अरबी भाषा

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arabi bhasha dakshin–madhy (shami) semitik bhasha hai, jo uttari afrika, adhikaansh arab prayadvip aur madhy–poorv ke any hissoan samet ek vyapak kshetr mean boli jati hai. siandh ke vijetaoan ki bhasha bhi arabi thi. quran jo ki islam ka pavitr dharmagranth hai usaki bhasha bhi arabi hai aur yah sansar ke sabhi musalamanoan ki dharmik bhasha hai. sahityik arabi ya shastriy arabi, asal mean quran mean paee jane vali bhasha hai. jisamean samakalin upayog ke lie kuchh zaroori parivartan kie ge haian. yah samooche arab jagath mean ek jaisi hai. bolachal ki arabi mean kee boliyaan shamil haian, jisamean se kuchh to ek–doosare ke lie abodhagamy haian.

itihas

madhyakal mean dharmik adhyayanoan ke lie arabi ka vyapak upayog hua, yahaan tak ki 18vian shatabdi mean bhi bharat ke mahanatam dharmashastriyoan mean se ek shah vali allah ne apane sabase mahattvapoorn prabandh arabi mean likhe. pahale is bhasha ka upayog itihas lekhan aur madhy–poorv ke lie bharat ki vaijnanik pustakoan ke anuvad hetu hota tha.

arabi bhasha ka uchcharan

arabi bhasha ka uchcharan aangrezi tatha yoorop ki any bhashaoan se kafi bhinn hai. isamean kee vishesh kanth se nikali dhvaniyaan (grasani tatha yuvula janit) aur kanthy vyanjan (jinaka uchcharan ek sath grasani ke sankuchan aur jibh ke pichhale hisse ko uthakar hota hai) haian.

svar

arabi mean tin hrasv aur tin dirgh svar hote haian; jisake bad svar aur ek dirgh svar ata hai tatha kabhi–kabhar hi isake bad ek se adhik vyanjan ate haian; is bhasha mean do se adhik vyanjanoan vale shabd samoohoan nahian hote. arabi bhasha mean shami shabd sanrachana ka poorn vikas parilakshit hota hai. arabi bhasha ke shabd ke do hisse hote haian:-

1. mool- isamean amataur par tin vyanjan hote haian aur yah shabd ko kuchh adharabhoot shabdik arth pradan karata hai; aur
2. pratikriti- isamean svar hote haian tatha yah shabd ko vyakaran ki drishti se arth pradan karata hai. is prakar, mool k t b ki pratikriti i-a ke ju dane se kitab (pustak) banata hai, jabaki isi mool mean a-i pratikriti jo dane se katib (likhane vala ya lipik) banata hai. is bhasha mean upasarg poorvasarg aur nishchit upapad ka kary karate haian.

kal

arabi bhasha mean kriyaean niyamit dhatu roop mean hoti haian. isamean do kal haian:-

1. poornakal- jo ki pratyay lagakar banaya jata hai aur jisaka upayog bhootakal ko darshane mean hota hai tatha
2. apoornakal- jo ki upasarg jo dakar banaya jata hai, kabhi–kabhi isamean sankhya tatha liang ko darshane vale pratyay bhi hote haian tatha isaka upayog vartaman ya bhavishy kal ke lie hota hai.

in do kaloan ke alava ajnasoochak roop, kartrivachak kridant, karmavachak kridant aur kriyarthak sanjna bhi hai. kriyaoan ko tin purushoan, tin vachanoan (ekavachan, dvivachan aur bahuvachan) tatha do liangoan mean baanta gaya hai. shastriy arabi mean dvivachan roop tatha pratham purush mean liang bhed nahian haian tatha adhunik boliyoan mean sabhi dvivachan roopoan ka lop ho chuka hai. shastriy bhasha mean karmavachy ke roop bhi haian.

sanjna ke shabd roop

shastriy arabi sanjnaoan ki shabd roop mean tin karak hai:-

• karta karak,
• sambandh karak aur
• karm karak

adhunik boliyoan mean sanjnaoan ko ab roopit nahian kiya jata. sarvanam pratyay aur pratyay aur svatantr shabd, donoan roopoan mean upayog mean lae jate haian.

lipi

arabi bhasha ko arabi lipi mean likha jata hai. ye daean se baean likhi jati hai. isaki kee dhvaniyaan urdoo ki dhvaniyoan se alag haian. har ek svar ya vyanjan ke liye (jo arabi bhasha mean prayukt hota hai) ek aur sirf ek hi akshar hai. hrasv svaroan ki matraean dena vaikalpik hai.

अकेला	शुरुआती	मध्य	अन्तिम	लिप्यान्तरण	IPA उच्चारण
ﺍ	—	—	ﺎ	ʾ / ā	various, including [æː]
ﺏ	ﺑ	ﺒ	ﺐ	b	[b]
ﺕ	ﺗ	ﺘ	ﺖ	t	[t]
ﺙ	ﺛ	ﺜ	ﺚ	ṯ	[θ]
ﺝ	ﺟ	ﺠ	ﺞ	ǧ (also j, g)	[ʤ] / [ʒ] / [ɡ]
ﺡ	ﺣ	ﺤ	ﺢ	ḥ	[ħ]
ﺥ	ﺧ	ﺨ	ﺦ	ḫ (also kh, x)	[x]
ﺩ	—	—	ﺪ	d	[d]
ﺫ	—	—	ﺬ	ḏ (also dh, ð)	[ð]
ﺭ	—	—	ﺮ	r	[r]
ﺯ	—	—	ﺰ	z	[z]
ﺱ	ﺳ	ﺴ	ﺲ	s	[s]
ﺵ	ﺷ	ﺸ	ﺶ	š (also sh)	[ʃ]
ﺹ	ﺻ	ﺼ	ﺺ	ṣ	[sˁ]
ﺽ	ﺿ	ﻀ	ﺾ	ḍ	[dˁ]
ﻁ	ﻃ	ﻄ	ﻂ	ṭ	[tˁ]
ﻅ	ﻇ	ﻈ	ﻆ	ẓ	[ðˁ] / [zˁ]
ﻉ	ﻋ	ﻌ	ﻊ	ʿ	[ʕ] / [ʔˁ]
ﻍ	ﻏ	ﻐ	ﻎ	ġ (also gh)	[ɣ] / [ʁ]
ﻑ	ﻓ	ﻔ	ﻒ	f	[f]
ﻕ	ﻗ	ﻘ	ﻖ	q	[q]
ﻙ	ﻛ	ﻜ	ﻚ	k	[k]
ﻝ	ﻟ	ﻠ	ﻞ	l	[l], [lˁ] (in Allah only)
ﻡ	ﻣ	ﻤ	ﻢ	m	[m]
ﻥ	ﻧ	ﻨ	ﻦ	n	[n]
ﻩ	ﻫ	ﻬ	ﻪ	h	[h]
ﻭ	—	—	ﻮ	w / ū	[w] , [uː]
ﻱ	ﻳ	ﻴ	ﻲ	y / ī	[j] , [iː]

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panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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sanbandhit lekh

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