ham kanoan dvara sunate haian athava netroan dvara dekhate haian. doosare shabdoan mean kriyatmak sangit mean gana, bajana aur nachana ata hai. gayan aur vadan ko ham sunate haian aur nrity ko dekhate haian. kriyatmak roop mean rag, git ke prakar, alap-tan, saragam, jhala, rela, tuk da, amad, gat, miand adi ki sadhana ati hai. sangit ka yah paksh bahut hi mahattvapoorn hai.

shastr paksh

shastr paksh mean sangit sambandhi vishayoan ka adhyayan karate haian. isake do prakar haian–kriyatmak shastr aur shuddh shastr. kriyatmak shastr mean kriyatmak sangit ka adhyayan ata hai, jaise ragoan ka parichay, git ki svar-lipi likhana, tan-alap, milate-julate ragoan ki tulana, tuk da, rela adi. is shastr se kriyatmak sangit mean b di sahayata milati hai. shuddh shastr mean sangit, nad, jati, aroh-avaroh, svar, lay, matra, tal, khali adi ki paribhasha, sangit ka itihas adi ka adhyayan ata hai.

sangit paddhatiyaan

bharatavarsh mean mukhy roop se do prakar ka sangit prachar mean hai, jinhean sangit ki paddhati kahate haian. unake nam haian–uttari athava hindustani sangit paddhati aur dakshini athava karnatak sangit paddhati.  

uttari sangit paddhati

uttari sangit paddhati ko hindustani sangit paddhati bhi kahate haian. yah paddhati uttari hindustan mean–bangal, bihar, u disa, uttar pradesh, hariyana, panjab, gujarat, jammoo-kashmir tatha maharashtr prantoan mean prachalit haian.  

dakshini sangit paddhati

dakshini sangit paddhati ko karnatak sangit paddhati bhi kahate haian. yah tamilanadu, maisoor, aandhr pradesh adi dakshin ke pradeshoan mean prachalit haian. ye donoan paddhatiyaan alag hote hue bhi inamean bahut kuchh samanataaian hai.  

sangit ke prakar

bharatiy sangit ke mukhy do prakar haian–shastriy sangit aur bhav sangit. shastriy sangit use kahate haian, jisamean niyamit shastr hota hai aur jisamean kuchh vishisht (khas) niyamoan ka palan karana avashyak hota hai. udaharanarth, shastriy sangit mean rag ke niyamoan ka palan karana p data hai, n karane se rag hani hoti hai. isake atirikt lay-tal ki sima mean rahana p data hai, git ka kaun sa prakar ham ga rahe haian, usaka nirvah bhi usi prakar se hona chahie, ityadi-ityadi. bhav sangit mean shastriy sangit ke saman n koee bandhan hota hai aur n usaka niyamit shastr hi hota hai. bhav sangit ka mukhy aur ekamatr uddeshy kanoan ko achchha lagana hai, at: usamean koee bandhan nahian rahata-chahe koee bhi svar prayog kiya jae, chahe jis tal mean gaya jae v alap, tan, saragam, adi kuchh bhi prayog kiya jae athava n prayog kiya jae. bhav sangit ka mukhy uddeshy ranjakata hai. ranjakata ke lie hi kahian-kahian shastriy sangit ka sahara bhi liya jata hai. bhav sangit ko sugam sangit kahate haian. bhav sangit ko mukhy tin bhagoan mean vibhajit kiya ja sakata hai-

• chitrapat sangit
• lok sangit
• bhajan-git

chitrapat sangit

vyapak arth mean jis kisi git ka prayog chitrapat (sinema) mean hua ho, use chitrapat sangit kahate haian. baijoo bavara ka aj gavat man mero tatha jhanak-jhanak payal baje ka 'giradhar gopal' donoan ki shaili shastriy hote hue bhi ye chitrapat git haian, kyoanki inaka prayog chitrapat mean ho chuka hai.

sadharan filmi gitoan ki kuchh niji visheshataean hoti haian, jo ki is prakar haian–

• s:- bhavanukool git aur akarshak rachana
• re:- vibhinn vadyoan ka prayog
• g:- shrriangar ras ke hridayasparshi shabd
• m:- surile aur akarshak kanthoan ke dvara gaya jana
• p:- dhvani baddh (rikard) karane ke poorv thik prakar se jaanchana

jin gitoan mean ye visheshataean hoan aur jinaka prayog chitrapat mean hua ho, ve filmi git kahalate haian. inhian sab visheshataoan ke karan sadharan janata filmi gitoan ki or adhik akarshit hoti hai.  

lok git

yah graminoan ka git hai. in gitoan mean saik doan varshoan se chale aye riti-rivazoan ki jhaanki milati hai. isake aantargat shadi ke git, vibhinn sanskaroan par gaye jane vale git, chaiti, kajari, alha, biraha, baool, mahiya, bhatiyali, maanjhi adi lok git ate haian. inaka svaroop saral, bhav chhute guye, kuchh svaroan ke andar simit tatha lay pradhan hote haian. in gitoan ko sunate hi sadharan vyakti tali dene lagate haian. isaliye lok gitoan ke sath dholak bajaye jati hai.  

bhajan-git adi

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isamean shastriy sangit ki tarah bandhan nahian rahata. jin gitoan mean eeshvar ka gunagan ya unase prarthana ki jati hai, unhean bhajan aur jin kavitaoan ko svar-tal baddh karake gate haian, unhean git kahate haian. rag-tal niyamoan se svatantr, akarshak rachanayean, bhavanukool shabdoan dvara git rachana adi inaki visheshataean hoti haian. adhikatar ye dadara aur kaharava tal mean hote haian. inamean aur chitrapat gitoan mean mukhy antar yah hai ki inaki tulana mean chitrapat gitoan ki rachana bahut chalati-phirati aur shabd saste dhang ke hote haian.

sangit ke vividh aang

sangit se sambandhit kuchh moolabhoot tathyoan ko janakar hi sangit ki barikiyoan ko samajha ja sakata hai. dhvani, svar, lay, tal adi isake antargat ate haian.

svar

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dhvaniyoan mean ham pray: do bhed rakhate haian, jinamean se ek ko 'svar' aur doosare ko 'kolahal' ya 'rav' kahate haian. kuchh log batachit ki dhvani ko bhi ek bhed manate haian. sadharanat: jab koee dhvani niyamit aur avart-kampanoan se milakar utpann hoti hai, to use 'svar' kahate haian. isake viparit jab kampann aniyamit tatha pechide ya mishrit hoan to us dhvani ko 'kolahal' kahate haian. bolachal ki bhasha ki dhvani ko svar aur kolahal ke bich ki shreni mean rakha jata hai. sankshep mean yah samajhie ki niyamit andolan sankhyavali dhvani 'svar' kahalati hai. yahi dhvani sangit ke kam mean ati hai, jo kanoan ka madhur lagati hai tatha chitt ko prasannh karati hai. is dhvani ko sangit ki bhasha mean 'nad' kahate haian. is adhar par sangitopayogi nad 'svar' kahalata hai. bharatiy sangitajnoan ne ek svar (dhvani) se usase duguni dhvani tak ke kshetr mean aise sangitopayogi nad baees mane haian, jinhean 'shrutiyaan' kaha gaya hai. dhvani ki prarambhik avastha 'shruti' aur usaka anuranatmak (guanjit) 'svar' kahalata hai.

shuddh svar

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jab sa, re, g, m, p, dh, ni svaroan mean shrutiyoan ka kram 4, 3, 4, 4, 3, 2, rahata hai to un svaroan ko shuddh svar kahate haian.

shuddh tivr svar

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sa, re, g, m, p, dh, ni shuddh svar kahe jate haian. inamean sa aur p to achal svar mane ge haian, kyoanki ye apani jagah par qayam rahate haian. baki paanch svaroan ke do-do roop kar die ge haian, kyoanki ye apani jagah par se hatate haian, isalie inhean komal v tivr namoan se pukarate haian. inhean vikrit svar bhi kaha jata hai.

saptak

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kramanusar sat shuddh svaroan ke samooh ko saptak kahate haian. satoan svaroan ke nam kramash: sa, re, g, m, p, dh aur ni haian. isamean pratyek svar ki andolan sankhya apane pichhale svar se adhik hoti hai. doosare shabdoan mean sa se jaise-jaise age badhate jate haian, svaroan ki andolan sankhya badhati jati hai. re ki andolan sankhya sa se, g, ki, re, se, v, m, ki, g, se adhik hoti hai. isi prakar p, dh aur ni ki andolan sankhya apane pichhale svaroan se zyada hoti hai.

that

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saptak ke 12 svaroan mean se 7 kramanusar mukhy svaroan ke us samuday ko that kahate haian, jisase rag utpann hote hai. svarasaptak, mel, that, athava that ek hi arthavachak haian. prachin sanskrit granthoan mean mel shabd hi prayog kiya gaya hai. abhinav rag manjari mean kaha gaya hai– mel svar samooh: syadrag vyanjan shaktiman, arthath svaroan ke us samooh ko mel ya that kahate haian, jisamean rag utpann karane ki shakti ho.

rag

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kam se kam paanch aur adhik se adhik sat svaroan ki vah sundar rachana jo kanoan ko achchhi lage rag kahalati hai. ajakal rag-gayan hi prachar mean hai. abhinav rag-manjari mean rag ki paribhasha is prakar di gee hai–

yoayan dhvani-visheshastu svar-varn-vibhooshit:.
ranjako janachittanaan s rag kathito budhai:..

arthath

svar aur varn se vibhooshit dhvani, jo manushyoan ka manoranjan kare, rag kahalata hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

sanbandhit lekh

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