सिंधी भाषा
siandhi bhasha bharatiy-ary bhashaoan ke pashchimottar samooh aur bharat-pakistan upamahadvip ki ek pramukh sahityik bhasha hai. isaki utpatti vedoan ke lekhan ya sambhavat: usase bhi pahale sindh kshetr mean boli jane vali ek prachin bharatiy-ary boli ya prathamik prakrit se huee hai. rrigved ke shlokoan par is boli ka prabhav kuchh had tak dekha ja sakata hai. prakrit parivar ki any bhashaoan ki tarah siandhi bhi vikas ke prachin bharatiy-ary (sanskrit) v madhy bharatiy-ary (pali, dvitiyak prakrit tatha apabhransh) ke charanoan se guzarakar lagabhag 10vian shatabdi mean navin bharatiy-ary charan mean pravesh kar gee. chooanki siandh kshetr avibhajit bharat ki pashchimottar sima par sthit tha, isalie ise lagatar akramanoan ka samana karana p da. 1100 varshoan se adhik samay tak yah kshetr muslim shasan mean raha, isalie siandhi bhasha mean arabi aur farasi ke shabd adhik haian. isake bavajood mool shabd-sangrah aur vyakaran sanrachana lagabhag aparivartit hai.
bhoogol
siandhi bhasha ke roop mean siandh kshetr mean boli jati hai, jo 1947 mean bharat ke vibhajan ke bad pakistan ka hissa ban gaya tha. parinamasvaroop, us samay ke samajik-rajanitik sankat se majaboor hokar 12 lakh siandhi bhashi hinduoan ko bharat mean sharan leni p di thi. bharat mean siandhiyoan ka koee vishesh bhashaee rajy nahian hai, lekin unaki nyayochit maang ko dekhate hue 10 aprail 1967 ko siandhi ko sanvidhan ki 8vian anusoochi mean manyata pradan ki gee. siandhi abadi samooche bharat mean phaili huee hai aur gujarat (ahamadabad v vadodara), maharashtr (muanbee, ulhasanagar v pune), rajasthan (ajamer, jayapur, jodhapur v udayapur), uttar pradesh (agara, kanapur, lakhanoo v varanasi), madhy pradesh (bhopal, indaur, gvaliyar v rayapur) tatha dilli ke nagaroan v shaharoan mean inaki saghanata hai. shaikshik, sahityik aur saanskritik kshetroan mean siandhi bhasha ne bharat aur pakistan mean ullekhaniy pragati ki hai. siandh mean isaka upayog sarakari bhasha ke roop mean hota hai. pakistan ki 1981 ki janaganana riport ke anusar, vahaan lagabhag dedh karo d logoan ne siandhi ko apani matribhasha svikar kiya hai. doosari taraf bharat mean 1991 ki janaganana riport ke anusar, desh ke vibhinn prantoan mean rahane vale siandhi bhashi logoan ki sankhya lagabhag 22 lakh hai. adhikaansh siandhi vyaparik samuday ke haian; lagabhag 20 lakh siandhi vishv ke any deshoan mean base hue haian.
vyakaran
is bhasha mean svaraant shabdoan ki prachurata hai, visheshakar 'u' se samapt hone vale shabd (siandhi bhasha mean yah visheshata prakrit mool se virasat mean aee hai); isamean char svarit aant:sphotatmak dhvanigram (sahasa aantarshvas se utpann dhvani g, j, d, b) haian. siandhi mean paanch nasik dhvanigramoan (n, n, n, n, m) ki poori shrriankhala hai. karmavachy aur bhavavachak kriyapad samany haian (udaharan, likh-ij-e, arthat 'likha ja sakata hai'). sanjna, parasargoan aur kriyaoan ke sath pratyay sarvanamoan ka upayog ek any mahattvapoorn bhashaee visheshata hai. udaharan ke lie, pina-si 'usake pita'; khe-si 'use'; likhya-in-si 'usane use likha'. siandhi bhasha ne kee prachin shabd aur vyakaran svaroopoan ko surakshit rakha hai, jaise jhurooya se jhuroo (prachin); vaidik sanskrit ke yuti se juee 'sthan'; tatha prakrit vuthya se vuththo 'barish huee'. siandhi ki mukhy boliyaan siraiki (oopari siandh mean boli jane vali), vicholi (madhy siandh mean boli jane vali), la di (nichale siandh mean prayukt), lasi (lasa-belo, baloochistan ki boli), thareli ya dhataki (siandh ke dakshin-poorvi tharaparakar zile aur siandh ki sima se lage rajasthan ke pashchimi kshetr mean prayukt) haian. siandh ke dakshin mean bharat ke kachchh aur saurashtr kshetroan mean boli jane vali kachchhi boli siandhi v gujarati ke bich ki boli hai. inamean se vicholi boli siandh ki manak aur sahityik boli hai.
lipi
siandhi bhasha mukhyat: do lipiyoan mean likhi jati hai, arabi-siandhi lipi (arabi varnaksharoan ka parivartit tatha parivarddhit roop), jise british sarakar ne 1853 mean manakikrit kiya aur jisamean 52 akshar haian tatha devanagari-siandhi lipi (devanagari, jisamean siandhi bhasha ki aant:sphotatmak dhvaniyoan ke lie char atirikt akshar shamil kie ge hai). isake alava, siandhi bhasha ki apani prachin deshi lipi 'siandhi' bhi hai, jisaki utpatti ady-nagari, brahmi aur siandhu ghati lipiyoan se huee hai. lekin isaka upayog ab kuchh vyapariyoan ke vanijyik patr vyavahar aur siandh ke ismaeeli khoja muslim samuday ke dharmagranthoan tak simit hai. bharat mean siandhiyoan ki vartaman samajik-saanskritik sthiti ko dekhate hue devanagari-siandhi lipi ka adhikadhik upayog unaki sahityik v saanskritik virasat ke sanrakshan aur use badhava dene ke lie ho raha hai.
arabi
siandhi bhasha arabi tariqe se yani dayean se bayean likhi jati hai. isamean 52 akshar hote haian. jisamean 34 akshar farasi bhasha ke haian aur 18 naye akshar, ڄ ,ٺ ,ٽ ,ٿ ,ڀ ,ٻ ,ڙ ,ڍ ,ڊ ,ڏ ,ڌ ,ڇ ,ڃ ,ڦ ,ڻ ,ڱ ,ڳ ,ڪ haian. inamean adhikatar ka roop adi, madhy aur aant mean bhinn-bhinn hota hai. svaroan ki matraean anivary n hone ke karan ek hi shabd ke kee uchcharan ho jate haian.
| جھ | ڄ | ج | پ | ث | ٺ | ٽ | ٿ | ت | ڀ | ٻ | ب | ا |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ɟʱ | ʄ | ɟ | p | s | >ʈʰ | ʈ | tʰ | t | bʱ | ɓ | b | * |
| ڙ | ر | ذ | ڍ | ڊ | ڏ | ڌ | د | خ | ح | ڇ | چ | ڃ |
| ɽ | r | z | ɖʱ | ɖ | ɗ | dʱ | >d | x | h | cʰ | c | ɲ |
| ق | ڦ | ف | غ | ع | ظ | ط | ض | ص | ش | س | ز | ڙھ |
| k | pʰ | f | ɣ | ∅ | z | t | z | s | ʃ | s | z | ɽʱ |
| ي | ه | و | ڻ | ن | م | ل | ڱ | گھ | ڳ | گ | ک | ڪ |
| * | h | * | ɳ | n | m | l | ŋ | ɡʱ | ɠ | ɡ | kʰ | k |
devanagari
jabaki bharat mean arabi ke alava devanagari lipi ka bhi upayog kiya jata hai. devanagari lipi jo hindi ki tarah bayean se dayean likhi jati hai. yah 1948 mean bharat sarakar dvara layi gayi bhasha hai.
| a | a | i | ee | u | oo | e | ai | o | au |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ə | a | ɪ | i | ʊ | uː | e | ɛ | o | ɔ |
| k | kh | kh | g | g॒ | g | gh | n | ||
| k | kʰ | x | ɡ | ɠ | ɣ | ɡʱ | ŋ | ||
| ch | chh | j | j॒ | z | jh | n | |||
| c | cʰ | ɟ | ʄ | z | ɟʱ | ɲ | |||
| t | th | d | d॒ | d | dh | dh | n | ||
| ʈ | ʈʰ | ɖ | ɗ | ɽ | ɖʱ | ɽʱ | ɳ | ||
| t | th | d | dh | n | |||||
| t | tʰ | d | dʱ | n | |||||
| p | ph | f | b | b॒ | bh | m | |||
| p | pʰ | f | b | ɓ | bʱ | m | |||
| y | r | l | v | ||||||
| j | r | l | ʋ | ||||||
| sh | sh | s | h | ||||||
| ʃ | ʂ | s | h | AMEERDDIN | |||||
sankhya
| hindi | madhy-poorv | poorv/bharatiy-siandhi |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | ٠ | ۰ |
| 1 | ١ | ۱ |
| 2 | ٢ | ۲ |
| 3 | ٣ | ۳ |
| 4 | ٤ | ۴ |
| 5 | ٥ | ۵ |
| 6 | ٦ | ۶ |
| 7 | ٧ | ۷ |
| 8 | ٨ | ۸ |
| 9 | ٩ | ۹ |
am bolachal(vaky)
- kiyan ahiyo / kiyan ahian? - 'ap kaise ho/tum kaise ho?'
- auan / maan thik ahiyaan - 'maian thik huan.'
- tavahinji maherabani - 'dhanyavad/shukiriya'
- ha - 'haan'
- n - 'nahian'
- tavahinjo / tuhinjo nalo chha ahe? - 'apaka/tumara nam kya hai'?
- muhinjo nalo _____ ahe. - 'mera nam _____ hai.'
- hik - 'ek'
- bahh - 'do'
- tehh - 'tin'
- chhar - 'char'
- panj - 'paanch'
- chhah - 'chhe'
- sat - 'sat'
- athah - 'ath'
- navan - 'nau'
- dahah - 'das'
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