असहयोग आंदोलन

asahayog aandolan
[[chitr:Mahatma-Gandhi-4.jpg|mahatma gaandhi, chitrakar-profesar laiang haimar|200px|center]]
vivaran	'asahayog andolan' ka sanchalan svaraj ki maang ko lekar kiya gaya tha.
shuruat	1 agast, 1920
uddeshy	aangrezi sarakar ke sath sahayog n karake karyavahi mean badha upasthit karana tha.
prabhav	pashchimi bharat, bangal tatha uttari bharat mean asahayog andolan ko abhootapoorv saphalata mili. vidyarthiyoan ke adhyayan ke lie anek shikshan sansthaean jaise kashi vidyapith, bihar vidyapith, gujarat vidyapith, banaras vidyapith, tilak maharashtr vidyapith evan aligadh muslim vishvavidyalay adi sthapit ki geean.
sanbandhit lekh	gaandhi ji ke ahvan par asahayog andolan ke kharch ki poorti ke lie 1920 ee. mean tilak svarajy fand ki sthapana ki gee, jisamean logoan dvara ek karo d se adhik rupaye jama kiye ge.

asahayog andolan ka sanchalan svaraj ki maang ko lekar kiya gaya. isaka uddeshy sarakar ke sath sahayog n karake karyavahi mean badha upasthit karana tha. asahayog andolan gaandhi ji ne 1 agast, 1920 ko arambh kiya.

adhiveshan ka ayojan

sitambar, 1920 mean asahayog andolan ke karyakram par vichar karane ke lie kalakatta (vartaman kolakata) mean 'kaangres mahasamiti ke adhiveshan' ka ayojan kiya gaya. is adhiveshan ki adhyakshata lala lajapat ray ne ki. isi adhiveshan mean kaangres ne pahali bar bharat mean videshi shasan ke viruddh sidhi karyavahi karane, vidhan parishadoan ka bahishkar karane tatha asahayog v savinay avajna andolan ko prarambh karane ka nirnay liya. kalakatta adhiveshan mean gaandhi ji ne prastav pesh karate hue kaha ki, "aangrezi sarakar shaitan hai, jisake sath sahayog sambhav nahian. aangrez sarakar ko apani bhooloan par koee du:kh nahian hai, at: ham kaise svikar kar sakate haian ki navin vyavasthapikaean hamare svarajy ka marg prashast kareangi. svarajy ki prapti ke lie hamare dvara pragatishil ahiansatmak asahayog ki niti apanaee jani chahie."

prastav ka virodh

gaandhi ji ke is prastav ka virodh karate hue aini besent ne kaha ki, "yah prastav bharatiy svatantrata ko sabase b da dhakka hai." gaandhi ji ke is virodh tatha samaj aur sabhy jivan ke viruddh sangharsh ki ghoshana ka surendranath banarji, madanamohan malaviy, deshabandhu chittaranjan das, vipinachandr pal, muhammad ali jinna, shankar nayar, sar narayan chandravarakar ne prarambh mean virodh kiya. phir bhi ali bandhuoan evan motilal neharoo ke samarthan se yah prastav kaangres ne svikar kar liya. yahi vah kshan tha, jahaan se gaandhi yug ki shuruat huee. [[chitr:Gandhi-Patel-Nehru.png|thumb|left|250px|mahatma gaandhi, saradar vallabh bhaee patel aur javaharalal neharoo]]

gavarnament aauf iandiya ekt

sarakar ne pahale ki tarah aandolan ko dabane ke lie daman aur samajhaute ke donoan raste akhtiyar kiye aur 1935 ka 'gavarnament aauf iandiya ekt' pas kiya. is ekt ke dvara british bharat tatha deshi riyasatoan ke lie sammilit roop se ek sanghiy shasan ka prastav kiya, kendr mean ek prakar ke dvaidh shasan ki sthapana ki gayi tatha prantoan ko svashasan pradan kar diya gaya. ekt ka prantoan se sambandhit bhag lagoo kar diya gaya tatha aprail 1937 ee. mean prantiy svashasan ka shriganesh kar diya gaya. parantu ekt ke sangh sarakar se sambandhit bhag ke lagoo hone se pahale hi sitambar 1939 ee. mean 'dvitiy vishvayuddh' shuroo ho gaya jo 1945 ee. tak jari raha. yah vishvavyapi yuddh tha aur briten ko apane sare sadhan usamean jhoank dene p de. bharat ne briten ka sath diya aur bharat ke pas jan aur dhan ki jo vishal shakti thi, usase labh uthakar tatha amarika ki sahayata se briten yuddh jit gaya. gaandhi ji ke amit prabhav tatha ahiansa mean unaki dridh nishtha ke karan bharat ne yadyapi british sambandh ko banaye rakha, phir bhi yah spasht ho gaya ki bharat ab british samrajy ki adhinata mean nahian rahana chahata.

nagapur adhiveshan

kaangres ke nagapur adhiveshan mean asahayog ke prastav ki pushti kar di gee tatha do mahattvapoorn nirnay liye ge. pahale nirnay ke aantargat kaangres ne ab british samrajy ke bhitar svashasan ka lakshy tyagakar british samrajy ke bhitar aur avashyakata ho to bahar 'svarajy ka lakshy' ghoshit kiya. doosare nirnay ke dvara kaangres ne rachanatmak karyakramoan ki ek soochi taiyar ki, jo is prakar thi-

• sabhi vayaskoan ko kaangres ka sadasy banana.
• tin sau sadasyoan ki 'akhil bharatiy kaangres samiti' ka gathan.
• bhashayi adhar par prantiy kaangres samitiyoan ka punargathan.
• svadeshi vastuoan arthath mukhyat: hath ki kataee-bunaee ko protsahan.
• yathasambhav hindi ka prayog adi.

asahayog sambandhi prastav ki mukhy batean is prakar thian-

• sarakari upadhi evan avaitanik sarakari padoan ko chho d diya jae.
• sarakar dvara ayojit sarakari tatha ardhasarakari utsavoan ka bahishkar kiya jae. sthaniy sansthaoan ki sarakari sadasyata se istifa diya jae.
• sarakari skooloan evan k aaulejoan ka bahishkar tatha vakiloan ke dvara nyayalay ka bahishkar kiya jae.
• apasi vivad panchayati adalatoan ke dvara nipataya jae.
• asainik shramik v karmachari varg mesopotamiya mean jakar naukari karane se inkar kare.
• videshi samanoan ka poornat: bahishkar kiya jae.

bahishkar ka nirnay

gaandhi ji ke vidhan parishadoan ke bahishkar ke prastav par chittaranjan das sahamat nahian the. unhoanne kaha ki, maian parishadoan ko svarajy prapti ka sadhan samajhata hooan. lala lajapat ray skooloan mean bahishkar ke virodhi the, lekin motilal neharoo ke prayas se sampann samajhaute mean tay hua ki skooloan evan adalatoan ka bahishkar dhire-dhire kiya jae.

chitr:Blockquote-open.gif andolan ko hiansak hone se bachane ke lie maian har ek apaman, har ek yatanapoorn bahishkar, yahaan tak ki maut bhi sahane ko taiyar hooan. chitr:Blockquote-close.gif - mahatma gaandhi

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svarajy ka lakshy

disambar, 1920 mean nagapur mean ayojit kaangres adhiveshan mean asahayog prastav se sambandhit lala lajapat ray evan chittaranjan das ne apana virodh vapas le liya. gaandhi ji ne nagapur mean kaangres ke purane lakshy aangrezi samrajy ke aantargat 'svashasan' ke sthan par aangrezi ke aantargat 'svarajy' ka naya lakshy ghoshit kiya. sath hi gaandhi ji ne yah bhi kaha ki yadi avashyak hua to svarajy ke lakshy ko aangrezi samrajy se bahar bhi prapt kiya ja sakata hai. motilal neharoo evan mohammad ali jinna ne 'svarajy' ke uddeshy ka virodh is adhar par kiya ki usamean yah spasht nahian kiya gaya tha ki samrajy se koee sambandh banaye rakha jayega ya nahian. aini besent, mohammad ali jinna evan pal jaise neta gaandhi ji ke prastav se asantusht hokar kaangres chho dakar chale ge. nagapur adhiveshan ka aitihasik drishtikon se mahattv isalie hai, kyoanki yahaan par vaidhanik sadhanoan ke aantargat svarajy prapti ke lakshy ko tyagakar sarakar ke sakriy virodh karane ki bat ko svikar kiya gaya.

rachanatmak kary

asahayog andolan ki saphalata ke lie gaandhi ji dvara apanaye ge rachanatmak karyoan mean sharab ka bahishkar, hindoo-muslim ekata evan ahiansa par bal, chhuachhoot se parahej, svadeshi vastuoan ka prayog, hath se kate ya bune khadi ke kap doan ka prayog, kaangres ke jhande ke niche samast rashtr ko ekatr karana, k de qanoonoan ki savinay avajna karana, kar n dena adi shamil tha. gaandhi ji ne ashvasan diya ki asahayog ke tarike ko apanate hue yadi in karyakramoan par poori tarah se amal hua to ek varsh ke bhitar hi azadi mil jayegi.

andolan ki pragati

[[chitr:Mahatma-Gandhi-Kashi-Vidyapeeth.JPG|thumb|250px|mahatma gaandhi kashi vidyapith]] andolan shuroo karane se pahale gaandhi ji ne kaisar-e-hind puraskar ko lauta diya, any saik doan logoan ne bhi gaandhi ji ke padachihnoan par chalate hue apani padaviyoan evan upadhiyoan ko tyag diya. ray bahadur ki upadhi se sammanit jamanalal bajaj ne bhi yah upadhi vapas kar di. asahayog andolan gaandhi ji ne 1 agast, 1920 ko arambh kiya. pashchimi bharat, bangal tatha uttari bharat mean asahayog andolan ko abhootapoorv saphalata mili. vidyarthiyoan ke adhyayan ke lie anek shikshan sansthaean jaise kashi vidyapith, bihar vidyapith, gujarat vidyapith, banaras vidyapith, tilak maharashtr vidyapith evan aligadh muslim vishvavidyalay adi sthapit ki geean.

shiksha sansthaoan ka bahishkar

asahayog andolan ke dauran shiksha sansthaoan ka sarvadhik bahishkar bangal mean hua. subhashachandr bos 'neshanal k aaulej kalakatta' ke pradhanachary bane. panjab mean lala lajapat ray ke netritv mean bahishkar kiya gaya. shiksha ka bahishkar madras mean bilkul asaphal raha. vakalat ka bahishkar karane vale vakiloan mean pramukh the-bangal ke deshabandhu chittaranjan das, uttar pradesh ke motilal neharoo evan javaharalal neharoo, gujarat ke vitthalabhaee patel evan vallabh bhaee patel, bihar ke rajendr prasad, madras ke chakravarti rajagopalachari evan dilli ke asaf ali adi. muslim netaoan mean asahayog mean sarvadhik yogadan dene vale neta the-d aauktar ansari, maulana abul kalam azad, shauqat ali, muhammad ali adi. gaandhi ji ke ahvan par asahayog andolan ke kharch ki poorti ke lie 1920 ee. mean tilak svarajy fand ki sthapana ki gee, jisamean logoan dvara ek karo d se adhik rupaye jama kiye ge.

andolan ka charamotkarsh

1919 ee. ke sudhar adhiniyam ke udaghatan ke lie 'dyook aauf kan aaut' ke bharat ane par virodh evan bahishkar kiya gaya. 1921 ee. mean asahayog andolan apane charamotkarsh par tha. bahishkar andolan ke dauran ek karyavahi jo bahut lokapriy huee, halaanki vah mool karyakram mean nahian thi, vah thi-ta di ki dukanoan par dharana. sarakar ne asahayog andolan ko kuchalane ke lie har sambhav prayas kiya. 4 march, 1921 ee. ko nanakana ke ek gurudvare, jahaan par shantipoorn dhang se sabha ka sanchalan kiya ja raha tha, par sainikoan ke dvara goli chalane ke karan 70 logoan ki janean gee. 1921 ee. mean l aaurd ridiang ke bharat ke vayasaray banane par daman chakr kuchh aur hi k daee se chalaya gaya. muhammad ali jinna, motilal neharoo, chittaranjan das, lala lajapat ray, maulana abul kalam azad, rajagopalachari, rajendr prasad, saradar patel jaise neta giraftar kar liye ge. muhammad ali pahale neta the, jinhean sarvapratham 'asahayog andolan' mean giraftar kiya gaya.

chitr:Blockquote-open.gif kalakatta adhiveshan mean gaandhi ji ne prastav pesh karate hue kaha ki aangrezi sarakar shaitan hai, jisake sath sahayog sambhav nahian. aangrez sarakar ko apani bhooloan par koee du:kh nahian hai, at: ham kaise svikar kar sakate haian ki navin vyavasthapikaean hamare svarajy ka marg prashast kareangian. svarajy ki prapti ke lie hamare dvara pragatishil ahiansatmak asahayog ki niti apanaee jani chahie. chitr:Blockquote-close.gif

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prins aauf vels ka bahishkar

aprail, 1921 mean prins aauf vels ke bharat agaman par unaka sarvatr kala jhanda dikhakar svagat kiya gaya. gaandhi ji ne ali bandhuoan ki rihaee n kiye jane ke karan prins aauf vels ke bharat agaman ka bahishkar kiya. 17 navambar, 1921 ko jab prins aauf vels ka bambee, vartaman mumbee agaman hua, to unaka svagat rashtravyapi h datal se hua. isi bich disambar, 1921 mean ahamadabad mean kaangres ka adhiveshan hua. yahaan par asahayog andolan ko tez karane evan savinay avajna andolan chalane ki yojana bani.

andolan samapti ka nirnay

isi bich 5 faravari, 1922 ko devariya zile ke chauri chaura namak sthan par pulis ne jabaran ek juloos ko rokana chaha, isake phalasvaroop janata ne krodh mean akar thane mean ag laga di, jisamean ek thanedar evan 21 sipahiyoan ki mrityu ho gee. is ghatana se gaandhi ji stabdh rah ge. 12 faravari, 1922 ko baradoli mean huee kaangres ki baithak mean asahayog andolan ko samapt karane ke nirnay ke bare mean gaandhi ji ne 'yang indiya' mean likha tha ki, "andolan ko hiansak hone se bachane ke lie maian har ek apaman, har ek yatanapoorn bahishkar, yahaan tak ki maut bhi sahane ko taiyar hooan." ab gaandhi ji ne rachanatmak karyoan par zor diya.

netaoan ke vichar

asahayog andolan ke sthagan par motilal neharoo ne kaha ki, "yadi kanyakumari ke ek gaanv ne ahiansa ka palan nahian kiya, to isaki saza himalay ke ek gaanv ko kyoan milani chahie." apani pratikriya mean subhashachandr bos ne kaha, "thik is samay, jabaki janata ka utsah charamotkarsh par tha, vapas lautane ka adesh dena rashtriy durbhagy se kam nahian". andolan ke sthagit karane ka prabhav gaandhi ji ki lokapriyata par p da. 13 march, 1922 ko gaandhi ji ko giraftar kiya gaya tatha nyayadhish broom fild ne gaandhi ji ko asantosh bh dakane ke aparadh mean 6 varsh ki qaid ki saza sunaee. svasthy sambandhi karanoan se unhean 5 faravari, 1924 ko riha kar diya gaya.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

sanbandhit lekh

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suvyavasthit lekh|link=bharatakosh:suvyavasthit lekh

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