अकलंकदेव

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achary akalankadev jain darshan mean ek yug nirmata ke roop mean jane jate haian. shilalekhoan evan granthoan mean prapt ullekhoan ke adhar par ve athavian shati (ee. 720-780) ke achary mane jate haian. ye jain nyay ke pratishthata kahe jate haian. anekaant, syadvad adi siddhantoan par jab tikshnata se bauddh aur vaidik vidvanoan dvara dohara prahar kiya ja raha tha tab sookshmaprajn akalankadev ne un praharoan ko apane vad-vidyakavach se nirast karake anekaant, syadvad, saptabhangi adi siddhantoan ko surakshit kiya tha tatha pratipakshiyoan ko sabal javab diya tha. inhoanne saik doan shastrarth kiye aur jainanyay par b de jatil evan durooh granthoan ki rachana ki hai. unake ve nyayagranth nimn haian-

1. nyay-vinishchay
2. siddhi-vinishchay
3. praman-sangrah
4. laghiyastray
5. devagam-vivriti (ashtashati)
6. tattvarthavartik v usaka bhashy adi.

parichay

akalank ke pita ka nam purushottam tha, jo manyakhet nagari ke raja shubhatuang ke mantri the. ve do bhaee the-akalank aur nishkalank. donoan hi bahut b de vidyabhyasi the. unake man mean bauddhoan ke dvara jain mat ke viruddh uthaye gaye akshepoan ko nirmool sabit karane ki jijnasa prabal roop se jag p di thi aur usi uddeshy ki poorti hetu donoan bhaiyoan ne bauddh math mean gupt roop se rahakar bauddh shastroan ka adhyayan kiya. parantu ek din bhed khul jane ke kararan un donoan ke samaksh maut a kh di huee. kisi tarah akalank ki jan to bach gee, lekin nishkalank ko pranadand se mukti n mil saki. akalank jain nyay ke sansthapak kahe jate haian. isaka yah arth nahian samajhana chahie ki jain nyay jaisi kaee chiz thi hi nahian. samantabhadr, siddhasen adi acharyoan ne jain darshan ka pratipadan karate samay jain nyay ko chho d nahian diya tha. kintu jain nyay mean jo suvyavastha aur sudridhata dekhi jati hai, usaka shrey akalank ko hi hai. akalank ke pahale ke acharyoan ne jo bhoomika taiyar ki thi, usake adhar par unhoanne jain nyay ka ek bhavy prasad kh da kiya. isi se kabhi-kabhi jain nyay ko 'akalank nyay' bhi kaha jata hai.

rachanaean

akalank ne umasvati ke 'tatvarthasootr' tatha samantabhadr ki 'aptamimaansa' par kramash: 'tatvartharajavartik' tatha 'ashtashati' namak tika likhi hai. 'tatvartharajavartik' mean jain dharm evan darshan ke vibhinn pakshoan ke vivechan milate haian tatha 'ashtashati' mean pishesh roop se anekantavad ka pratipadan hua hai. jain nyay ko sudridhata pradan karane ke lie akalank ne 'laghiyastray, 'nyayavinishchay', 'siddhivinishchay' tatha 'praman sangrah' ki rachana ki. laghiyastray mean tin karan haian- praman pravesh, nay pravesh tatha pravachan pravesh. pahale ye tin svatantr granthoan ke roop mean the, kintu bad mean inhean ek hi granth laghistray ke roop mean sankalit kar diya gaya. aisa mana jata hai ki jain nyay ka yah pahala granth hai, jisamean praman, ney aur nikshep ka tarkik pranali se niroopan hua hai. itana hi nahian balki kshanikavad ka khandan bhi isamean kiya gaya hai. nyayavinishchay mean tin prastav haian- pratyaksh, anuman aur pravachan. inaki tulana siddhasen virachit 'nyayavatar' ke pratyaksh, anuman aur shrut tatha bauddhanyayachary dharmakirti dvara pratipadit pratyaksh, svarthanuman evan pararthanuman se ki jati hai. 'siddhivinishchay' mean barah prastav haian- inamean praman, nay, nikshep adi vishleshit haian. 'praman sangrah' mean kul 88 karikaean haian, jo 9 prastavoan mean banti huee haian. inamean pratyaksh, anuman, hetu aur hetvabhas, vad, pravachan, saptabhangi, nay, praman, nikshep adi ki pratishtha b di hi tarkik kushalata ke sath huee hai.

praman siddhant

jain nyay mean praman ko paribhashit karate hue sarvapratham samantabhadr ne kaha hai ki yah jnan praman ho sakata hai, jo sv aur par ka avabhasak ho. siddhasen divakar ne samantabhadr ke dvara ki gee paribhasha ka samarthan to kiya hai, kintu usamean ek visheshan badha diya hai. unake anusar praman vahi jnan ho sakata hai, jo sv aur par ka avabhasi hone ke sath hi 'badhavivarjit' bhi ho. akalank ne praman pratishtha karate hue nimnalikhit siddhant prastut kiya hai- praman ko avisanvadi hona chahie. sanshay, viparyay aur anadhyavasay se yukt jnan ko visanvadi kahate haian. at: praman vah jnan hai, jisamean sanshay, viparyay evan anadhyavasay n ho. parantu koee bhi jnan n poorn roop mean praman ho pata hai aur n apraman hi. avisanvad ke adhiky ke karan koee jnan praman ho jata hai aur visanvad ke adhiky ke karan apraman. itana hi nahian apitu praman ko 'vyavasayatmak' bhi hona chahie. praman vyavasayatmak tabhi hota hai, jab vah savikalpak hota hai. at: nirvikalpak, kalpanapraudh evan avyapadeshy jnan praman ki koti mean nahian rakhe ja sakate haian. is siddhant ke adhar par bauddhadarshan ke nirvikalpak pratyaksh tatha nyay darshan ke avyapadeshy arthath avikalpak pratyaksh ke siddhantoan ka khandan hota hai. praman ke lakshan ko batate hue jahaan par samantabhadr ne 'sv', 'par' aur 'apabhasak' shabdoan ko rakha hai, vahian par akalank ne kramash: 'atma', arth' aur 'grahak' shabdoan ka prayog kiya hai. praman ke vishay ka niroopan karate hue akalank ne kaha hai ki dravy paryay tatha samany vishesh hi nahian, balki atmarth yani 'sv' aur 'arth' bhi praman ke vishay hote haian. akalank ke anusar praman ke do pradhan bhed haian- pratyaksh aur paroksh. pratyaksh pun: do bhagoan mean vibhajit hota hai- mukhy evan saanvyavaharik. mukhy pratyaksh ke aantargat tin prakar ke jnan hote haian- avadhi, man:paryay aur keval. saanvyavaharik pratyaksh ke roop mean mati-jnan ata hai. paroksh jnan ke paanch bhed haian- smriti, pratyabhijnan, tark anuman aur agam. pratyaksh ki koti mean ve jnan ate haian jo 'vishad' haian. vaishady ko paribhashit karate hue akalank ne kaha hai jo anuman se adhik (niyat desh, kal tatha akar ke roop mean) visheshoan ki pratibhasana karata hai, use vishad jnan kahate haian. pratyaksh jnan ki aspashtata par bal dene ke lie akalank ne 'sakar' aur 'anjasa' padoan ka vyavahar kiya hai.

jnan ki prapti

agamoan mean atma se prapt hone vale jnan ko pratyaksh kaha gaya hai kyoanki unamean 'aksh' ka arth atma liya gaya hai. shesh sabhi jnan paroksh ki koti se rakhe ge haian. man aur indriyoan se prapt hone vale jnanoan ko bhi paroksh jnan hi kaha gaya hai. kintu jainetar paramparaoan tatha samany vyavahar mean man aur indriyoan se prapt jnan ko pratyaksh jnan kaha gaya hai. akalank ne man aur indriyoan se prapt jnan ko saanvyavaharik pratyaksh kaha hai. yadyapi paramarthik ya ya adhyatmik drishti se yah jnan paroksh ki koti mean hi ate haian, tathapi lok vyavahar tatha itar darshanoan mean inhean pratyaksh mana jata hai. sath hi vaishady bhi aanshik roop se inamean paya jata hai. isalie inhean pratyaksh kah sakate haian. parantu inake lie pratyaksh nam hi uchit hoga. atma se prapt pratyaksh ko mukhy pratyaksh kahate haian. isake tin bhed haian- avadhi, man:paryay aur keval.

avadhi-jnan

jo jnan avadhijnanavaran tatha viryantaray ke kshayopasham se utpann hota hai, use avadhijnan kahate haian. isaka vishay keval roopi dravy hota hai. dravy, kshetr, kal tatha bhav ke drishtikon se isaki maryadaean hoti haian. isalie inhean avadhi-jnan kahate haian. jo jnan doosare ke man ki batoan ki janakari karata hai, use man:paryay jnan kahate haian. avadhi jnan ka anantarvabhag isaka kshatr hai.

keval-jnan

keval-jnan sarvajnata ki sthiti hai. isamean sabhi dravyoan aur paryayoan ko janane ki kshamata prapt ho jati hai. jab kabhi jnanavaran nasht ho jate haian, tab keval-jnan ki utpatti hoti hai. yah poornaroopen nirmal ya vishad hota hai. any sabhi jnan isi mean vilin ho jate haian. yah atma ki svabhavik sthiti hoti hai. avaranoan ke hat jane par atma sabhi ksheyoan ko jan leta hai. tatvarthasootr mean mati aur shrut ko paroksh jnan kaha gaya hai. kintu akalank ne kaha hai ki mati, smriti, sanjna, chinta, abhinibodh shabd roop mean ane se poorv matijnan ki koti mean rakhe jate haian, parantu shabd roop mean abhivyakt hone par shrutajnan ho jate haian. mati jnan mean ashiank se vaishady hota hai, at: use pratyaksh jnan samajha ja sakata hai. lekin shrut jnan avishad hota hai. isalie use paroksh kahate haian.

man:paryay

poorvanubhav ke sanskar ki punaravritti smriti kahi jati hai. ise 'grihitagrahi' kahakar any darshanoan mean praman ki koti mean nahian rakha gaya hai. yah utani hi chijoan ko prastut karati hai jitani poorvanubhav mean aee huee hoti hai. at: yah poorvanubhav ki sima ke andar hoti hai. akalank ne smriti ko paroksh mana hai, kyoanki isamean avisanvad dekha jata hai. yadi isamean avisanvad n mana jaye to anuman, shabd vyavahar adi sabhi nirarthak ho jayeange. chooanki smriti paratantr hota hai, isalie ise paroksh praman kaha ja sakata hai, kintu apraman nahian kaha ja sakata. vartaman ko dekhakar usake atit ko dhyan mean lana, phir donoan ke milane ke parinamasvaroop jnan ki prapti karana pratyabhijnan kahalata hai. ise bauddh nyay mean praman nahian mana gaya hai. naiyayik ise manas vikalp kahate haian tatha mimaansakoan ki drishti mean yah indriy pratyaksh hai. akalank ne ise svatantr praman ghoshit kiya hai.

akalank aur any darshanik

any darshanikoan ne tark ko n to praman ki koti mean rakha hai aur n hi apraman ki koti mean. kintu akalank ne kaha hai ki tark ko praman manana hi hoga, kyoanki yah vyaptigrahi hai. yadi ise praman n mana jayega to vyapti ka kya hoga. itana hi nahian balki apane sambandh mean tark avisanvadi bhi hota hai. 'nyay-vinishchay' mean akalank ne kaha hai ki sadhan se sadhy ke vishay mean jnan prapt karana anuman hai. liang aur vyapti ke pichhe (anu) hone vala jnan anuman kaha jata hai. unake anusar avinabhav hi anuman ka lakshan hai. anuman ke kee avayav mane gaye haian, kintu akalank ne keval pratijna aur hetu ko hi paryapt mana hai. unhoanne kary svabhav aur anupalabdhi ke alava karan hetu, poorvachar hetu, uttar hetu aur sahachar hetu ko prithakh manane ka samarthan kiya hai. chooanki anuman ka ek hi lakshan (avinabhav) mana gaya hai, isalie usake abhav mean ek hi hetvabhas mana jana chahie. parantu avinabhav ka abhav vibhinn prakaroan se hota hai. isalie hetvabhas ke char prakar mane ja sakate haian- viruddh, asiddh, sandigdh tatha akianchitkar. naiyayikoan ne chhaladi ka prayog sahi mana hai, parantu akalank ke anusar chhal ka prayog uchit nahian, kyoanki chhaladi se utpann jalp, vitanda adi ke astitv mean ve vishvas nahian karate. ve mithya uttar ko jatyuttar manate haian. sath hi yah bhi kahate haian ki mithya uttaroan ki ginati nahian ho sakati, kyoanki ye anant haian. saptabhangi ke pratipadan mean pramanasaptabhangi tatha nayasaptabhangi ke lie kramash: sakaladesh aur vikaladesh ki yojana akalank ke dvara hi banaee gee hai. nayaniroopan tatha anekant-vivechan bhi unake granthoan mean vyavasthit dhang se hua hai.

is prakar akalank ne jain nyay ko ek vyavasthit roop pradan kiya hai, jisake karan ham unhean usi koti mean pratishthit karate haian, jisamean dharmakirti, kumaril, prabhakar adi ate haian. vidyanand ne sambhavat: isi karan 'siddhervatrakalankasy mahato nyayavedin: vachanoan dvara akalank ko 'mahanyayavetta' jastik-nyayadhish kaha hai.

sanbandhit lekh

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