अमीर ख़ुसरो
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amir khusaro (aangrezi: Amir Khusrow; janm- 1253 ee., eta, uttar pradesh; mrityu- 1325 ee.) hindi kh di boli ke pahale lokapriy kavi the, jinhoanne kee gazal, khayal, kavvali, rubaee aur tarana adi ki rachanaean ki thian.
jivan parichay
amir khusaro ka janm san 1253 ee. mean eta (uttarapradesh) ke patiyali namak qasbe mean ganga kinare hua tha. ve madhy eshiya ki lachan jati ke turk saifuddin ke putr the. lachan jati ke turk changez khaan ke akramanoan se pi dit hokar balaban (1266-1286 ee.) ke rajyakal mean sharanarthi ke roop mean bharat akar base the.
praranbhik jivan
amir khusaro ki maan daulat naz hindoo (rajapoot) thian. ye dilli ke ek rees ami imadulmulk ki putri thian. ami imadulmulk badashah balaban ke yuddh mantri the. ye rajanitik davab ke karan ne-ne musalaman bane the. islam dharm grahan karane ke bavajood inake ghar mean sare riti-rivaj hinduoan ke the. khusaro ke nanihal mean gane-bajane aur sangit ka mahaul tha. khusaro ke nana ko pan khane ka behad shauq tha. is par bad mean khusaro ne 'tambola' namak ek masanavi bhi likhi. is mile-jule gharane evan do paramparaoan ke mel ka asar kishor khusaro par p da. ve jivan mean kuchh alag hat kar karana chahate the aur vaqee aisa hua bhi. khusaro ke shyam varn rees nana imadulmulk aur pita amir saifuddin donoan hi chishtiya soofi sampraday ke mahanh soofi sadhak evan sant hazarat nizamuddin auliya urf sultanul mashayakh ke bhakt athava murid the. unake samast parivar ne auliya sahab se dharmadiksha li thi. us samay khusaro keval sat varsh ke the. sat varsh ki avastha mean khusaro ke pita ka dehant ho gaya, kintu khusaro ki shiksha-diksha mean badha nahian ayi. apane samay ke darshan tatha vijnan mean unhoanne vidvatta prapt ki, kintu unaki pratibha balyavastha mean hi kavyonmukh thi. kishoravastha mean unhoanne kavita likhana prarambh kiya aur 20 varsh ke hote-hote ve kavi ke roop mean prasiddh ho gaye.
vyavaharik buddhi
janmajat kavi hote hue bhi khusaro mean vyavaharik buddhi ki kami nahian thi. samajik jivan ki unhoanne kabhi avahelana nahian ki. jahaan ek or unamean ek kalakar ki uchch kalpanashilata thi, vahian doosari or ve apane samay ke samajik jivan ke upayukt kootanitik vyavahar-kushalata mean bhi daksh the. us samay briddhijivi kalakaroan ke lie ajivika ka sabase uttam sadhan rajyashray hi tha. khusaro ne bhi apana sampoorn jivan rajyashray mean bitaya. unhoanne gulam, khilaji aur tugalaq-tin afagan raj-vanshoan tatha 11 sultanoan ka utthan-patan apani aankhoan se dekha. ashchary yah hai ki nirantar rajadarabar mean rahane par bhi khusaro ne kabhi bhi un rajanitik shadyantroan mean kianchinmatr bhag nahian liya jo pratyek uttaradhikar ke samay anivary roop se hote the. rajanitik daanv-peanch se apane ko sadaiv anasakt rakhate hue khusaro nirantar ek kavi, kalakar, sangitajn aur sainik hi bane rahe. khusaro ki vyavaharik buddhi ka sabase b da praman yahi hai ki ve jis ashrayadata ke kripapatr aur sammanabhajak rahe, usake hatyare uttaradhikari ne bhi unhean usi prakar adar aur samman pradan kiya.
tabale ka avishkar
kaha jata hai ki tabala hazaroan sal purana vadyayantr hai kintu navinatam aitihasik varnan mean bataya jata hai ki 13vian shatabdi mean bharatiy kavi tatha sangitajn amir khusaro ne pakhavaj ke do tuk de karake tabale ka avishkar kiya.[1]
rajyashray
sabase pahale sanh 1270 ee. mean khusaro ko samrath gayasuddin balaban ke bhatije, k da (ilahabad) ke hakim alauddin muhammad kulish khaan (malik chhajjoo) ka rajyashray prapt hua. ek bar balavan ke dvitiy putr bugara khaan ki prashansa mean qasida likhane ke karan malik chhajjoo unase aprasann ho gaya aur khusaro ko bugara khaan ka ashray grahan karana p da. jab bugara khaan lakhanauti ka hakim niyukt hua to khusaro bhi usake sath chale gaye. kintu ve poorvi pradesh ke vatavaran mean adhik din nahian rah sake aur balavan ke jyeshth putr sultan muhammad ka nimantran pakar dilli laut aye. khusaro ka yahi ashrayadata sarvadhik susanskrit aur kala-premi tha. sultan muhammad ke sath unhean multan bhi jana p da aur mugaloan ke sath usake yuddh mean bhi sammilit hona p da.
bandi khusaro
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is yuddh mean sultan muhammad ki mrityu ho gayi aur khusaro bandi bana liye gaye. khusaro ne b de sahas aur kushalata ke sath bandi-jivan se mukti prapt ki. parantu is ghatana ke parinamasvaroop khusaro ne jo marasiya likha vah atyant hridayadravak aur prabhavashali hai. kuchh kuchh dinoan tak ve apani maan ke pas patiyali tatha avadh ke ek hakim amir ali ke yahaan rahe. parantu shighr hi ve dilli laut aye.
nizamuddin auliya ke shishy
khusaro ki antim aitihasik masanavi 'tugalaq' namak hai jo unhoanne gayasuddin tugalaq ke rajy-kal mean likhi aur jise unhoanne usi sultan ko samarpit kiya. sultan ke sath khusaro bangal ke akraman mean bhi sammilit the. unaki anupasthiti mean hi dilli mean unake guru shekh nizamuddin mrityu ho gayi. is shok ko amir khusaro sahan nahian kar sake aur dilli lautane par 6 mas ke bhitar hi san 1325 ee. mean khusaro ne bhi apani ihalila samapt kar di. khusaro ki samadhi shekh ki samadhi ke pas hi banayi gayi.
shekh nizamuddin auliya afagan-yug ke mahanh soofi sant the. amir khusaro ath varsh ki avastha se hi unake shishy ho gaye the aur sambhavat: guru ki prerana se hi unhoanne kavy-sadhana prarambh ki. yah guru ka hi prabhav tha ki raj-darabar ke vaibhav ke bich rahate hue bhi khusaro hriday se rahasyavadi soophi sant ban gaye. khusaro ne apane guru ka mukt kanth se yashogan kiya hai aur apani masanaviyoan mean unhean samrat se pahale smaran kiya hai.
unhoanne svayan kaha hai-maian hindustan ki tooti hooan. agar tum vastav mean mujhase janana chahate ho to hindavi mean poochho. maian tumhean anupam batean bata sakooanga khusaro ko hindi kh di boli ka pahala lokapriy kavi mana jata hai. ek bar ki bat hai. tab khusaro gayasuddin tugalaq ke dilli darabar mean darabari the. tugalaq khusaro ko to chahata tha magar hazarat nizamuddin ke nam tak se chidhata tha. khusaro ko tugalaq ki yahi bat nagavar guzarati thi. magar vah kya kar sakata tha, badashah ka mizaj. badashah ek bar kahian bahar se dilli laut raha tha tabhi chidhaqar usane khusaro se kaha ki hazarat nizamuddin ko pahale hi age ja kar yah sandesh de dean ki badashah ke dilli pahuanchane se pahale hi ve dilli chho d qar chale jaean.. khusaro ko b di taqalif huee, par apane sant ko yah sandesh kaha aur poochha ab kya hoga?
kuchh nahian khusaro! tum ghabarao mat. hanooj dilli doorast-yani abhi dilli bahut door hai. sachamuch badashah ke liye dilli bahut door ho gee. raste mean hi ek p dav ke samay vah jis kheme mean thahara tha, bhayankar aandh d se vah toot-kar gir gaya aur phalasvaroop usaki mrityu ho gee. tabhi se yah kahavat "abhi dilli door hai" pahale khusaro ki shayari mean aee phir hindi mean prachalit ho gee. amir khusaro kisi kam se dilli se bahar kahian ge hue the vahian unhean apane khvaja nizamuddin auliya ke nidhan ka samachar mila. samachar kya tha? khusaro ki duniya lutane ki khabar thi. ve sannipat ki avastha mean dilli pahuanche, dhool-dhoosarit khanaqah ke dvar par khade ho ge aur sahas n kar sake apane pir ki mrit deh ko dekhane ka. akhirakar jab unhoanne sham ke dhalate samay par unaki mrit deh dekhi to unake pairoan par sar patak-patak kar moorchhit ho ge. aur usi besudh hal mean unake hoanthoan se nikala,
gori sove sej par mukh par dare kes.
chal khusaro ghar apane saanjh bhee chahuan des..
apane priy ke viyog mean khusaro ne sansar ke mohajal kat pheanke. dhan-sampatti dan kar, kale vastr dharan kar apane pir ki samadhi par ja baithe-kabhi n uthane ka dridh nishchay karake. aur vahian baith kar pran visarjan karane lage. kuchh din bad hi poori tarah visarjit hokar khusaro ke pran apane priy se ja mile. pir ki vasiyat ke anusar amir khusaro ki samadhi bhi apane priy ki samadhi ke pas hi bana di gee.
rachanaean
dilli mean pun: unhean mueejuddin kaikabad ke darabar mean rajakiy samman prapt hua. yahaan unhoanne sanh 1289 ee. mean 'masanavi kiranusasadain' ki rachana ki. gulam vansh ke patan ke bad jalaluddin khilaji dilli ka sultan hua. usane khusaro ko amir ki upadhi se vibhooshit kiya. khusaro ne jalaluddin ki prashansa mean 'miphtolafatah' namak granth ki rachana ki. jalaluddin ke hatyare usake bhatije alauddin ne bhi sultan hone par amir khusaro ko usi prakar sammanit kiya aur unhean rajakavi ki upadhi pradan ki alauddin ki prashansa mean khusaro ne jo rachanaean ki ve abhootapoorv thian. khusaro ki adhikaansh rachanaean alauddin ke rajakal ki hi hai. tugalaqanama amir khusaro dvara rachit aantim kriti hai. 1298 se 1301 ee. ki avadhi mean unhoanne paanch romantik masanaviyaan-
- 'mallol anavar'
- 'shirin khusaro'
- 'majanoo laila'
- 'aeene-e-sikandari
- 'hasht vihisht'
ye panch-ganj nam se prasiddh haian. ye masanaviyaan khusaro ne apane dharm-guru shekh nizamuddin auliya ko samarpit kian tatha unhean sultan alauddin ko bheant kar diya. pady ke atirikt khusaro ne do gady-granthoan ki bhi rachana ki-
- 'khazainul fatah', jisamean alauddin ki vijayoan ka varnan hai
- 'ejazayekhusaravi', jo alankaragranth haian. alauddin ke shasan ke antim dinoan mean khusaro ne devalarani khijrakhaan namak prasiddh aitihasik masanavi likhi.
alauddin ke uttaradhikari usake chhote putr qutubaddin mubarakashah ke darabar mean bhi khusaro sasamman rajakavi ke roop mean bane rahe, yadyapi mubarakashah khusaro ke guru shekh nizamuddin se shatruta rakhata tha. is kal mean khusaro ne noohasipahar nam granth ki rachana ki jisamean mubarakashah ke rajy-kala ki mukhy mukhy ghatanaoan ka varnan hai. hindi mean amir khusaro ne mukari lokakavy-roop ko sahityik roop diya.
hindi ki tooti
amir khusaro mukhy roop se farasi ke kavi haian. farasi bhasha par unaka apratim adhikar tha. unaki ganana mahakavi firadausi, shekh sadihq aur nizami faras ke mahakaviyoan ke sath hoti hai. farasi kavy ke lality aur mardav ke karan hi amir khusaro ko 'hindi ki tooti' kaha jata hai. khusaro ka farasi kavy char vargo mean vibhakt kiya ja sakata hai-
- aitihasik masanavi:- jisamean kiranusasadain, mifatolafatah, devalarani khizrakhaan, noohasipahar aur tugalaqanama namaki rachanaean ati haian;
- romantik masanavi:-jisamean mataloo lanavar, shirin khusari, aeen-e-sikandari, majanoo-laila aur hasht vihasht gini jati hai;
- divan:- jisamean tuhf tum sigahar, vastulahayat adi granth ate haian;
- gady rachanaean:- 'ejazayekhusaravi' aur 'khazainulafatah tatha mishrit' – jisamean vedoolajaib' , 'masanavi shaharasub', 'chishtan' aur 'khalitabari' nam ki rachanaean pariganit haian.
yadyapi khusaro ki mahatta unake farasi kavy par ashrit hai, parantu unaki lokapriyata ka karan unaki hindavi ki rachanaean hi haian. hindavi mean kavy-rachana karanevaloan mean amir khusaro ka nam sarvapramukh hai. arabi, farasi ke sath-sath amir khusaro ko apane hindavi jnan par bhi garv tha. unhoanne svayan kaha hai- 'maian hindustan ki tooti hooan. agar tum vastav mean mujhase janana chahate ho to hindavi mean poochho! maian tumhean anupam batean bata sakooanga. "amir khusaro ne kuchh rachanaean hindi ya hindavi mean bhi ki thian, isaka sakshy svayan unake is kathan mean prapt hota hai-" jujave chand nazmean hindi nazare dostaan karadaan ast." unake nam se hindi mean paheliyaan, mukariyaan, do sukhane aur kuchh gazalean prasiddh haian. isake atirikt unaka faras-hindi kosh 'khalikabari' bhi is prasang mean ullekhaniy hai.
hindi kavitaean
durbhagy hai ki amir khusaro ki hindavi rachanaean likhit roop mean prapt nahian hotian. lokamukh ke madhyam se chali a rahian unaki rachanaoan ki bhasha mean nirantar parivartan hota raha hoga aur aj vah jis roop mean prapt hoti hai vah usaka adhunik roop hai. phir bhi ham nissandeh yah vishvas kar sakate haian ki khusaro ne apane samay ki kh di boli arthath hindavi mean bhi apani paheliyaan, mukariyaan adi rachi hoangi. kuchh logoan ko amir khusaro ki hindi kavita ki pramanikata mean sandeh hota hai. sv. prophesar sherani tatha kuchh any alochak vidvanh khalikabori ko bhi prasiddh amir khusaro ki rachana nahian manate. parantu khusaro ki hindi kavita ke sambandh mean itani prabal lokaparampara hai ki usapar avishvas nahian kiya ja sakata. yah parampara bahut purani hai. 'araphatulasiti' ke lekhak takiohadijo 1606 ee. mean jahaangir ke darabar mean aye the khusaro ki hindi kavita ka zikr karate haian. mirat ki 'mir' apane 'nikatusasvara' mean likhate haian ki unake samay tak khusaro ke hindi git ati lokapriy the.[2] is sambandh mean sandeh ko sthan nahian hai ki amir khusaro ne hindavi mean rachana ki thi. yah avashy hai ki usaka roop samay ke pravah mean badalata aya ho. avashyakata yah hai ki khusaro ne hindavi mean rachana ki thi. yah avashy hai ki usaka roop samay ke pravah mean badalata aya ho. avashyakata yah hai ki khusaro ki hindi-kavita ka yathasambhav vaijnanik sampadan karake usake prachinatam roop ko prapt karane ka yatn kiya jay. kavy ki drishti se bhale hi usamean utkrishtata n ho, saanskritik aur bhasha vaijnanik adhyayan ke lie usaka mooly nissandeh bahut adhik hai.
kuchh rachanaean
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zihal-e miskian makun tagaful, |
chhap tilak sab chhini re mose naina milaike |
khusaro dariya prem ka, ulati va ki dhar, |
- amir khusaro ne vaidyaraj khusaro ke roop mean kavyatmak ghareloo nuskhe bhi likhe haian-
1. har d-bahe da aanvala, ghi sakkar mean khae!
hathi dabe kaankh mean, sath kos le jae!!
2. maran chaho kaoo ko, bina chhuri bin ghav!
to vase kah dijiyo, doodh se poori khae!!
3. pratidin tulasi bij ko, pan sang jo khae!
rakt-dhatu donoan badhe, namardi mit jay!!
4. mati ke nav patr mean, triphala rain mean dari!
subah-savere-dhoe ke, aankh rog ko hari!!
5. chana-choon ke-non din, chauansath din jo khae!
dad-khaj-aroo sehuva-jari mool so jae!!
6. sau-dava ki ek dava, rog koee n ave!
khusaro-vako-sarir suhave, nit taji hava jo khave!![3]
tika tippani aur sandarbh
bahari k diyaan
sanbandhit lekh