अंग्रेज़ी
thumb|aangrezi varnamala aangrezi arthath iangalish ianglaind desh ke nivasiyoan ki bhasha hai. ab isi samany arth mean is nam ka prayog hota hai, kintu yah bhasha n keval ianglaind mean varanh apane nyoonadhik parivartit roop mean amerika, astreliya, nyoojilaind tatha dakshin afrika ke katipay bhagoan mean kam mean layi jati hai. isake atirikt sansar ke anek deshoan mean saanskritik tatha vyaparik adan-pradan ke lie aangrezi bhasha ka prayog bahusankhyak log karate haian. nishchit roop se yah kahana ki aangrezi bolane vale logoan ki sankhya sansar mean kitani hai, kathin hai. prophesar aee. e. richard ka anuman hai ki pray: 20 karo d log aangrezi bhasha bolate haian. navi shati mean iangalish (english) shabd se un sabhi bolachal ki bhashaoan ka bodh hota tha, jo ki briten ke aiangl, saiksan aur joot jati ke nivasiyoan mean prachalit thi. is tarah iangalish bhasha ka namakaran iangalaind desh ke namakaran ke poorv hi ho chuka tha. aangrezi bhasha hind-yooropiy bhasha parivar ki bhasha hai aur is prakar se hindi, urdoo, farasi adi bhashaoan ke sath isaka door ka sanbandh hai. ise duniya ki sarvapratham antarrashtriy bhasha mana jata hai. ye duniya ke kee deshoan ki mukhy rajabhasha hai aur aj ke daur mean kee deshoan mean vijnan, kampyootar, sahity, rajaniti, aur uchch shiksha ki bhi mukhy bhasha hai. aangrezi bhasha roman lipi mean likhi jati hai.
itihas
eesa poorv navian shati ke lagabhag kelt jati ke logoan ne adhunik ianglaind aur ayaralaind ke dvipoan par adhikar prapt kiya. taduparant unhian ki sabhyata aur bhasha ka prachar hua. roman logoan ne is dvip samooh ko 43 ee. mean apane adhin kiya aur paanchavian shati ke arambh tak vahaan par rajy karate rahe. unaki sabhyata ka desh par vyapak prabhav p da. paanchavian shati mean jab barbar jatiyoan ne roman samrajy ko akrant kiya, us samay roman briten ko chho dakar chale gaye. usi shatabdi mean jarmani mean elb nadi ke tat par basane vali tyootan jatiyoan ne briten par hamala kiya. in jatiyoan mean pramukh thian– aiangl, saiksan aur joot. lagabhag dedh sau varshoan ke aantargat in sashakt jatiyoan ne pray: sampoorn briten ko apane adhikar mean kar liya aur kelt jati ke logoan ne bhagakar vels, karnaval, kent adi doorasth bhagoan mean ashray liya. aangrezi bhasha ka pradurbhav inhian navagat jatiyoan ki bolachal ki bhasha ke roop mean hua. vibhinn jatiyoan ke log apani alag-alag bhasha bolate the, kintu unamean ek samany ekata thi. in bolachal ki bhashaoan par keltik bhasha ka bhi prabhav p da. iangalish nam ki vyutpatti aiangl se hai. is prarambhik kal se lekar 11vian shati tak aangrezi bhasha ka jo roop tha, use 'old iangalish' arthath 'prachin aangrezi' bhasha ki sanjna di jati hai. 1066 ee. mean narman raja viliyam-di-kaankarar ne hestiangs ke yuddhakshetr mean aangrezoan ko parast kiya aur tab se aangrezi bhasha ke itihas mean ek navin yug ka arambh hua. narman moolat: den jati ke log the, jo ki anek shatabdiyoan se fraans mean bas gaye the. ve fraans ke mool nivasiyoan mean ghul-mil gaye the aur frech bhasha bolate the. is bhaanti unake agaman se aangrezi bhasha par narman athava fraansisi bhasha ka gahara prabhav p da. kuchh samay tak saiksan aur narman bhashaean alag rahian, kintu bad mean unaka mishran hone laga aur donoan ne milakar bhasha ka ek navin roop dharan kiya. 11vian shati se 15vian shati ke bich vikasit hone vali aangrezi bhasha ko 'midil iangalish' arthath 'madhyam aangrezi' bhasha kahate haian. 15vian shati mean sarvapratham aangrezi ka adhunik parinishthit svaroop prakat hua. is navin vikas ke anek karan the. ch aausar ki kavita, jisamean bhasha ki navin visheshata thi, lokapriy huee aur usake sath-sath landan ki darabari aur kachahari bhasha tatha aauksaphord ke vidvanoan ki parimarjit bhasha ka bhi prachalan badha. in sabake mel-jol se ek aisi samany parishkrit bhasha ka avirbhav hua, jisamean tindal ne baibil ka anuvad kiya (1525 ee.) aur jisamean likhi huee pustak ko kaikstan ne apane chhapakhane mean chhapakar deshabhar mean prasarit kiya. tab se ab tak usi parinishthit aangrezi bhasha ka kramik vikas hota aya hai. ianglaind ke vibhinn prantoan ki bolachal ki apani niji bhashaean haian. in bolachal ki bhashaoan ka mahattv din-prati-din ghatata ja raha hai aur parinishthit aangrezi bhasha ka adhipaty badhata hi ja raha hai. yahi bhasha aj ianglaind ki sahityik bhasha hai. adhunik parinishthit aangrezi bhasha ka sabase sidha sambandh madhyavarti ianglaind ki bolachal ki bhasha se hai. san 1500 ke bad aangrezi ka adhunik kal aranbh hota hai. isamean yoonani bhasha ke kuchh shabd milane aranbh ho gaye the. yah daur sheksapiyar jaise sahityakar se aranbh hota hai. yah samay sanh 1800 tak chala hai. yah aangrezi ka adhunikatam daur kahalata hai. isamean aangrezi vyakaran saral ho chuka hai aur usamean aangrezoan ke ne aupaniveshik eshiyaee aur aphriqi logoan ki bhashaoan ke bhi bahut se shabd shamil ho gaye haian.
shabdavali
- aangrezi bhasha ka nirman do vibhinn upakaranoan se hua hai. usaka mool dhaancha un prachin jarman boliyoan se liya gaya hai, jinaka ullekh ham oopar kar chuke haian. at: jarman bhasha aur aangrezi bhasha mean ek prakar ka samy nihit hai. kintu madhy aangrezi aur punarjagaran ke kal se lekar aj tak adhunik aangrezi bhasha ne bahusankhyak laitin mool ke shabdoan ko grahan kiya hai.
- aangrezi shabdavali mean laitin, frech, itailiyan prabhriti bhashaoan se liye gaye shabdoan ki kafi sankhya hai. aangrezi ki grahikashakti vishesh ullekhaniy hai. is jivit bhasha mean shabdoan ko grahan tatha atmasath karane ki adabhut kshamata hai. isaka sabase achchha praman vartaman yug mean amerika mean milata hai.
- yoonaited stets ki bhasha pradhanat: aangrezi hai, kintu usamean vividh srotoan se anaginat shabd akar ghulamil gaye haian. aangrezi mean farasi, arabi, sanskrit, hindi adi ke bhi bahusankhyak shabd liye gaye haian. adhunik aangrezi bhasha ki ek aur vishesh pravritti yah hai ki usamean vibhaktiyoan ka parityag karake arth ki abhivyakti ke lie upasargoan aur muhavaroan se adhikadhik kam liya ja raha hai. is bhaanti purani aangrezi ki apeksha adhunik aangrezi mean arth vistar tatha sookshm bhavoan ke prakashan ki shakti badh gayi hai.
- aangrezi shabdoan ki varnarachana aur unake uchcharan mean kabhi-kabhi bhed dekha jata hai, aur kuchh log ise bhasha ka dosh manate haian; kintu is asangati ka karan keval yah hai ki aangrezi bhasha ke vikas mean shabdoan ki dhvani ko hi vishesh mahattv diya gaya, unake aksharoan dvara chitramay pradarshan ko nahian. dhvani ki drishti se sarvatr kuchh n kuchh taratamy avashy milata hai.
varnamala
aangrezi bhasha mean 26 aksharoan ka prayog kiya jata hai. jo is prakar haian-
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aangrezi sahity
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
purani aangrezi ka jo sahity upalabdh hai, usake adhar par pata lagata hai ki prachin yug ke lekhakoan aur kaviyoan ki vishesh ruchi yatravarnan tatha rochak kahani kahane mean thi. us yug ki pramukh rachanaean haian 'vidasith', 'di vandarar' tatha 'biolph'. madhy aangrezi ki do bhashaean thi. pashchimi bhasha mean poorvavarti eanglo-saiksan sahity ki parampara akshunn bani rahi. is shakha ki pratinidhi rachanaean haian viliyam laigalaind ki 'di vizan aph pipars plaumain' aur kisi ajnat kavi ke dvara virachit 'gevet end di grin nait' tatha 'di parl'. doosari arthath dakshin-poorvi shakha ke pratinidhi lekhak the-
- j aaun govar (1325-1408 ee.) tatha
- ch aausar (1340-1400 ee.).
ch aausar ko adhunik aangrezi ka pratham kavi mana jata hai aur usaki rachanaoan ka aangrezi sahity mean vishesh mahattv hai. isake uparant pray: dedh sau varshoan tak usaka anusaran hota raha aur koee mahanh kavi nahian paida hua. isi kal mean pahale kaikstan ne ianglaind mean chhapakhana sthapit kiya. mudran ki suvidha se gady sahity ki vishesh unnati huee. lagabhag 16vian shati ke madhy se ianglaind mean yooropiy navajagaran (rinesaan) ka prabhav prakat hone laga. prachin sahity ke adhyayan ke sath hi sath frech tatha itailiyan sahity ka bhi adhyayan hone laga aur in tinoan ke sammilit prabhav se aangrezi sahity ka navotthan hua.
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