आस्ट्रिया

astriya madhy yoorop ke dakshini poorvi bhag mean ek chhota ganataantrik rajy hai. sthiti: 10° 1¢ poo. se 16° 40¢ poo.de. tatha 46° 32¢ u. se 48° 55¢ u.a. ke bich. kshetraphal 32,369 varg mil (jisamean 92.3 pratishat bhoomi parvatiy hai); janasankhya 70,73,807 (1961). astriya mean poorvi alps ki shreniyaan phaili huee haian. is parvatiy desh ka pashchimi bhag vishesh paha di hai jisamean otjarastuvard, jilaratul alps (1,246 phut) adi paha diyaan haian. poorvi bhag ki paha diyaan adhik ooanchi nahian haian. desh ke uttar poorvi bhag mean dainyoob nadi pashchim se poorv ko (217 mil lanbi) bahati hai. een, drava adi desh ki sari nadiyaan dainyoob ki sahayak haian. uttari pashchimi sima par sthit kaanstaians, dakshin poorv mean sthit nyoodilar tatha atar alph gaiang, ase adi jhilean desh ki prakritik shobha badhati haian.

astriya ki jalavayu visham hai. yahaan grarmiyoan mean kuchh adhik garmi tatha ja doan mean adhik thandak p dati hai. yahaan pachhua tatha uttar pashchimi havaoan se varsha hoti hai. alps ki dhaloan par paryapt tatha madhyavarti bhagoan mean kam pani barasata hai. yahaan ki vanaspati tatha pashu madhyayooropiy jati ke haian. yahaan desh ke 38 pratishat bhag mean jangal haian jinamean 71 pratishat chi d jati ke, 19 pratishat patajh d vale tatha 10 pratishal mishrit jangal haian. alps ke bhagoan mean sproos (ek prakar ka chi d) tatha devadaru ke vriksh tatha nichale bhagoan mean chi d, devadaru tatha mahogani adi jangali vriksh pae jate haian. aisa kaha jata hai ki astriya ka pratyek doosara vriksh saro hai. in jangaloan mean hiran, kharagosh, richh adi jangali janavar pae jate haian. 1969 mean yahaan dhoroan ki sankhya 24,17,930; suar 31,96,474; bhe d 1,21,190; bakariyaanu 69,399; gho de 52,642 tatha murge 1,15,42,843 thian.

desh ki sanpoorn bhoomi ke 29 pratishat par krishi hoti hai tatha 30 pratishat par charagah haian. jangal desh ki bahut b di sanpatti hai, jo shesh bhoomi ko ghere hue hai. lak di niryat karanevale deshoan mean astriya ka sthan chhatha hai.

eejabarg paha d ke asapas lohe tatha koyale ki khanean haian. shakti ke sadhanoan mean jalavidyuth‌ hi pradhan hai. khanij tail bhi nikala jata hai. yahaan namak, graiphait tatha maiganesait paryapt matra mean paya jata hai. maiganesait tatha graiphait ke utpadan mean astriya ka sansar mean kramanusar doosara tatha chautha sthan hai. taanba, jasta tatha sona bhi yahaan paya jata hai. in khanijoan ke atirikt anupam prakritik drishy bhi desh ki bahut b di sanpatti haian.

astriya ki kheti simit hai, kyoanki yahaan keval 4.5 pratishat bhoomi maidani hai, shesh 92.3 pratishat parvatiy hai. sabase upajaoo kshetr dainyoob ki parshvavarti bhoomi (vina ka doaba) tatha varjinalaiand hai. yahaan ki mukhy phasalean raee, jee (ot), gehooan, jau tatha makka haian. aloo tatha chukandar yahaan ke maidanoan mean paryapt paida hote haian. niche bhagoan mean tatha dhaloan par charevali phasalean paida hoti haian. inake atirikt desh ke vibhinn bhagoan mean tisi, telahan, san tatha tanbakoo paida kiya jata hai. parvatiy phal tatha aangoor bhi yahaan hota hai. paha di kshetroan mean paha doan ko katakar sidhinuma khet bane hue haian. uttari tatha poorvi bhagoan mean pashupalan hota hai tatha yahaan se viyana adi shaharoan mean doodh, makkhan tatha panir paryapt matra mean bheja jata hai. joraralabarg desh ka bahut b da sanghiy pashupalan keandr hai. yahaan bakariyaan, bhe dean tatha suar paryapt pale jate haian jinase maans, doodh tatha oon prapt hota hai.

astriya ki audyogik unnati mahatvapoorn hai. udyog dhandhoan mean yah desh barabar unnati karata ja raha hai. loha, ispat tatha sooti kap doan ke karakhane desh mean phaile hue haian. rasayanik vastuean banane ke bahut se karakhane haian. yahaan dhatuoan ke chhote mote saman, gh diyaan, sooee, kaianchi, chakoo, saikil tatha motarasaikil banane ke karakhane muramuj ki ghati mean haian. viyana mean vividh prakar ki mashinean tatha kalapurje banane ke karakhane haian. lak di ke saman, kagaj ki lugdi, kagaj evan vadyatantr banane ke karakhane yahaan ke any b de dhandhe haian. jalavidyuth‌ ka vikas khoob hua hai. desh ko paryatakoan ka bhi paryapt labh hota hai.

paha di desh hone par bhi yahaanan s dakoan (kul s dakean 41,649 ki.mi.) tatha relave lainoan (5,908 ki.mi.) ka jal bichha hua hai. 2,414 ki.mi. relave ka vidyutikaran ho chuka hai. viyana yoorop ke pray: sabhi nagaroan se sanbaddh hai. yahaan chhah havaee adde haian jo viyana, lianj, sailbarg, grej, klagenaphart tatha iansabruk mean haian. astriya ka vyaparik sanbandh jarmani, itali, british dvipasamooh, svitzaralaiand, sanyukt rajy (amarika), brazil, arjeantina, turki, bharat tatha astreliya se hai. yahaan se niryat honevali vastuoan mean imarati lak di ka bana saman, loha tatha ispat, rasayanik vastuean aur kaanch mukhy haian.

desh mean niraksharata nahian hai. praranbhik shiksha ni:shulk tatha anivary hai. vibhinn vishayoan ki uchchatam shiksha ke lie astriya ka bahut mahatv hai. viyana, grej tatha iansabruk mean sansaraprasiddh vishvavidyalay haian.

astriya mean ganatantr rajy hai. yoorop ke 36 rajyoan mean, vistar ke anusar, astriya ka sthan 19vaan hai. yah nau praantoan mean vibhakt hai. viyana praant mean sthit viyana nagar desh ki rajadhani hai. astriya ki sanpoorn janasankhya ka 1/4 bhag viyana mean rahata hai jo sansar ka 22vaan sabase b da nagar hai. yahaan ki janasankhya 16,27,566 (1961 ee.) hai. any b de nagar grej (2,37,080), jianj (1,95,978), sailjabarg (1,08,114), iansabruk (1,00,695) tatha klajenaphart (69,218) haian.

desh ke uttar mean jarmani tatha chekoslovakiya, dakshin mean yoogoslaviya tatha itali, poorv mean hangari aur pashchim mean svitazaralaiand ke desh haian. adhikaansh astriyavasi kakeshiy jati ke haian. kuchh alemanoan tatha baveriyanoan ke vanshaj bhi haian. desh sada se ek shasak desh raha hai, at: yahaan ke nivasi charitravanh‌ tatha maitripoorn vyavaharavale hote haian. yahaan ki mukhy bhasha jarman hai.

astriya ka itihas bahut purana hai. lauhayug mean yahaan iliriyan log rahate the. samrath agastas ke yug mean roman logoan ne desh par kabja kar liya tha. hoon adi jatiyoan ke bad jarman logoan ne desh par kabja kar liya tha (435 ee.). jarmanoan ne desh par kee shatabdiyoan tak shasan kiya, phalasvaroop astriya mean jarman sabhyata phaili jo aj bhi vartaman hai. 1919 ee. mean astriya vasiyoan ki pratham sarakar haipsabarg rajasatta ko samapt karake, samajavadi neta karl renar ke pratinidhitv mean bani. 1938 i. mean hitalar ne ise mahanh‌ jarman rajy ka ek aang bana liya. dvitiy vishvayuddh mean ianglaiand adi deshoan ne astriya ko svatantr karane ka nishchay kiya aur 1945 ee. mean amariki, britani, phraansisi tatha roosi senaoan ne ise mukt kara liya. isase poorv aktoobar, 1943 ee. ki masko ghoshana ke aantargat briten, amarika tatha roos astriya ko pun: ek svatantr tatha prabhusattasanpann rashtr ke roop mean pratishthit karane ka apana nishchay vyakt kar chuke the. 27 aprail, 1945 ko da. karl renar ne astriya mean ek asthayi sarakar ki sthapana ki jisane 1920-29 ee. ke sanvidhan ke anuroop astriyaee ganatantr ko pun: pratishthit kiya. astriya ki ukt janataantrik sarakar ko charoan mitrarashtroan ki niyantran parishadh (kantrol kauansil) ne 20 aktoobar, 1945 ee. ko manyata de di. kiantu desh ko vastavik svatantrata 27 julaee, 1955 ee. ko mili jab briten, amarika, roos tatha phraans ke sath huee astriyan stet sandhi (15 mee, 1955 ee.) lagoo ki gee aur balath‌ adhikar karanevali videshi senaean vapas chali geean.

viyana ke bhootapoorvoo lard meyar phhऱaanj jonas 23 mee, 1965 ko astriyaee ganatantr ke rashtrapati nirvachit hue aur 25 aprail, 1971 ko pun: inhean hi rashtrapati ke pad par chun liya gaya jabaki inake pratidvandvi kurt baldhim asaphal rahe. 10 aktoobar, 1971 ko rashtriy aseanbali ke chunav sanpann hue jisamean 93 samajavadi, 80 pipuls parti aur 10 phridam parti ke pratinidhi chune ge.

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