आगम

agam ek sanskrit shabd hai, jisaka arth hota hai- "jnan ka arjan". yah shastr sadharanataya 'tantrashastr' ke nam se prasiddh hai. prasanganusar 'agam' bharat ke kisi bhi dharm, mat ya paranpara ke dharmagranth ya adhikrit uddharan se sandarbhit ho sakata hai. kabhi-kabhi vartaman jivan ya poorv jivan mean kisi vyakti dvara sachetan ya prakritik roop se arjit jnan ke lie bhi 'agam' shabd ka ullekh kiya jata hai. nigamagamamoolak bharatiy sanskriti ka adhar jis prakar nigam ( =ved) hai, usi prakar agam ( =tantr) bhi hai. donoan svatantr hote hue bhi ek doosare ke poshak haian. nigam karm, jnan tatha upasana ka svaroop batalata hai tatha agam inake upayabhoot sadhanoan ka varnan karata hai. isilie vachaspati mishr ne 'tatvavaisharadi' (yogabhashy ki vyakhya) mean 'agam' ko vyutpatti is prakar ki hai :-

agachchhanti buddhimarohanti abhyudayani:shreyasopaya yasmath‌, s agam:.

agam ka mukhy lakshy 'kriya' ke oopar hai, tathapi jnan ka bhi vivaran yahaan kam nahian hai. 'varahitantr' ke anusar agam in sat lakshanoan se samavit hota hai :-

1. srishti,
2. pralay,
3. devatarchan,
4. sarvasadhan,
5. purashcharan,
6. shatkarm, (=shaanti, vashikaran, stanbhan, vidveshan, uchchatan tatha maran)
7. sadhan tatha dhyanayog.

'mahanirvan' tantr ke anusar kaliyug mean prani medhy (pavitr) tatha amedhy (apavitr) ke vicharoan se bahudha hin hote haian aur inhian ke kalyanarth mahadev ne agamoan ka upadesh parvati ko svayan diya. isilie kaliyug mean agam ki poojapaddhati vishesh upayogi tatha labhadayak mani jati hai:-

kalau agamasammat:.

bharat ke nana dharmoan mean agam ka samrajy hai. jain dharm mean matra mean nyoon hone par bhi agamapooja ka paryapt samavesh hai. bauddh dharm ka vajrayan isi paddhati ka prayojak marg hai. vaidik dharm mean upasy devata ki bhinnata ke karan isake tin prakar hai:-

1. vaishnav agam (paancharatr tatha vaikhanas agam),
2. shaiv agam (pashupat, shaivasiddhaant, trik adi) tatha
3. shakt agam

dvait, dvaitadvait tatha advait ki drishti se bhi inamean tin bhed mane jate haian. anek agam ved moolak haian, parantu katipay tantroan ke oopar bahari prabhav bhi lakshit hota hai. visheshat: shaktagam ke kaulachar ke oopar chin ya tibbat ka prabhav puranoan mean svikrit kiya gaya hai. agamik pooja vishuddh tatha pavitr bharatiy hai. 'panch makar' ke rahasy ka ajnan bhi isake vishay mean anek bhramoan ka utpadak hai.(b.a.)

vyakhya

'brahmanavad' ya hindoo dharm mean 'agam' amataur par ved aur smriti ko kaha jata hai. bauddh dharm mean yah 'tripitak'; jain dharm mean 'aang' aur kuchh upaang ki or iangit karata hai. lekin is shabd ka adhik nikat sanbandh un dharmik-darshanik paranparaoan se hai, jo kisi samay mean ved adharit paranpara se alag mane ge haian. isake phalasvaroop kabhi-kabhi nigam, shruti aur vedoan se agam ki bhinnata ko bhi darshaya jata hai. vishesh roop se 'agam' madhyakalin bharat ke hindoo taantrik lekhoan mean se kisi varg se sanbaddh ho sakata hai, jo shaiv mat ke anuyayiyoan ka pavitr sahity hai. is prakar ki agam rachanaoan ko pray: adhik saiddhaantik tatha goodh shastroan se alag samajha jata hai. shaiv mat mean ye sarvapramukh haian aur sankirn arthoan mean ye vaishnav sanhitaoan tatha shakt tantroan ke saman haian. ye zyadatar bhagavan shiv aur unaki patni parvati ke bich sanvad ke roop mean hai. inaka avirbhav sanbhavat: athavian shatabdi mean hua tha. vaicharik suvidha ke lie vidvanh inhean char shaiv matoan mean baantate haian-

1. shaivasidvaant ka sanskrit mat
2. tamil shaiv
3. kashmiri shaiv
4. virashaiv (jo 'liangayat' bhi kahalata hai)

dharmik vidhi-vidhan ka srot

'agam' mandir nirman, moorti nirman tatha dharmik vidhi-vidhan ke bare mean janakari upalabdh karate haian. adhikaansh hiandoo dharmik sahity ke saman yah sahity n to bhali-bhaanti soochibaddh hai aur n hi isaka vistrit adhyayan kiya gaya hai. agami shaivoan (shiv ke upasak, jo apane agam yani paranparik sahity ka anusaran karate haian) ke sanpradayoan mean shaiv mat ki darshanik bhoomika aur nishkarshoan ko svikar karane vale uttari kshetr ke sanskrit shaiv siddhaant matavalanbi aur dakshin bharat ke 'ligaanyat' ya 'virashaiv' (vir, shabdarth nayak; shivaliang bhagavan shiv ka pratik hai aur pratima ke sthan par isi ki pooja jati hai) shamil haian.

shaiv siddhaant

paanraparik roop se shaiv siddhaant mean 28 agam aur 150 up-agam haian. mukhy path ka kal nirdharit karana kathin hai. sanbhavat: ve athavian shatabdi se pahale ke nahian haian. is siddhaant ke anusar, shiv is sansar ke chetan siddhaant haian, jabaki padarth achetan hai. devi ke roop mean manavikrit shiv ki shakti bandhan aur mukt pradan karati hai. shakti ek chamatkari 'shabd' (mantr) bhi hai, jisake dvara dhyan lagakar shiv ki prakriti ko janane ka prayatn kiya ja sakata hai. kashmiri shaiv mat ki shuruat shiv ke ne svaroop 'shiv sootr' ya shiv se sanbandhit sootroan (lagabhag 850 ee.) se huee. isamean 'somanand' (950 ee.) ke 'shivadrishti' (shiv ki drishti) ko vishesh mahattv diya gaya hai, jisamean shiv ki satat pahachan par bal diya gaya hai; yah sansar shakti ke madhyam se shiv ka prakatikaran hai. is paddhati ko 'trik' (trayi) kahate haian, kyoanki isamean shiv, shakti aur vaiyaktik atma ke tin siddhaantoan ko manyata di gee hai.

virashaiv granth

virashaiv granthoan ki shuruat lagabhag 1150 mean basav ke 'vachanam' (vachan) se huee. yah mat shuddhatavadi hai aur inamean keval shiv ki aradhana ki jati hai. isane samajik sangathan ko svikara aur samajik varg vyavastha ko nakara jata hai tatha yah mathoan v guruoan ke madhyam se atyant sanyojit hai.

jain agam

'agam' shabd ka jain dharm mean vishisht sthan hai. jain sahity ke do vibhag haian, agam aur agametar. keval jnani, manaparyav jnani, avadhi jnani, chaturdashapoorv ke dharak tatha dashapoorv ke dharak muniyoan ko agam kaha jata hai. kahian kahian navapoorv ke dharak ko bhi agam mana gaya hai. bhagavan mahavir ke upadesh jain dharm ke mool siddhant haian, jinhean 'agam' kaha jata hai. ve ardh-magadhi prakrit bhasha mean haian. unhean acharaangadi barah 'aangoan' mean sankalit kiya gaya, jo 'dvadashang agam' kahe jate haian. vaidik sanhitaoan ki bhaanti jain agam bhi pahale shrut roop mean hi the. mahavir ke bad bhi kee shatabdiyoan tak unhean lipibaddh nahian kiya gaya tha. 'shvetambar' aur 'digambar' shakhaoan mean jahaan anek batoan mean matabhed tha, vahian agamoan ko lipibaddh n karane mean donoan ek mat the. kalaantar mean unhean lipibaddh to kiya gaya; kintu likhit roop ki pramanikata is dharm ke donoan sanpradayoan ko saman roop se svikrit nahian huee. shvetambar sanpraday ke anuhsar samast agamoan ke chh: vibhag haian-

1. 'aang'
2. 'upaang'
3. 'prakirnak'
4. 'chhedasootr'
5. 'sootr'
6. 'moolasootr'

• jab tak agam bihari muni vidyaman the, tab tak inaka itana mahatv nahian tha, kyoanki tab tak muniyoan ke achar vyavahar ka nirdeshan agam muniyoan dvara milata tha. jab agam muni nahian rahe, tab unake dvara rachit agam hi sadhana ke adhar mane ge aur unamean nirdisht nirdeshan ke anusar hi jain muni apani sadhana karate haian.
• jain dharm mean 'ekadash aang sootr' sabase prachin mane jate haian. digambar sanpraday upayukt agamoan ko nahian manata hai. is sanpraday ka mat hai, aantim shrutakevali bhadrabahu ke pashchath agamoan ka jnan lupt pray ho gaya tha.
• agam sahity bhi do bhagoan mean vibhakt hai: aangapravisht aur aangabahm. aangoan ki sankhya 12 hai. unhean ganipitak ya dvadashaangi bhi kaha jata hai:

1- acharaang 5- bhagavati 9 -anutaropapatikadasha

2- sootrakritaang 6- jnata 10- prashn vyakaran

3- sthanaang 7- upasak dashaang 11- vipak

4- samavayaang 8- aantakrith‌ dasha 12- drishtivad

• inamean drishtivad ka poornat: vichchhed ho chuka hai, shesh gyarah aangoan ka bhi bahut sa aang vichchhit ho chuka hai, upalabdh granthoan ka aansh pariman is prakar hai:

1-acharaang shrutaskandh adhyayan uddeshak choolika shlok

(2) (25) (51) (3) (2,500)

(jisamean satavean 'mahaparijn' namak adhyayan ka vichchhed ho chuka hai.)

2-sootrakritaang shrutaskandh adhyayan uddeshak shlok

2) (23) (15) (2,100)

3-sthanaang sthan uddeshak shlok

(10) (28) (3,770)

4-samavayaang shrutaskandh adhyayan uddeshak shlok

(1) (1) (1) (1,667)

5-bhagavati shatak uddeshak shlok

(40) (1,923) (15,752)

6-jnata shrutaskandh varg uddeshak shlok

(2) (10) (225) (15,752)

7-upasak dashaang adhyayan shlok

(10) (812)

8-atankrith‌ dasha shrutaskandh varg uddeshak shlok

(1) (8) (90) (900)

9-anuttaropapa- varg adhyayan shlok

tikadashaang (3) (33) (1,292)

10-prashn vya- shrutaskandh adhyayan shlok

karan (2) (10) (1,250)

11-vipak shrutaskandh adhyayan shlok

(2) (20) (1,216)

aangabahm

isake atirikt jitane agam haian ve sab aangabahm haian, kyoanki aangapravisht keval ganadharakrit agam hi mane jate haian. ganadharoan ke atirikt agam kaviyoan dvara rachit agam aangabahm mana jata hai. unake nam, adhyayan, shlok adi ka pariman is prakar hai:- upaang

1 aupapatik adhikar shlok

(3) (1,200)

2 rajaprashniy shlok

(2,078)

3 jivabhigam pratipati lok

(9) (4,700)

4 prajnapana pad shlok

(36) (7,787)

5 janboodvip prajnapti adhikar shlok

(10) (4,186)

6 chandraprajnapti prabhrit shlok

(20) (2,200)

7 sooryaprajnapti prabhrit shlok

(20) (2,200)

8 kalpika adhyayan

(10)

9 kalpavantasika (10)

10 pushpika (10)

11 pushpachoolika (10)

12 vanddidasha (10)

(in paanchoan upaangoan ka sanyukt nam 'nirayavalika' hai. shlok 1,109)

chchhed

1nishith uddeshak shlok

(20) (815)

2mahanishith adhyayan choolika shlok

(7) (2) (4,500)

3brihatkalp uddeshak shlok

(6) (473)

4vyavahar uddeshak shlok

(10) (600)

5dashashrutaskandh adhyayan shlok

(10) (1,835)

adhyayan choolika shlok

mool 1dashavaikalik (10) (2) (901)

2uttarathyayan (26) (2,000)

3nandi (700)

4anayogadvar (1,600)

5avashyak (6) (125)

6odhaniryukti (1,170)

7piandaniryukti (700)

prakirnak 1chatu:sharan (10) (63)

2atur pratyakhyan (10) (64)

3bhakt pratyakhyan (10) (172)

4sanstarak (10) (122)

5tandul vaicharik (10) (400)

6chandravaighyak (10) (310)

7deveandrastav (10) (200)

8ganividya (10) (100)

9mahapratyakhyan (10) (134)

10samadhimaran (10) (720)

• agamoan ki manyata ke vishay mean bhinn bhinn paranparaean haian. diganbar amnay mean agametar sahity hi hai, ve agam lupt ho chuke, aisa manate haian. shvetaanbar amnay mean ek paranpara 84 agam manati hai, ek paranpara uparyukt 45 agamoan ko agam ke roop mean svikar karati hai tatha ek paranpara mahanishith oshaniryukti, piandaniryukti tatha 10 prakirn sootroan ko chho dakar shesh 32 ko svikar karati hai.

vishay ke adhar par agamoan ka vargikaran:

bhagavan mahavir se lekar aryarakshit tak agamoan ka vargikaran nahian hua tha. pravachak aryarakshit ne shishyoan ki suvidha ke lie vishay ke adhar par agamoan ko char bhagoan mean vargikrit kiya.

1-charanakarananuyog

2-dravyanuyog

3-ganitanuyog

4-dharmakathanuyog

charanakarananuyog

isamean achar vishayak sara vivechan diya gaya hai. achar pratipadak agamoan ki sanjna charanakarananuyog ki gee hai. jain darshan ki manyata hai ki nanass saro ayaro jnan ka sar achar hai. jnan ki sadhana achar ki aradhana ke lie honi chahie. is pahale anuyog mean acharaang, dashavaikalik adi agamoan ka samavesh hota hai.

dravyanuyog

lok ke shashvat dravyoan ki mimaansa tatha darshanik tathyoan ki vivechana karanevale agamoan ke vargikaran ko dravyanuyog kaha gaya hai.

ganitanuyog

jyotish sanbandhi tatha bhang (vikalp) adi ganit sanbandhi vivechan isake aantargat ata hai. chandraprajnapti, sooryaprajnapti adi agam isamean samavisht hote haian.

dharmakathanuyog

drishtaant upama katha sahity aur kalpanik tatha ghatit ghatanaoan ke varnan tatha jivan-charitr-pradhan agamoan ke vargikaran ko dharm kathanuyog ki sanjna di gee hai.

• in achar aur tatvik vicharoan ke pratipadan ke atirikt isake sath sath tatkalin samaj, arth, rajy, shiksha vyavastha adi aitihasik vishayoan ka prasangik niroopan bahut hi pramanik paddhati se hua hai. bharatiy jivan ke adhyatmik, samajik tatha tatvik paksh ka akalan karane ke lie jainagamoan ka adhyayan avashyak hi nahian, kiantu drishti denevala hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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