अयस्क प्रसाधन

ayask prasadhan adhikaansh khanij jinase dhatu nissarit ki jati hai, rasayanik yaugik, jaise aksaid, salphaid, karabonait, salphet aur siliket ke roop mean hote haian. khanij mean mishrit anupayogi padarth ko vidhatu (gaig) kahate haian. us khanij ko jisamean dhatu ki matra labhadayak hoti hai ayask (or) kahate haian. khanij se dhatunistar ke poorv

-hastachalit jig|right|thumb

isase halke aur bhari padarth alag kie jate haian; k. jal ki satah; kh. halaka padarth; g. bhari padarth; gh. chalani. anek kriyaean anivary hoti hai jinhean samoohik roop se ayask prasadhan (or dresiang) kahate haian. isake dvara ayask mean dhatu ki matra ka samriddhikaran karate haian. isamean dalana, pisana aur saandran ki kriyaean sammilit haian. ayask ka samriddhikaran usamean nihit dhatuoan ke bhinn-bhinn bhautik gunoan, jaise rang aur dyuti, apekshit ghanatv, taloorja (sarfes enarji), atibedhyata (parmiebiliti) aur vidyuchchalakata, ki sahayata se kiya jata hai. hath se chunana-ayask ki bhinn-bhinn ikaiyoan ko unake rang ya dyuti ki sahayata se chun lete haian. is kriya dvara ayask ke ve tuk de prithakh‌ ho jate haian jo tatkshan dhatukarm ke yogy hote haian, udaharanarth gelina aur kailako-pairait mean se bhinn khanij isi riti se alag kie jate haian. harz jik|right|thumb is mashin se halke aur bhari padarth alag kie jate haian. k. jal aandar jane ka sthan; kh. halke dravy; g. bhari dravy; gh. chalin; ch. vichalak (pani ko hilane vala) gurutv saandran-yah kriya salphait rahit ayaskoan, jaise kesiterit, kromait aur voolaphremait ke lie vyavahar mean laee jati hai. yah kriya khanijoan aur vidhatuoan ke apekshik ghanatvoan mean aantar hone ke phalasvaroop karyanvit hoti hai. patradhavan (painiang) gurutvasaandran ki sabase saral vidhi hai. isamean choorn ko pani mean jhakajhorakar nitharane diya jata hai. is prakar k. padarth ko dalane ka sthan; kh. dhone ka pani; g. sire ki gati; gh. pattiyoan se bani nali; ch. halaka padarth; chh. madhyam padarth; j. bhari padarth. sthool, halke kanoan se bahumooly dhatu ke bhari kan alag ho jate haian. yah riti ab bhi jalodh mitti (alooviyam) se sone ke kan nikalane ke kam mean laee jati hai. jigiang vastut: staran (straitiphikeshan) ki ek vidhi hai jisase kramanusar oopar niche shighr chalate pani mean kanoan ko unake apekshik ghanatvanusar vistrit kiya jata hai. purane jig 1. vidyuchchuanbak; 2. girata hua ayask; 3. chuanbakiy ayask; 4. achuanbakiy ayask.

prithakkarak hastachalit hote the (chitr 1). is sadharan jigaprithakkarak ke vikas se doosare yaantrik prithakkarak bane hean jo ya to chalayaman chalaniyukt hote haian jisamean ayask pani mean dubaya jata hai ya sthir chalaniyukt (chitr 2), jisamean pani dulata hai aur ayask chalani mean rakha rahata hai. tebliang padarthoan ko apekshik ghanatvanusar prithak karane ki uttam vidhi hai. yah vidhi sookshm padarthoan ke lie upayogi hai. isamean padarth ke bahut gadhe ghol ka nirantar manthan hota rahata hai aur oopar se pani bahata rahata hai, jisase halke kan pani mean milakar bah jate haian tatha bhari kan kuchh door par ekatr ho jate haian. vilphale tebul (chitr 3) mean padarth ek aise tebul par rakha jata hai jo ek or chau da aur doosari or sankara rahata hai aur ek chhor se doosare chhor ki or jhuka rahata hai. uanche sir ki or ayask ka gadha ghol jhiridar baks mean giraya jata hai. mashin se mej ka idharavala sira jhatake se oopar niche chalata hai. mej par pattiyaan j di rahati haian. jhataka lagane par aur mej ke dhaloo rahane ke karan bhari mal ruk-rukakar age badhata hai aur aant mean ek b de bartan mean ekatrit ho jata hai. oopar se bahe pani ka ek bar phir ne ayask par chho date haian. is prakar bacha khucha mal bhi nikal ata hai. k. ayask se bhara bartan; kh. chuanbak; g. lauh chuanbakiy ayask; gh. ayask ka achuanbakiy bhag. chuanbakiy prithakkaran-jab khanij ka ek aansh lauhachuanbakiy hota hai aur pray: poorn roop se prithakh‌ kiya ja sakata hai, to vidyuchchuanbakiy prithakkaran ki riti prayukt ki jati hai. is vidhi ki upayogita mukhyat: maiganetait samriddhikaran mean aur samudrarenu ke rutail se ilmenait prithakh‌ karane mean hai. in prithakkarakoan ka saral siddhaant chitr 4 aur 5 mean dikhaya gaya hai. chuanbakiy kshetr ko prabal ya durbal banakar chuanbakiy padarth ko achuanbakiy se ya mand chuanbakiy ko prabal chuanbakiy padarth se prithakh‌ kiya ja sakata hai.

sthaitik vidyuth‌ (ilektrostaitik) prithakkaran-kisi khanij ka paradyutik (dai-ilektrik) sthiraank usaki kisi satah ke vaidyuth‌ avesh ke visarjan ki dar ko niyantrit karata hai aur yahi sthaitik vidyuth‌ prithakkaran ka mool siddhaant hai. is vidhi mean khanij ke kan uchch vibhav ke samip bheje jate haian, jisase khanij ke vibhinn avayav bhinnh-bhinn matra mean apane marg se vichalit hote haian aur is prakar bhinn-bhinn sthanoan par girate haian. ajakal samudrarenu se uchch koti ka stail namak khanij prapt karane mean chuanbakiy aur sthaitik vidyuth‌ donoan vidhiyoan ke sahayog se kam hota hai.

plavan (phloteshan)-ayaskaprasadhan ke itihas mean plavanapaddhati ka praranbh ek svarnim avasar tha, kyoanki is paddhati ne karo do tan nimn shreni ke aur mishr ayaskoan ko, jinake prasadhan ke lie gurutvakarshan ritiyaan anupayukt thian, prasadhan yogy bana diya hai. ayask ke utplavan (utarane) ka karan yah hai ki oopar utha phen vishesh khanijoan ko lekar oopar uthata hai aur shesh padarth niche baithe rah jate haian. is riti mean khanij ki prishthataliy shaktiyoan ka upayog kiya jata hai. sadharanat: dhatu ki tarah chamakanevale khanij (visheshat: salphaid) bhigate nahian, aur isalie tairate rahate haian, jab ki adhatu dyutivale khanij phen mean nahian phansate aur doob jate haian. upayukt rasayanik padarthoan ke gholoan ke prayog se khanijoan ke vibhinn avayavoan ki utpalavita mean is prakar aantar dala ja sakata hai ki ek avayav doosare ki apeksha shighr plavit ho sake (tairane lage) ya ek ke plavit hone ke bad doosara plavit ho aur tisara niche hi baitha rah jae. vividh prakar ke rasayanik padarthoan ko unake kary ke anusar vargikrit kiya jata hai, jaise phenak (phhऱthars), ekatrak (kalektars), pravasadak (dipresaiants), karmanyak (aiktivetars) aur niyamak (reguletars).

phenak khanij mean mishrit jal ka tal tanav (sarfes tenashan) ghata dete haian aur khanij ke plavan ke lie phen banane yogy vayu ke bulabuloan ka sthayikaran kar dete haian. pain ka tel aur kresilik aml sadharan phenak haian. ekatrak khanij ko jalapratyapasari (ripeleant) banakar utplavan badha dete haian. salphaid khanijoan ke lie dai-thapo-karbenet (zaithets) aur dai-thayo-phasphets (eyarophlots) sadharan ekatrak haian. pravasadak ekatrakoan ke prabhav ko rokane ka kary karate haian. tamraloh-salphaid ayaskoan mean choone ke sanyojan se lauh ayask doob jata hai aur tamr ayask (kailkopairait) tairata rahata hai.

karmanyak ka kary pravasad ke viparit hota hai. ve un khanijoan ko utplavit karate haian jinaka utplavan ya to asthayi roop se daba diya gaya ho, ya jo bina karmanyak ki sahayata se utplavit n hoan. udaharanarth, sayanaid se yadi ziank salphaid ka avasad kar diya gaya ho jisase vah doobane lage, to kapar salphet ke prayog se use phir tairane yogy bana sakate haian. ayask ko pani mean pisakar aur uchit rasayanik padarth milakar is mashin ki tanki gh mean dal diya jata hai. charkhi ch mean nali kh se hava ati rahati hai. charakhi ke nachane ke bahut phen (k) uthata hai jise ek ghoomati huee patari kachhakar muanh g se bahar nikal deti hai.

niyamak kshariyata aur amliyata arthath‌ ayask ke pi.ech. mean parivartan kar dete haian jisase utplavan ke pratikarmakoan ke kary par b da prabhav p data hai. vyavahar mean utplavan pratikarmak bahut tho de pariman mean upayog kie jate haian, jaise prati tan ayask mean phenak tatha ekatrak 0.03 se 0.2 pauand tak aur pravasadak tatha karmanyak 0.3 se 1 pauand tak prayukt kie jate haian . ye sab rasayanik padarth utplavanavale bartanoan mean hi sadharanat: utplavan ke samay ya tho da pahale dale jate haian. kuchh padarthoan ko apana kam karane mean paryapt samay lagata hai. isalie aise padarthoan ko alag taiank mean khanij aur pani ke sath milakar niyat samay tak chho d dete haian.

sankshep mean, utplavan ki kriya mean pani ke sath pise ayask ko, vishesh roop se isi kam ke lie bani mashin mean, vayu ke sath phetate haian (chitr 6). pise ayask ke uchit rasayanik padarthoan ke sath milane ke pashchath‌ mishran utplavanakoshthoan mean jata hai or vahaan ghoomati huee charakhi par girata hai. charakhi ki dhuri ko charoan or se ghire hue ek nali rahati hai jisamean se hava ati rahati hai. isase bahut phen banata hai or vaanchhit khanij phen mean lipatakar oopar uth ata hai (chitr 6). is phen ko ghoomati huee patariyaan kachh leti haian. tab is khanijamay phen ko gadha kiya jata hai aur chhanakar pani se alag kar liya jata hai. khanijarahit avashesh utplavanakaksh ke niche bane ek chhed se baha diya jata hai.

chaandi aur sona ke atirikt any dhatuoan ke khanijoan ko ajakal adhikatar utplavan ki riti se hi alag kiy jata hai. chayanamay utplavan (silektiv phloteshan) dvara, jisamean uchit pravasadakoan aur karmanyakoan ka prayog kiya jata hai, sisa, jasta aur taanba ke mishrit khanijoan se in tinoan ko b di saphalata se alag alag kiya jata hai. sodiyam salphaid ko karmanyak ki tarah prayog karake sise ke aksijanamay khanijoan ko din par din adhik matra mean utplavan vidhi se nikala jata hai, kyoanki is prakar khanij par salphaid ki patali parat jam jati hai aur khanij oopar utarane lagata hai. (yoo.va.bh.)

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

sanbandhit lekh

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