अठारह बौद्ध निकाय

• bhagavan buddh ke parinirvan ke anantar buddhavachanoan mean prakshep (any vachanoan ko dal dena) aur apanayan (kuchh buddhavachanoan ko hata dena) n hone dene ke lie kramash: tin sangitiyoan ka ayojan kiya gaya. pratham sangiti buddh ke parinirvan ke tatkal bad pratham varshavas ke kal mean hi rajagrih mean mahakashyap ke sanrakshakatv mean sampann huee. isamean anand ne sootr (isamean abhidharm bhi sammilit hai) aur upali ne vinay ka sangayan kiya. is tarah is sangiti mean sammilit paanch sau arhat bhikshuoan ne pratham bar buddhavachanoan ko tripitak adi mean vibhajan kiya. bhagavan buddh ke parinirvan ke bad sau varsh bitate-bitate ayushman yash ne vaishali ke vajjiputtak bhikshuoan ko vinay viparit das vastuoan ka acharan karate hue dekha, jisamean sone-chaandi ka grahan bhi ek tha. anek bhikshuoan ki drishti mean unaka yah acharan anuchit tha. isaka nirnay karane ke lie dvitiy sangiti bulaee gee. mahasthavir revat ki adhyakshata mean sampann is sangiti mean sammilit sat sau arhat bhikshuoan ne un (vajjiputtak bhikshuoan) ka acharan vinayaviparit nishchit kiya. vaishali ke vajjiputtak bhikshuoan ne mahasthaviroan ke is nirnay ko amany kar diya aur kaushambi mean ek prithakh sangiti ayojit ki, jisamean das hazar bhikshu sammilit hue the. yah sabha 'mahasangh' ya 'mahasangiti' kahalaee tatha is sabha ko manane vale 'mahasaanghik' kahalae.
• is prakar bauddh sangh do bhagoan ya nikayoan mean vibhakt ho gaya, sthaviravadi aur mahasaanghik. age chalakar bhagavan ke parinirvan ke 236 varsh bad samrat ashok ke kal mean ayojit tritiy sangiti ke samay tak bauddh sangh atharah nikayoan mean vikasit ho gaya tha.
• mahasaanghik bhi kalantar mean do bhagoan mean vibhakt ho ge-

1. ekavyavaharik aur
2. gokulik.

• gokulik se bhi do shakhaean vikasit huee, yatha-

1. prajnaptivadi aur
2. bahulik ya bahushrutik.

• bahulik se chaityavadi namak ek aur shakha prakat huee. is tarah mahasaanghik se paanch shakhaean nikali, jo mahasaanghik ke sath kul 6 nikay hote haian.
• doosari or sthaviravadi bhi pahale do bhagoan mean vibhakt hue, yatha- vajjiputtak aur mahishasak. vajjiputtak 4 bhagoan mean vibhakt hue, yatha-

1. dharmottariy,
2. bhadrayanik,
3. chhanragarik (shannagarik) aur
4. sammitiy.

• mahishasak se bhi do shakhaean vikasit huee, yatha-

1. dharmaguptik aur
2. sarvastivadi.

• sarvastivadiyoan se kramash: kashyapiy, kashyapiy se saankrantik aur saankrantik se sootravadi sautrantik nikay vikasit hue. is prakar sthaviravadi nikay se 11 nikay vikasit hue, jo sthaviravadi nikay ke sath kul 12 hote haian. donoan prakar ke nikayabhed milakar kul atharah nikay hote haian.

nikayoan ki paribhasha

• mahasaanghik
• sthaviravad
• sarvastivad
• ekavyavaharik
• lokottaravad
• prajnaptivadi
• vatsiputriy
• sammitiy
• mahishasak
• dharmaguptak
• kashyapiy
• vibhajyavad

nikay-parampara

achary vinitadev adi pramukh acharyoan ki manyata hai ki char hi mool nikay haian, jinase age chal kar sabhi atharah nikay vikasit hue. ve haian-

1. ary sarvastivadi,
2. ary mahasaanghik,
3. aryasthavir evan
4. ary sammitiy.

moolasangh se jo yah vibhajan hua ya atharah ya usase adhik nikayoan ka jo janm hua, vah kisi gatishil shreshth dharm ka lakshan hai, n ki hras ka. bhagavan buddh ne svayan hi kisi bhi shasta ke vachan ya kisi pavitr granth ke vachan ko antim praman manane se apane anuyayi bhikshuoan ko mana kar diya tha. unhoanne svatantr chintan, apane anubhav ki pramanikata, vastusangat drishti aur udar vicharoan ke jo bij bhikshusangh mean nikshipt (sthapit0 kiye the, unhian bijoan se kalantar mean vibhinn shakhaoan vala saddharm roopi mahavriksh vikasit hua, jisane bharat sahit vishv ke koti-koti viney janoan ki akaankshaean apane pushp, phal, patr aur chhaya ke dvara poorn kian aur aj bhi kar raha hai.

atharah nikayoan ke samany siddhant

achary vasumitr, bhavavivek adi mahapanditoan ke granthoan ke darshanik siddhantoan se sabhi atharah nikay pray: sahamat haian-

jnan mean grahy (vishay) ke akar ka abhav

bauddh darshanikoan mean is vishay par paryapt charcha upalabdh hoti hai ki jnan jab apane vishay mean pravritt hota hai, tab vishay ke akar ko grahan karake arthath vishay ke akar se akarit (sakar) hokar vishay grahan karata hai ya nirakar rahate hue. sautrantikoan ka manana hai ki chakshurvijnan nilakar hokar nil vishay mean pravritt hota hai. unaka kahana hai ki jis samay chakshurvijnan utpann hota hai, us samay usaka grahy (nil alamban) niruddh rahata hai. kyoanki nil alamban karan hai aur chakshurvijnan usaka kary. karan ko kary se niyat poorvavartoan hona chahiean isalie nil alamban chakshurvijnan se ek kshan poorv niruddh ho jata hai. kintu jnan mean vishay ka akar vidyaman hone se vah jnan 'nilajn' kaha jata hai.

jnan mean svasanvedanatv ka abhav

vaibhashik pramukh sabhi atharah nikayoan mean jnan mean jaise jney (vishay) ka akar nahian mata jata arthath jaise use nirakar mana jata hai, usi prakar jnan mean grahak-akar arthath apane svaroop (svayan) ko grahan karane vala akar bhi nahian mana jata. svayan (apane svaroop) ko grahan karane vala jnan 'svasanvedan' kahalata hai. ashay yah ki ve (vaibhashik adi) svasanvedan nahian manate. jnat hai ki bauddh naiyayik sautrantik adi char pratyaksh manate haian-

1. indriy pratyaksh,
2. manas pratyaksh,
3. svasanvedan pratyaksh aur
4. yogi-pratyaksh.

inamean se vaibhashik adi kyoanki svasanvedan nahian manate, isalie inake mat mean shesh tin pratyaksh hi mane jate haian.

bahyarth ka astitv

vaibhashik adi ke mat mean jnan mean atirikt bahy vastuoan ki satta mani jati hai. ve roop, shabd adi bahy vastuean paramanuoan se arabdh (nirmit) hoti haian, n ki vijnan ke parinam ke roop mean mani jati haian- jaisa ki yogachar vijnanavadi manate haian. yogachar matanusar samast bahyarth alayavijnan ya manovijnan mean sthit vasana ke parinam hote haian. vaibhashik aisa nahian manate. vaibhashik matanusar ghat adi padarthoan mean sthit paramanu chakshurindriy ke vishay hote haian tatha chakshurindriy mean sthit paramanu chakshurvijnan ke ashray hote haian. isalie inake mat mean paramanu se nirmit sht adi sthool vastuoan ki vastusatta nahian mani jati. sautrantikoan ke matanusar ghat adi mean sthit pratyek paramanu chakshurvijnan ka vishay nahian hota, at: chakshurvijnan mean bhasit hone vale ghat adi sthool vastuoan ki vastusatta mani jati hai. jaise vaisheshik darshanik avayavoan se atirikt ek avayavi dravy ki satta svikar karate haian, vaise vaibhashik nahian manate, isalie ghat adi ke antargat vidyaman paramanu hi indriy ke vishay hote haian.

tinoan kaloan ki satta

jo sabhi atit, anagat aur pratyutpann kaloan ka astitv manate haian, ve sarvastivadi char prakar ke haian, yatha-

1. bhavanyathik. is mat ke pramukh achary bhadant dharmatrat haian. inake anusar adhvoan (kaloan) mean pravartaman (gatishil) dharmoan ki dravyata mean anyathatv nahian hota. keval bhav mean anyathatv hota hai.
2. lakshananyathik. isake pramukh achary bhadant ghoshak haian. inake anusar adhvoan mean pravartaman atit dharm yadyapi atit-lakshan se yukt hota hai, phir bhi vah pratyutpann aur anagat lakshan se bhi aviyukt hota hai.
3. avasthanyathik. isake pramukh achary bhadant vasumitr haian. inake anusar adhvoan mean pravartaman dharm bhinn-bhinn avasthaoan ko prapt kar avastha ki drishti se bhinn-bhinn nirdisht kiya jata hai, n ki bhinn-bhinn dravy ki drishti se bhinn-bhinn nirdisht hota hai.
4. anyathanyathik. isake pramukh achary bhadant buddhadev haian. inake anusar adhvoan mean pravartaman dharm poorv, apar ki apeksha se bhinn-bhinn kaha jata hai.

nirupadhishesh nirvan

vaibhashik adi nikayoan ke mat mean nirupadhishesh nirvan ki avastha mean vyaktitv ki sarvatha nivritti (parisamapti) mani jati hai. is avastha mean anadi kal mean chali a rahi vyakti ki nam-roop santati sarvatha shant ho jati hai, jaise dipak ke bujh jane par usaki kisi bhi prakar ki santati avashisht nahian rahati.

bodhi se poorv gautam buddh ka prithagjan hona

in nikayoan ke matanusar janm grahan karate samay rajakumar siddharth prithagjan hi the. vah bodhisattv avashy the aur marg ki drishti se sambharamarg ki avastha mean vidyaman the. ghar se bahar hokar pravrajya grahan karane ke anantar jis samay bodhivriksh ke mool mean samadhi mean sthit the, tab unhoanne kramash: prayogamarg, darshanamarg aur bhavanamarg ko prapt kiya. ant mean unhoanne usi asan par samyakh sanbuddhatv ki prapti ki.

sthaviravad

paramarth dharm vichar

atharah nikayoan mean sthaviravad bhi ek hai. in dinoan vishv mean do hi nikay jivit haian-

1. sthaviravad aur
2. sarvastivad ki vinay-parampara.

• sthaviravad ki parampara shrilanka, myamaanr, thaeelaind, kambodiya adi dakshin poorvi eshiyaee deshoan mean pramavi dhang se prachalit hai. usaka vistrit palisahity vidyaman hai aur aj bhi rachanaean ho rahi haian. at: sankshep mean yahaan usake paramarthasaty tatha shilasamadhi aur prajna ka parichay diya ja raha hai. shil, samadhi aur prajna hi margasaty hai, jisase nirvan (moksh) jaise paramarthasaty evan param purusharth ki prapti sambhav hai.

paramarth

jo apane svabhav ko kabhi bhi nahian chho data tatha jisake svabhav se kabhi parivartan nahian hota aisa tattv 'paramarth' kaha jata hai. jaise lobh ka svabhav (lakshan) asakti ya lalach hai. yah chahe manushy mean ho athava pashu mean ho apane asakti ya lalachi svabhav ko kabhi bhi nahian chho data. bhautik (roop) vastuoan mean bhi prithvi ka svabhav 'kathor' hona hai. yah prithv kahian bhi kisi bhi avastha mean apane kathor svabhav ko nahian chho dati. isalie chitt, sparshavedana adi chaitasik, prithvi aph adi mahabhoot aur bhautik vastu (roop) tatha nirvan paramarth kahe jate haian.

chitt-chaitasik

• yadyapi chitt-chaitasik prithakh-prithakh svabhav vale hote haian tathapi ve donoan ek vishay (alamban) mean ek sath utpann hokar ek sath niruddh hote haian. inamean se varn, shabd adi vishayoan (alamban) ko samany roopen janana matr 'chitt' hai. yahaan chitt dvara alamban ka grahan karana ya prapt karana hi 'janana' kaha jata hai. janana, grahan karana, prapt karana, parichchhed (udgrahan) karana, ye paryayavachi haian.
• chitt, man aur vijnan ek hi arth ke vachak haian jo sanchay karata hai. (chinoti), vah chitt hai. yahi manash hai, kyoanki yah manan karata hai (manute).yahi vijnan hai, kyoanki vah apane alamban ko janata hai (alambanan vijanati).

chaitasik

jab koee chitt utpann hota hai, tab sparsh vedana adi chaitasik bhi utpann hote haian. chitt se sambaddh hokar utpann hone ke karan, chitt mean hone vale un sparsh vedana adi dharmoan ko, 'chaitasik' kahate haian. yahaan 'chitt' adhar hai tatha chaitasik usamean hone vale adhey haian- aisa nahian samajhana chahie. haan, yah thik hai ki poorvagami chitt ke abhav mean chaitasik nahian ho sakate, is sthiti mean chitt ke n hone par chaitasikoan ke krity nahian hoange, chitt se sambaddh hone par hi ve sambhav haian, at: chitt mean hone vale sparsh vedana adi dharm chaitasik hai- aisa bhi kaha jata hai. yah thik bhi hai, kyoanki sparsh vedana adi sada sarvatha chitt mean samprayukt hote haian. chitt ke bina chaitasik apane alambanoan ko grahan karane mean asamarth rahate haian. isilie chitt-chaitasikoan ka sath-sa utpad nirodh mana jata hai tatha sath hi saman alamban ka grahan evan saman vastu (indriy) ka ashray karana mana jata hai.

roop

chitt chaitasik manushy ke chetan (abhautik) padarth (dharm) haian, inhean bauddh paribhasha mean 'aroop dharm' ya 'nam dharm' kaha jata hai. ye nam dharm yadyapi bhautik (roop) dharmoan ka ashray karake hi utpann hote haian. tathapi ve bhautik (roop) dharmoan ka sanchalan bhi karate rahate haian. usaka abhipray yah hai ki yadi roop dharm nahian hote haian to aroop (nam)¬ dharm bhi nahian hote. yadi aroop (nam) dharm nahian hai to roop dharm nishprayojan ho jate haian. yadyapi bhagavan buddh ka pradhan pratipady nirvan tha aur nirvan prapti ke lie kushal, akushal aroopadharmoan ka vivechan karana bhi avashyak tha, tathapi roop dharmoan ke vivechan ke bina aroopadharmoan ka vivechan sambhav nahian tha, phalat: unhoanne 28 prakar ke bhautik dharmoan ka vivechan kiya. is prakar manushy jivan mean yadyapi aroopadharm pradhan hai, tathapi roopadharmoan ki bhi anivaryata hai. at: sabhi abhidharmashastr roopoan ka bhi vishleshan karate haian.

prithvi aph adi 28 roopoan mean se prithvi aph, tejas, vayu varn, gandh, ras aur ojash ye ath roop sada ek sath rahate hean. paramanu, jo sookshm padarth mana jata hai, usamean bhi ye ath roop rahate haian. inamean se prithvi, aph tejash aur vayu ko 'mahabhoot' kahate haian. kyoanki in char roopoan ka svabhav aur dravy any roopoan se mahanh hote haian tatha ye hi moolabhoot hote haian in char mahabhootoan ka ashray lekar hi varn adi any roopoan ki abhivyakti hoti hai. varn, gandh adi roopoan ka hamean tabhi pratyaksh ho sakata hai, jabaki inake mool mean sanghataroop mahabhoot hoan. jab mahabhootoan ka sanghat rahega tab varn gandh adi ka bhi pratyaksh ho sakega.

manushy ke sharir mean vidyaman char mahabhootoan ke svabhav ko samajhane ke lie mrittika se bani huee murti ko upama se vichar kiya jata he. ek-ek roop-samuday (kalap) mean vidyaman in char mahabhootoan ko prakrit chakshu dvara nahian dekha ja sakata, ve paramanu namak atyant sookshm roop-samuday (kalap) hote haian anek roopoan (kalapoan-roop-samudayoan) ka sanghat hone par hi unhean prakrit chakshu dvara dekha ja sakata hai. is prakar anek roop-samudayoan (kalapoan) ka sanghat hone par manushy ka bhautik sharir ban jata hai. bhautik sharir hone mean manushy ke poorvakrit karm (chetana) mukhy karan hote haian.

nirvan

chitt, chaitasik aur roop dharmoan ka yatharth jnan ho jane par nirvan ka sakshatkar kiya ja sakata hai. yatharth jnan ki prapti karane ke lie sadhana (vipashyana) karana chahie. sadhana (vipashyana) ke dvara jo jnan ko prapt karata hai, vah aryapudgal hai, aryapudgal hi nirvan ka sakshatkar kar sakate haian. jisake du:kh aur du:kh ke karan (trishna-samuday) nivritt ho jate haian, vahi nirvan ka sakshatkar kar sakata hai, at: du:kh tatha trishna se atyantiki nivritti hi 'nirvan' kahalata hai. yadyapi nirvan du:khoan se atyantiki nivritti matr ka nirodh matr ko kahate haian, tathapi vah abhav nahian kaha ja sakata, kyoanki vah aryajanoan ke dvara sakshat karane yogy hai arthath nirvan jnanaprapt aryajanoan ka vishay (alamban) hone se abhav nahian kaha ja sakata. vastut: vah atyant sookshm dharm hone se sadharan janoan ke dvara janane evan kahane yogy nahian hone par bhi vah aryajanoan ka vishay hota hai. isalie nirvan ko ek paramarth dharm kahate haian.

nirvan shanti sukh lakshan vala hai. yahaan sukh do prakar ka hota hai-

1. shanti sukh evan
2. vedayitasukh.

shantisukh vedayitasukh ki tarah anubhootiyogy sukh nahian hai. kisi ek vishesh vastu ka anubhav n hokar vah upashamasukh matr hai arthath du:khoan se upasham hona hi hai. nirvan ke svaroop ke vishay mean ajakal nana prakar ki vipratipattiyaan haian. kuchh log nirvan ko roop vishesh evan nam vishesh kahate haian. kuchh log kahate haian. ki nam-roopatmak skandh ke bhitar amrit ki tarah ek nityadharm vidyaman hai, jo namaroopoan ke niruddh hone par bhi avashisht rahata hai, us nity, ajar, amar, avinashi ke roop mean vidyaman rahana hi nirvan hai, jaise- any bharatiy darshanikoan ke mat mean atma. kuchh logoan ka mat hai ki nirvan ki avastha mean yadi namaroop dharm n raheange to us avastha mean sukh ka anubhav bhi kaise hoga ityadi.

shil-vimarsh

shil vimarsh ke aantargat samanyatahacharan matr ate haian. vistar se padhean- shil vimarsh

samadhi—vimarsh

samadhi

• shobhan vishayoan mean pravritt rag, dvesh moh se rahit pavitr chitt (kushal chitt) ki ekagrata (nishchalata) ko samadhi kahate haian. samadhi ka arth samadhan hai. arthath ek alamban (vishay) mean chitt chaitasikoan ka barabar (samh) tatha bhalibhaanti (samyakh) pratishthit hona ya rakhana (aghan) 'samadhan' hai. isalie jis tattv ke prabhav se ek alamban mean chitt-chaitasik barabar aur bhalibhaanti vikshipt aur viprakirn n hote hue sthit hote haian, us tattv ko 'samadhi' kahate haian.
• pantajali ne bhi chitt ki vrittiyoan ke nirodh ko 'yog' kaha hai.
• vyas ne yog ko samadhi kaha hai.
• vrittikar ne yog ka arth 'samadhan' batalaya hai.
• is prakar bauddh aur bauddhettar acharyoan ne 'samadhi' shabd ki vyutpatti samanaroop se ki hai.
• aanguttaranikay mean buddh ne samadhi ki bahulata se vartaman jivan mean sukhapoorvak vihar (drishtidharm-sukhavihar), divyachakshu-jnan, smriti-samprajnan se sampannata aur klesh (astrav) kshay adi anek gun bataye haian. is prakar samadhi ka arth ekagrata se adhik mahaniy aur gambhir siddh hota hai.

karmasthan

karmasthan do prakar ke hote haian, yatha- shamath karmasthan aur vipashyana karmasthan. yogi jin alambanoan ko apane bhavanakrity ki sampannata ke lie sadhan banata hai, unhean 'karmasthan' kahate haian. prithvi, aph adi chalis prakar ke sadhan 'samadhi' ke alamban' (shamath karmasthan) haian. tatha panchaskandhatmak nam-roop adi sadhan prajna ke vishay (vipashyana karmasthan) haian. anapanasmriti – bauddh sadhana mean shvas aur prashvas ko 'anapan' kahate haian. ise hi patanjal yog-darshan mean 'pranayam' kaha gaya hai. yah shvas-prashvas (anapan) samadhilabh ke lie ek utkrisht sadhan hai. yah thik bhi hai, kyoanki pran hi jivan hai. pran hi samast sansar ka mool karan hai. pran ke bina prani ka jivit rahana asambhav hai. sabhi jivoan ke lie pran anivary aang hai. jab se jiv janm leta hai, tabhi se shvas-prashvas prakriya prarambh ho jati hai. isalie bauddh aur bauddhetar bharatiy yogashastr mean pranayam ya anapan ka atyadhik mahattv pratipadit kiya gaya hai.

vishuddhi aur jnan

yahaan yogi nam-roop sanskar dharmoan ke prati keval anity ya du:kh ya anatm ki bhavanamatr se marg evan phal jnan prapt nahian kar sakata, apitu use sanskar dharmoan ki anity, du:kh evan anatm-in tin svabhavoan (lakshano) se vipashyana-bhavana karani p dati hai. marg prapti ke poorv-kshan mean yadi sanskar dharmoan ke anity svabhav ko dekhata hai to vah marg evan phal animittavimoksh kahalata hai. yadi marg prapti ke poorv-kshan mean sanskar dharmoan ko du:kh svabhav athava anatm svabhav dekhata hai to vah marg evan phal apranihit athava shoonyatavimoksh kahalata hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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sanbandhit lekh

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