उच्च न्यायालय

[[chitr:Karnataka-High-Court.jpg|thumb|250px|uchch nyayalay, karnatak]] sanvidhan ke anuchchhed 214 ke anusar pratyek rajy ke lie ek uchch nyayalay hoga, lekin vidhi dvara do ya adhik rajyoan ke lie athava do ya adhik rajyoan aur kisi sangh rajy kshetr ke lie ek hi uchch nyayalay sthapit kar sakati hai. vartaman samay mean panjab tatha hariyana ke lie ek hi uchch nyayalay hai aur asam, nagalaind, meghalay, manipur, tripura, mijoram tatha arunachal pradesh ke lie ek uchch nyayalay hai. mumbee uchch nyayalay ka kshetradhikar maharashtr aur gova rajyoan tatha daman aur div evan dadara aur nagar haveli sangh rajy kshetroan par hai. isi prakar kalakatta uchch nyayalay ka kshetradhikar andaman tatha nikobar dvip samooh, madras uchch nyayalay ka kshetradhikar pandicheri tatha keral uchch nyayalay ka kshetradhikar lakshadvip sangh rajy kshetr par hai. sat sangh shasit rajyoan mean se keval dilli hi ek aisa sangh rajy kshetr hai, jisaka apana uchch nyayalay hai. is samay bharat mean kul 21 uchch nyayalay haian.  

gathan

pratyek uchch nyayalay ka gathan ek mukhy nyayadhish tatha aise any nyayadhishoan ko milakar kiya jata hai, jinhean rashtrapati samay-samay par niyukt kare. is prakar bhinn-bhinn uchch nyayalayoan mean nyayadhishoan ki sankhya bhi bhinn hai. udaharanarth, gauhati uchch nyayalay mean nyayadhishoan ki sankhya sabase kam 3 hai. jabaki ilahabad uchch nyayalay mean nyayadhishoan ki sankhya sabase zyada 58 hai. bharat ke sabhi uchch nyayalayoan ke nyayadhishoan ki kul sankhya 456 hai.  

nyayadhishoan ki yogyata

anuchchhed 217 ke anusar koee vyakti kisi uchch nyayalay ka nyayadhish niyukt hone ke yogy tab hoga, jab vah–

1. bharat ka nagarik ho aur 62 varsh ki ayu poori n ki ho.
2. kam se kam 10 varsh tak nyayik pad dharan kar chuka ho. nyayik pad dharan karane ki avadhi ki ganana karane mean vah avadhi bhi sammilit ki jaegi, jisake dauran koee vyakti pad dharan karane ke pashchath kisi uchch nyayalay ka adhivakta raha hai ya usane kisi adhikaran ke sadasy ka pad dharan kiya hai ya sangh athava rajy ke adhin koee aisa pad dharan kiya hai, jisake lie vidhi ka vishesh jnan apekshit hai.
3. kisi uchch nyayalay mean ek ya se adhik uchch nyayalayoan mean lagatar 10 varsh tak adhivakta raha ho. kisi uchch nyayalay ka adhivakta rahane ki avadhi ki ganana karate samay vah avadhi bhi sammilit ki jaegi, jisake dauran kisi vyakti ne adhivakta hone ke pashchath nyayik pad dharan kiya hai ya kisi adhikaran ke sadasy ka pad dharan kiya hai ya sangh athava rajy ke adhin koee aisa pad dharan kiya hai, jisake lie vidhi ka vishesh jnan apekshit hai.

 

nyayadhishoan ki niyukti

uchch nyayalay ke mukhy nyayadhish ke atirikt any nyayadhishoan ki niyukti rashtrapati dvara bharat ke mukhy nyayadhish se, us rajy ke rajyapal se tatha sambandhit uchch nyayalay ke mukhy nyayadhish se paramarsh karake ki jati hai. is sambandh mean yah prakriya apanaee jati hai ki uchch nyayalay ka mukhy nyayadhish rajy ke rajyapal ke pas prastav bhejata hai aur rajyapal us prastav par mukhyamantri se paramarsh karake use pradhanamantri ke madhyam se rashtrapati ke pas bhejata hai. rashtrapati us prastav par bharat ke mukhy nyayadhish se paramarsh karake nyayadhish ki niyukti karata hai. uchch nyayalay ke ek poorv nirnay ke anusar rashtrapati mukhy nyayadhish ki ray manane ke lie badhy nahian hai, lekin 6 aktoobar, 1993 ke uchchatam nyayalay ke dvara diye gaye ek nirnay ke anusar rashtrapati ko bharat ke mukhy nyayadhish ki ray ko variyata deni chahie.

1999 mean uchchatam nyayalay ke 9 sadasyiy sanvidhan pith ne yah abhinirdharit kiya hai ki uchch nyayalayoan mean nyayadhishoan ki niyukti ke mamale mean uchchatam nyayalay ke keval 2 varishthatam nyayadhishoan ki salah lena avashyak hai kintu sthanantaran ke mamale mean uchchatam nyayalay ke 4 varishthatam nyayadhishoan se paramarsh ko anivary banaya gaya hai. sath hi sambandhit uchch nyayalayoan jisase sthanantaran kiya gaya hai aur jisako sthanantaran kiya jana hai, ve mukhy nyayadhishoan se paramarsh karana bhi anivary hoga.  

mukhy nyayadhish ki niyukti

anuchchhed 217 ke anusar uchch nyayalay ke mukhy nyayadhish ki niyukti rashtrapati dvara uchchatam nyayalay ke mukhy nyayadhish tatha rajyapal se vichar-vimarsh ke pashchath ki jati hai aur is sambandh mean yah avashyak nahian hai ki uchch nyayalay ke varishthatam nyayadhish ko mukhy nyayadhish niyukt kiya jae, lekin aisi pratha ka nirman ho gaya hai ki uchch nyayalay ke varishthatam nyayadhish ko hi mukhy nyayadhish niyukt kiya jata hai, halaanki is pratha ka anek bar ullanghan kiya gaya hai. kuchh samay poorv sarakar ne yah niti nirdharit ki hai ki uchch nyayalay ka mukhy nyayadhish any uchch nyayalayoan ke mukhy nyayadhishoan mean se niyukt kiya jaega, lekin isamean bhi varishthata ka ullanghan kiya jata hai.  

karyavahak mukhy nyayadhish ki niyukti

jab kisi uchch nyayalay ke mukhy nyayadhish ka pad rikt ho ya jab mukhy nyayadhish ki anupasthiti ke karan ya anyatha apane pad ke kartavyoan ka palan karane mean asamarth ho, tab rashtrapati nyayayal ke any nyayadhishoan mean se kisi ko mukhy nyayadhish ke karyoan ka nirvahan karane ke lie niyukt kar sakata hai.  

apar evan karyakari nyayadhishoan ki niyukti

jab kisi uchch nyayalay mean kary ki asthayi vriddhi ho jaye aur rashtrapati ko yah pratit ho ki kary nipatane ke lie aur bhi adhik nyayadhishoan ki avashyakata hai, tab rashtrapati nyayadhish ke roop mean niyukt kiye jane ke lie kisi yogy vyakti ko 2 varsh tak ki avadhi ke lie apar nayayadhish ke roop mean niyukt kar sakata hai.

isi tarah jab uchch nyayalay ka koee nyayadhish apane pad ke kartavyoan ka nirvahan karane mean asamarth ho jata hai ya anupasthiti ke karan apane pad ke kartavyoan ka nirvahan nahian kar pata hai, tab rashtrapati nyayadhish ke roop mean niyukti kiye jane ke lie kisi yogy vyakti ko karyakari nyayadhish ke roop mean niyukt kar sakata hai.  

seva nivritt nyayadhishoan ki niyukti

jab uchch nyayalay ka mukhy nyayadhish kisi samay rashtrapati ki poorv sahamati se kisi bhi aise vyakti se, jo kisi ya us uchch nyayalay mean nyayadhish ke pad par kary kar chuka ho, uchch nyayalay mean nyayadhish ke roop mean kary karane ka anurodh kar sakata hai. jab koee seva nivritt nyayadhish, nyayadhish ke roop mean kary karane ka anurodh svikar kar kary karata hai, tab usako uchch nyayalay ke nyayadhishoan ki sabhi adhikarita, shaktiyaan tatha visheshadhikar prapt hote haian.  

shapath grahan

uchch nyayalay ke nyayadhish ko us rajy, jisamean uchch nyayalay sthit hai, ka rajyapal usake pad ki shapath dilata hai.  

padavadhi

uchch nyayalay ka nyayadhish 62 varsh ki ayu poori karane tak apana pad dharan kar sakata hai. parantu vah kisi samay rashtrapati ko apana tyagapatr de sakata hai. yadi tyagapatr mean us tithi ka ullekh kiya gaya hai, jis tithi se tyagapatr lagoo hoga, to nyayadhish kisi bhi samay apana tyagapatr vapas le sakata hai. udaharanarth–

ilahabad uchch nyayalay ke nyayadhish nyayamoorti satish chandr ne mee, 1977 mean diye apane tyagapatr mean likha tha ki unaka tyagapatr 1 agast, 1977 se lagoo mana jae, lekin ve 31 julaee, 1977 se pahale apana tyagapatr vapas le liye the. isake viruddh vivad hone par uchchatam nyayalay ne 4:1 ke bahumat se nirnay diya ki tyagapatr lagoo hone ke poorv vapas liya ja sakata hai.

isake atirikt nyayadhish ko sabit kadachar tatha asamarthata ke adhar par sansad dvara do tihaee bahumat se parit mahabhiyog prastav ke dvara rashtrapati dvara usake pad se hataya ja sakata hai.  

ayu ke sambandh mean vivad

jab uchch nyayalay ke kisi nyayadhish ki ayu ke sambandh mean vivad hota hai, tab usaka nirnay rashtrapati ke dvara kiya jata hai. ab tak uchch nyayalay ke char nyayadhishoan, yatha kalakatta uchch nyayalay ke nyayadhish je. pi. mitr, madras uchch nyayalay ke nyayadhish es. ar. achar, madhy pradesh uchch nyayalay ke nyayadhish pi. vi. dikshit tatha aandhr pradesh uchch nyayalay ke nyayadhish bhaskaran ki ayu ke bare mean vivad utpann hua hai.  

vidhi vyavasay par rok

uchch nyayalay ka sthayi nyayadhish uchchatam nyayalay tatha uchch nyayalay, jisamean vah nyayadhish raha hai, ke atirikt any uchch nyayalayoan ke sivay bharat ke kisi nyayalay ya kisi pradhikari ke samaksh vidhi vyavasay nahian kar sakata.  

nyayadhishoan ka sthanantaran

rashtrapati bharat ke mukhy nyayadhish se paramarsh karake kisi bhi uchch nyayalay ke nyayadhish ka sthanantaran doosare nyayalay mean kar sakata hai.  

nyayadhishoan ke vetan evan bhatte

15 janavari, 2009 ko kendr sarakar dvara jari adhyadesh ke anusar uchch nyayalay ke mukhy nyayadhish ka vetan 30,000 rupaye se badhakar 90,000 rupaye pratimah tatha any nyayadhishoan ka vetan 26,000 rupaye se badhakar 80,000 rupaye pratimah kar diya gaya hai. yah vetanaman 1 janavari, 2006 se prabhavi kiya gaya hai. isake lie disambar, 2008 mean sansad dvara uchch nyayalay v uchchatam nyayalay vetan evan seva shart sandhoshan vidheyak, 2008 parit kiya gaya hai. isase poorv 12 sitambar, 2008 ko tin sadasyiy nyayadhishoan ke painal dvara sauanpi gayi riport ke anusar uchch nyayalay ke mukhy nyayadhish ka vetan 30,000 se badhakar ek lakh rupaye aur any nyayadhishoan ka vetan 26,000 se badhakar 90,000 rupaye kiye jane ka prastav tha. uchch nyayalay ke nyayadhishoan ke vetan tatha bhattoan ko nirdharit karane ki shakti sansad ko di gayi hai. nyayadhishoan ke vetan aur bhatte bharat ki sanchit nidhi par bharit hote haian aur unamean unaki niyukti ke pashchath koee alabhakari parivartan nahian kiya jata hai.  

uchch nyayalay ke nyayadhishoan ke vetan evan bhatte

	vetan	rajasi bhatta	vidyut bhatta	nivas sthan vyay	vahan vyay	peanshan	mrityu ya nivritti upadan	pratidin ka yatra bhatta
mukhy nyayadhish	90,000 rupaye pratimah	500 rupaye pratimah	500 rupaye pratimah	3000 rupaye pratimah	500 rupaye pratimah	5400 rupaye pratimah	50,000 rupaye	100 rupaye pratidin
any nyayadhish	80,000 rupaye pratimah	300 rupaye pratimah	500 rupaye pratimah	2500 rupaye pratimah	500 rupaye pratimah	4800 rupaye pratimah	50,000 rupaye	100 rupaye pratidin

uchch nyayalay ka kshetradhikar

apiliy kshetradhikar

uchch nyayalay ko apane adhinasth sabhi nyayalayoan tatha nyayadhikaranoan ke nirnayoan, adeshoan tatha dikriyoan ke viruddh apil sunane ka adhikar hai.

prarambhik kshetradhikar

uchch nyayalay ko rajasv tatha sangrah ke sambandh mean mool adhikaroan ke ullanghan ke mamale mean prarambhik kshetradhikar haian.

antaran sambandhi kshetradhikar

yadi uchch nyayalay ko yah samadhan ho jae ki usake adhinasth kisi nyayalay mean lambit kisi mamale mean sanvidhan ki vyakhya ke bare mean koee prashn nyayalay ke vicharadhin hai, jisaka us mamale se sambandh hai, to vah us mamale ko apane pas manga sakata hai aur mamale par nirnay kar sakata hai aur nirnay karake us mamale ko aise prashn par nirnay ki pratilipi sahit us nyayalay ko, jisase mamala antarit kiya gaya tha, bhejakar us nirnay ke anusar mamale ke nipatare ka adesh de sakata hai. isake atirikt uchch nyayalay apane adhinasth nyayalay man lambit vad ko kisi any adhinasth nyayalay ko sthanantarit kar sakata hai.

lekh jari karane ka adhikar

uchch nyayalay mooladhikaroan ke ullanghan ke mamale mean bandi pratyakshikaran, paramadesh, pratishedh, utpreshan tatha adhikar prichchha lekh jari kar sakata hai.

adhikshan kshetradhikar

pratyek uchch nyayalay ko apani adhikarita ke adhin sthit sabhi nyayalayoan tatha adhikaranoan ki adhikshan ki shakti hai, jisake prayog mean vah aise nyayalayoan/adhikaranoan

1. se vivarani manga sakata hai,
2. ke adhikariyoan dvara rakhi jane vali pravishtiyoan aur lekhaoan ke praroop nishchit kar sakata hai tatha
3. ke shulkoan ko niyat kar sakata hai.

adhinasth nyayalay

sanvidhan ke anuchchhed 333 mean adhinasth athava zila nyayalay ka pravadhan kiya gaya hai. uchchatam nyayalay tatha uchch nyayalayoan ki tarah hi zila nyayalayoan ko karyapalika se svatantr rakhane ke lie sanvidhan mean nimnalikhit pravadhan kiye gaye haian–

1. zila nyayadhish ki niyukti, tainati tatha padonnati rajyapal dvara uchch nyayalay se paramarsh karake ki jaegi.
2. zila nyayadhish se bhinn vyaktiyoan ki kisi rajy ki nyayik seva mean niyukti us rajy ke rajyapal ke dvara lok seva ayog tatha sambaddh nyayalay se paramarsh karake nirmit niyamoan ke anusar ki jaegi.
3. zila nyayalay aur unake adhinasth nyayalayoan ka niyatrann uchch nyayalay mean nihit hai.
4. zila nyayadhishoan tatha unake nyayik padadhikariyoan ke viruddh anushasanatmak karyavahi karane ka adhikar uchch nyayalay ko hi hai.

 

zila nyayadhishoan ki niyukti

uchch nyayalay se paramarsh karake rajyapal zila nyayadhishoan ki niyukti karata hai. samanyat: zila nyayadhish ki niyukti rajy ki nyayik seva ke adhikariyoan mean se varishthata tatha yogyata ke adhar par ki jati hai lekin nyayalay ki sifarish par rajyapal us vyakti ko bhi zila nyayadhish ke pad par niyukt kar sakata hai, jo kam se kam 7 varsh tak kisi nyayalay mean lagatar adhivakta raha ho.  

zila nyayadhishoan ke atirikt any nyayadhishoan ki niyukti

zila nyayadhishoan ke atirikt any nyayadhishoan ki niyukti do prakar se ki jati hai. pratham, uchch nyayalay dvara ayojit uchch nyayik seva pariksha ke parinam ke adhar par tatha dvitiy, rajy lok seva ayog dvara ayojit prantiy nyayik seva pariksha ke parinam ke adhar par.  

ee-kort

nyayalay ki prakriya ko saral banane ke uddeshy se ee-kort ka prachalan prarambh kiya gaya hai. desh mean pahala m aaudal ee-kort gujarat mean ahamadabad mean ahamadabad siti sivil evan seshan nyayalay mean sthapit kiya gaya hai. isaka udaghatan 8 pharavari, 2009 ko desh ke mukhy nyayadhish nyayamoorti ke. ji. balakrishnan dvara kiya gaya.

ee-kort mean aropi vidiyoan kaanphreansiang ke madhyam se nyayadhish ke samaksh apani upasthiti darsha sakeange tatha bayan bhi de sakeange. isase karagaroan se unhean nyayalay tak lane le jane ki avashyakata nahian hogi. karagar v pulis mukhyalay ke atirikt phoreansik leboretari ko bhi is pahale ee-kort pariyojana mean nyayalay se an lain sambaddh kiya gaya hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh