इल्तुतमिश
[[chitr:Iltutmish-Tomb-Qutab-Minar.jpg|thumb|250px|iltutamish ka maqabara, qutub minar]] iltutamish (1210- 1236 ee.) ek ilbari turk tha. khokharoan ke viruddh iltutamish ki kary kushalata se prabhavit hokar muhammad gori ne use “amirool umara” namak mahattvapoorn pad diya tha. akasmath mutyu ke karan kutubaddin aibak apane kisi uttaradhikari ka chunav nahian kar saka tha. atah lahaur ke turk adhikariyoan ne kutubaddin aibak ke vivadit putr aramashah (jise itihasakar nahian manate) ko lahaur ki gaddi par baithaya, parantu dilli ke turko saradaroan evan nagarikoan ke virodh ke phalasvaroop kutubaddin aibak ke damad iltutamish, jo us samay badayooan ka soobedar tha, ko dilli amantrit kar rajyasianhasan par baithaya gaya. aramashah evan iltutamish ke bich dilli ke nikat j d namak sthan par sangharsh hua, jisamean aramashah ko bandi banakar bad mean usaki hatya kar di gayi aur is tarah aibak vansh ke bad ilbari vansh ka shasan prarambh hua.
kathinaiyoan se samana
sultan ka pad prapt karane ke bad iltutamish ko kuchh kathinaiyoan ka samana karana p da. isake antargat iltutamish ne sarvapratham ‘kulbi’ arthath kutubaddin aibak ke samay saradar tatha ‘muijji’ arthath muhammad gori ke samay ke saradaroan ke vidroh ka daman kiya. iltumish ne in vidrohi saradaroan par vishvas n karate hue apane 40 gulam saradaroan ka ek gut ya sangathan banaya, jise ‘turkan-e-chihalagani’ ka nam diya gaya. is sangathan ko ‘charagan’ bhi kaha jata hai. iltutimish ke samay mean hi avadh mean pirthoo vidroh hua.
1215 se 1217 ee. ke bich iltutimish ko apane do prabal pratidvanddhi 'eldauj' aur 'nasiruddin qabacha' se sangharsh karana p da. 1215 ee. mean iltutimish ne eldauj ko tarain ke maidan mean parajit kiya. 1217 ee. mean iltutimish ne kubacha se lahaur chhin liya tatha 1228 mean uchchh par adhikar kar kubacha se bina shart atmasamarpan ke lie kaha. ant mean kubacha ne sindhu nadi mean koodakar atmahatya kar li. is tarah in donoan prabal virodhiyoan ka ant hua.
mangoloan se bachav
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mangol akramanakari changez khaan ke bhay se bhayabhit hokar khvarijm shah ka putr 'jalaluddin mugabarni' vahaan se bhag kar panjab ki or a gaya. changez khaan usaka pichha karata hue lagabhag 1220-21 ee. mean siandh tak a gaya. usane iltutamish ko sandesh diya ki vah mangabarni ki madad n karean. yah sandesh lekar changez khaan ka doot iltutamish ke darabar mean aya. iltutamish ne mangol jaise shaktishali akramanakari se bachane ke lie mangabarni ki koee sahayata nahian ki. mangol akraman ka bhay 1228 ee. mean mangabarni ke bharat se vapas jane par tal gaya. kutubuddin aibak ki mrityu ke bad ali mardan ne bangal mean apane ko svatantr ghoshit kar liya tatha 'alauddin' ki upadhi grahan ki. do varsh bad usaki mrityu ho gee. isake bad usaka putr 'hisamuddin ivaj' uttaradhikari bana. usane 'gayasuddin ajim' ki upadhi grahan ki tatha apane nam ke sikke chalae aur khutaba (upadesh ya prashansatmak rachana) padhavaya.
vijay abhiyan
1225 mean iltutamish ne bangal mean svatantr shasak 'hisamuddin ivaj' ke viruddh abhiyan chhe da. ivaj ne bina yuddh ke hi usaki adhinata mean shasan karana svikar kar liya, par iltutamish ke punah dilli lautate hi usane phir se vidroh kar diya. is bar iltutamish ke putr nasirooddin mahamood ne 1226 ee. mean lagabhag use parajit kar lakhanauti par adhikar kar liya. do varsh ke uparant nasiruddin mahamood ki mrityu ke bad malik ikhtiyaruddin balka khalaji ne bangal ki gaddi par adhikar kar liya. 1230 ee. mean iltutamish ne is vidroh ko dabaya. sangharsh mean balka khalaji mara gaya aur is bar ek bar phir bangal dilli saltanat ke adhin ho gaya. 1226 ee. mean iltutamish ne ranathanbhaur par tatha 1227 ee. mean paramaroan ki rajadhani mandaur par adhikar kar liya. 1231 ee. mean iltutamish ne gvaliyar ke qile par ghera dalakar vahaan ke shasak mangaladev ko parajit kiya. 1233 ee. mean chandeloan ke viruddh evan 1234-35 ee. mean ujjain evan bhilasa ke viruddh usaka abhiyan saphal raha.
vaidh sultan evan upadhi
iltutamish ke nagada ke guhilautoan aur gujarat chalukyoan par kie ge akraman viphal hue. iltutamish ka antim abhiyan bamiyan ke viruddh hua. faravari, 1229 mean bagadad ke khalifa se iltutamish ko samman mean ‘khilat’ evan praman patr prapt hua. khalifa ne iltutamish ki pushti un sare kshetroan mean kar di, jo usane jite the. sath hi khalifa ne use 'sultan-e-ajam' (mahan shasak) ki upadhi bhi pradan ki. praman patr prapt hone ke bad iltutamish vaidh sultan evan dilli saltanat ek vaidh svatantr rajy ban gee. is svikriti se iltutamish ko sultan ke pad ko vanshanugat banane aur dilli ke sianhasan par apani santanoan ke adhikar ko surakshit karane mean sahayata mili. khilat milane ke bad iltutamish ne ‘nasir amir ul mominin’ ki upadhi grahan ki.
sikkoan ka prayog
| shasak | kal |
|---|---|
| kutubuddin aibak | (1206 - 1210 ee.) |
| aramashah | (1210 - 1211 ee.) |
| iltutamish | (1211 - 1236 ee.) |
| rukunuddin firozashah | (1236 ee.) |
| raziya sultan | (1236 - 1240 ee.) |
| muizuddin baharamashah | (1240 - 1242 ee.) |
| alauddin masood | (1242 - 1246 ee.) |
| nasiruddin mahamood | (1246 - 1266 ee.) |
| gayasuddin balaban | (1266 - 1287 ee.) |
| kaikubad v shamasuddin kyoomars | (1287 - 1290 ee.) |
iltutamish pahala turk sultan tha, jisane shuddh arabi sikke chalavaye. usane saltanat kalin do mahattvapoorn sikke 'chaandi ka taka' (lagabhag 175 gren) tatha 'taanbe' ka ‘jital’ chalavaya. iltutamish ne sikkoan par takasal ke nam aankit karavane ki parampara ko arambh kiya. sikkoan par iltutamish ne apana ullekh khalifa ke pratinidhi ke roop mean kiya hai. gvaliyar vijay ke bad iltutamish ne apane sikkoan par kuchh gauravapoorn shabdoan ko aankit karavaya, jaise “shaktishali sultan”, “samrajy v dharm ka soory”, “dharmanishthoan ke nayak ke sahayak”. iltutamish ne ‘ikta vyavastha’ ka prachalan kiya aur rajadhani ko lahaur se dilli sthanantarit kiya.
mrityu
bayana par akraman karane ke lie jate samay marg mean iltutamish bimar ho gaya. antatah aprail 1236 mean usaki mrityu ho gee. iltutamish pratham sultan tha, jisane doab ke arthik mahattv ko samajha tha aur usamean sudhar kiya tha.
raziya ko uttaradhikar
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raziya sultan iltutamish ki putri tatha bharat ki pahali muslim shasika thi. apane aantim dinoan mean iltutamish apane uttaradhikar ke saval ko lekar chintit tha. iltutamish ke sabase b de putr nasirooddin mahamood ki, jo apane pita ke pratinidhi ke roop mean bangal par shasan kar raha tha, 1229 ee. ko aprail mean mrityu ho gee. sultan ke shesh jivit putr shasan kary ke kisi bhi prakar se yogy nahian the. at: iltutamish ne apani mrityu shaiyya par se apani putri raziya ko apana uttaradhikari niyukt kiya.
yatri vivaran evan sanrakshak
iltutamish ki nyayapriyata ka varnan karate hue ibnabatoota likhata hai ki, sultan ne apane mahal ke samane sangamaramar ki do sheroan ki moortiyaan sthapit karaee thian, jinake galean mean ghantiyaan lagi thian, jisako koee bhi vyakti bajakar nyay ki maang kar sakata tha. 'muhammad junaidi' aur fakharul isami' ki madad se iltutamish ke darabar mean 'minhaj-ul-siraj', 'malik tajuddin' ko sanrakshan mila tha. minhaj-ul-siraj ne iltutamish ko mahanh dayalu, sahanubhooti rakhane vala, viddhanoan evan vriddhoan ke prati shraddha rakhane vala sultan bataya hai. d aau. ar.pi. tripathi ke anusar bharat mean muslim samprabhuta ka itihas iltutamish se arambh hota hai. avaphi ne iltutamish ke hi shasan kal mean ‘jivami-ul-hikayat’ ki rachana ki. nizamulmulk muhammad junaidi, malik kutubuddin hasan gori aur fakharul mulk isami jaise yogy vyaktiyoan ko usaka sanrakshan prapt tha. vah shekh kutubuddin tabariji, shekh bahauddin jakariya, shekh najibuddin nakhshabi adi soofi santoan ka bahut samman karata tha.
d aau. eeshvari prasad ke anusar “iltutamish nissandeh gulam vansh ka vastavik sansthapak tha.”
nirman kary
sthapaty kala ke antargat iltutamish ne kutubuddin aibak ke nirman kary ko poora karavaya. bharat mean sambhavatah pahala maqabara nirmit karavane ka shrey bhi iltutamish ko diya jata hai. iltutamish ne badayooan ki jama masjid evan nagaur mean atarakin ke daravaza ka nirman karavaya. ‘ajamer ki masjid’ ka nirman iltutamish ne hi karavaya tha. usane dilli mean ek vidyalay ki sthapana ki. iltutamish ka maqabara dilli mean sthit hai, jo ek kakshiy maqabara hai.
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sanbandhit lekh
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varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj
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