अदह
adah (aisbestas) kee prakar ke khanij siliketoan ke samooh ko kahate haian, jo reshedar tatha adahy hote haian. isake reshe chamakadar hote haian. ikattha rahane par unaka rang safed, hara, bhoora ya nila dikhaee p data hai, parantu pratyek alag reshe ka rang chamakila safed hi hota hai. is padarth mean anek gun hote haian, jaise- reshedar banavat, atatan bal, k dapan, vidyut ke prati asim rodhashakti, aml mean n ghulana aur adahata. in gunoan ke karan yah bahut se udyoangoan mean kam ata hai.
vibhajan
adah ko sadharan roop se nimnalikhit do jatiyoan mean baanta ja sakata hai-
- reshedar sarapeantain ya kraisotail
- aianfibol samooh ke reshedar khanij padarth, jaise- krosidolait, tremolait, aiktinolait tatha aianthophilait adi.
prapti sthan
adah ki sabase adhik upayog hone vali jati kraisotail hai. yah padarth sarapeantain ki shilaoan ki patali dhamaniyoan mean paya jata hai aur rasayanik drishti se sadharan maiganishiyam siliket hota hai. in dhamaniyoan mean safed ya hare rang ka manim reshami resha paya jata hai. is prakar ke adah ka 70 pratishat bhag kanada ki kvibek khadanoan se nikala jata hai. kraisotail-yukt chattan mean kraisotail-adah ki matra bharanusar 5 se 10 pratishat hoti hai. is mel ke reshe bahut achchhe, majaboot, lachile aur atanan bal vale hote haian. inako asani se soot ki tarah kap doan ke roop mean buna ja sakata hai. aianphibol samooh ki apeksha[1] ushmarodhi shakti kam hoti hai tatha aml mean ghulanashilata adhik. bharat mean uparyukt mel ke adah himachal pradesh mean shimala ke pas shali ki paha diyoan mean, madhy pradesh ke narasianhapur mean, aandhr pradesh ke kadap tatha karanoolu mean tatha maisoor ke shinagora mean pae jate haian.[2]
reshoan ko khadan mean se khodakar aur adahayukt patthar ko mashin driloan ke dvara nikala jata hai; tatpashchath yaantrik vidhiyoan se reshoan ko alag kar liya jata hai. isake lie patthar ko pahale to da tatha sukhaya jata hai, phir kramanusar ghoomane vali chakkiyoan, belanoan, kuttakoan, pankhoan tatha adhopati kakshoan mean pahuanchaya jata hai aur aant mean reshoan ko ikattha kar liya jata hai.
aianfibol adah
is prakar ka adah reshoan ke puanj ke roop mean paya jata hai, parantu reshe bahudha aniyamit kram ke hote haian. in dhamaniyoan ki lanbaee kabhi-kabhi kee phut tak hoti hai. is prakar ke adah nimnalikhit upajatiyoan ke pae jate haian-
- aianthophilait
yah lohe aur maignishiyam ka siliket hota hai. isamean atanan bal kam hota hai, parantu yah kraisotail ki apeksha aml mean kam ghulata hai aur isaki ushmarodhak shakti adhik hoti hai. yah bahut bhanjanashil hota hai aur isilie isako katana bahut kathin hota hai.
- krosodolait
yah lohe aur sodiyam ka siliket hai. yah halke nile rang ka aur resham ki tarah chamakila hota hai. isamean atatan bal paryapt hota hai.
- tremolait
yah kailshiyam maignishiyam siliket hota hai.
- ekatinolait
yah maignishiyam, kailshiyam aur lohe ka mila hua siliket hai.
pahali donoan upajatiyoan ke adah ka safed rang se halka hara rang tak hota hai. rang ka gadhapan lohe ki matra ke oopar nirbhar hai. inake reshe mean adhik loch nahian hoti, at: ye bunane ke kam mean nahian a sakate. ye kathinata se pighalate aur aml mean bahut kam ghulate haian. inako aml chhanane aur vidyut ke upakaran banane ke kam mean laya jata hai. bharat mean adah ki aikatinolait tatha tremolait upajatiyaan hi bahutayat se paee jati haian. inake milane ki jagahean haian- uttarakhand ke kumaooan tatha gadhaval, madhy pradesh ke sagar tatha bhandara, bihar ke muanger, baravana tatha bhanapur, u disa ke mayoorabhanj, sarayakela; madras ke nilagiri tatha koyanbatoor.[2]
khan se nikalana
adah ki khanean mitti ki satah ke niche milati haian. 500 se 600 phut niche tak pae jane vale adah ko khuli maidan vidhi se nikala jata hai. isase aur adhik gaharaee mean pae jane vale adah ke nikalane mean ve hi vidhiyaan prayukt hoti haian jo any dhatuoan ke lie apanaee jati haian. bharatavarsh mean adah hath-barami se chhedakar aur visphot padarth tatha hathau doan dvara pho dakar nikale jate haian, parantu doosare deshoan, jaise- dakshini amarika aur sanyukt rashtr (amarika) mean, vayuchalit baramoan ka prayog kiya jata hai. adah ko chhedate samay jal ka prayog nahian kiya jata, kyoanki pani ke sath milane par spanji mishran ban jata hai, jisamean se isako alag nikalana kathin ho jata hai. kachche adah ko chhanane ke pashchath hathau doan se khoob pita jata hai. isase adah ke reshoan mean lage hue patthar ke tuk de tatha any vastuean door ho jati haian. isake bad ise kuchalane vali chakki mean dala jata hai. bad mean reshoan ko hava ke jhoanke se alag kar liya jata hai. aant mean hilate hue chhanane par dalakar unake dvara shoshak panpoan se hava choosakar dhooli poornataya khianch li jati hai. isake uparaant adah ka moolyaankan hota hai.
bazar mean upalabdhata
adah ke nimnalikhit char mel bazar mean bheje jate hai-
moolyaankan
adah ka moolyaankan isako jalane ke bad bachi huee rakh ke adhar par kiya jata hai.
| adah ki upajati | jalane ke bad bachi huee rakh, pratishat |
|---|---|
| krosidolait | 3.8 |
| tramolait | 2.3 |
| eanthophilait | 2.23 |
| ekatinolait | 1.99 |
| kraisotail | 14.5 |
kshetr parikshan
yadi achchhe adah ko uangaliyoan ke bich rag da jae to usase reshami dor jaisi vastu ban jati hai, jo khianchane par shighr tootati nahian. ghatiya mel ke adah ke chhote-chhote tuk de ho jate haian; vah kathor bhi hota hai. achchhe adah ke patale puanj ko yadi aangoothe ke nakh se dhire-dhire khiancha jae to lachile tatha achchhe atanan vale reshe milate haian athava ve mahin reshoan mean vibhajit ho jate haian, parantu nimn koti ke adah ke reshe bilakul toot jate haian. uttam koti ke adah ke reshoan ko masalane se komal goliyaan banaee ja sakati haian, parantu ghatiya adah ke reshe toot jate haian.[2]
upayog
adah ke sabhi prakar ko vidyutarodhak athava ushmarodhak banane ke kam mean laya jata hai. isake atirikt inhean aml chhanane, rasayanik udyog tatha rang banane ke karakhanoan mean istemal kiya jata hai. lanbe reshoan ko bun ya batakar kap da tatha rassi adi banaee jati hai. inase agnirakshak parade, vastr aur aisi hi any vastuean banaee jati haian. bharat mean adah ka mukhy upayog adahayukt simeant tatha tatsanbandhi vastuean, jaise slet, taeel, paip aur chadarean banane mean kiya jata hai. 1952 tatha 1953 mean bharat mean adah ka utpadan kramanusar 865 tatha 718 tan tha. is adah ko keval avarodhak upakaran banane ke kam mean hi laya ja saka, kyoanki yah bhanjanashil tatha durbal tha. bharat ko any vastuean banane ke lie adah ka ayat karana p data hai. 1955, 1956 tatha 1957 mean kramanusar 13,00 tan, 15,160 tan aur 13,922 tan adah bahar se aya tha. bharat ko isake lie prati varsh lagabhag do karo d rupaya dena p data hai.[2]
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
sanbandhit lekh