उत्प्रेरण

utpreran (aangrezi: Catalysis) se tatpary hai ki "jab kisi rasayanik abhikriya ki gati kisi padarth ki upasthiti matr se badh jati hai to ise 'utpreran' kahate haian." jabaki abhikriya ki gati badhane vale padarth ko 'utprerak' (catalyst) kahate haian. audyogik roop se mahattvapoorn rasayanoan ke nirman mean utprerakoan ki bahut b di bhoomika hai, kyoanki inake prayog se abhikriya ki gati badh jati hai, jisase anek prakar se arthik labh hota hai aur utpadan bhi adhik tezi se ho pata hai. utpreran ki mukhy visheshataean nimnalikhit haian:

1. kriya ke aant mean utprerak aparivartit bach rahata hai. usake bhautik sangathan mean chahe jo parivartan ho jaean, parantu usake rasayanik sangathan mean koee aantar nahian hota.

1. utprerak padarth ki keval tho di matra hi paryapt hoti hai. utprerak ki yah visheshata is tathy par nirbhar hai ki vah kriya ke aant mean aparivartit rahata hai. parantu kuchh aisi kriyaoan mean, jinamean utprerak ek madhyamik asthayi yaugik banata hai, utprerak ki adhik matra ki avashyakata hoti hai.

1. utprerak utkramaniy pratikriyaoan mean pratyaksh aur viparit donoan or ki kriyaoan ko barabar utprerit karata hai at: utprerak ki upasthiti se pratikriya ki samy sthiti mean koee parivartan nahian hota, keval samyasthapan ke samay mean hi aantar ho jata hai.

1. utprerak nee kriya ko praranbh kar sakata hai. yadyapi ostavald ne sarvapratham yah mat pragat kiya tha ki utprerak nee kriya praranbh nahian kar sakata, to bhi adhunik vaijnanikoan ka yah mat hai ki utprarek nee kriya ko bhi praranbh kar sakata hai.

1. pratyek rasayanik kriya mean kuchh vishisht utprerak hi kary kar sakate haian. abhi tak vaijnanikoan ke lie yah sanbhav nahian ho saka hai ki ve sabhi rasayanik kriyaoan ke lie kisi ek hi utprerak ko kam mean laean. yah avashyak nahian ki kisi ek kriya ka utprerak kisi doosari kriya ko bhi utprerit kare.

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utpreran ke prakar

sabhi utprerit kriyaoan ko do bhagoan mean vibhajit kiya ja sakata hai-

1. samavayavi utprerit kriyaean (samavayavi utpreran)
2. vishamavayavi utprerit kriyaean (vishamavayavi utpreran)

samavayavi utpreran

is prakar ki kriyaoan mean utprerak, pratikarmak tatha pratiphal sabhi ek hi avastha mean upasthit hote haian. jaise- salfyoorik aml banane ki veshm vidhi mean salphar daiaauksaid, bhap tatha aauksijan ke sanyog se salfyoorik aml banata hai tatha naitrik aauksaid dvara yah kriya utprerit hoti hai. is kriya mean pratikarmak, utprerak tatha pratiphal isi gaisiy avastha mean rahate haian.

vishamavayavi utpreran

is prakar ki kriyaoan mean utprerak, pratikarmak tatha pratiphal vibhinn avasthaoan mean upasthit rahate haian. jaise- amoniya banane ki habar-vidhi mean naitrojan tatha haidrojan ki sanyog kriya ko ferik aauksaid utprerit karata hai. sookshm nikil ki upasthiti mean vanaspatik teloan ka haidrojanikaran is prakar ki kriyaoan ka ek any udaharan hai.

• kuchh padarth apani upasthiti se rasayanik kriya ke veg par prabhav nahian dalate, parantu kuchh doosare utprerakoan ki kriya ko prabhavit karate haian. inamean se un padartho ki, jo utprerakoan ki kriyashilata ko badha dete haian, utprerak vardhak tatha un padartho ko, jo utprerakoan ki kriyashilata kam kar dete haian, utprerak virodhi ya utprerak vish kahate haian.

atm utprerak:- kuchh pratikriyaean aisi bhi jnat haian jinamean pratikraya se hi utpann koee padarth pratikriya ke lie utprerak ka kary karata hai. udaharanarth, ethil aisitet ke jalavichchhedan mean jo aisitik aml prapt hota hai, vahi estar ke jal vichchhedan ki kriya ko utprerit karata hai.

utpreran ke siddhaant:- yadyapi utpreran ko samajhane samajhane ke lie bahut pahale se adhyayan hote chale a rahe haian, tathapi is vishay mean abhi aantim nishkarsh nahian nikala hai. vaijnanik isapar ekamat haian ki sabhi utprerak ek hi siddhaant ke anusar kriya nahian karate . utpreran ki vyavastha ke lie do siddhaant kam mean lae jate haian:-

1. madhyavarti yaugik siddhaant
2. adhishoshan siddhaant.

madhyavarti yaugik siddhaant

yah utpreran ki vyakhya ke lie ek rasayanik siddhaant hai. isake anusar utprerak pahale pratikarmakoan mean se ek ke sath kriya karake ek madhyavarti asthayi yaugik banata hai; phir vah madhyavarti asthayi yaugik doosare pratikarmakoan se kriya karake pratiphal deta hai tatha utprerak pun: apani poorvavastha mean a jata hai. isake anusar pratikarmakoan 'k' tatha 'kh' ki sanyojan kriya utprerak 'g' ki upasthiti mean nimnalikhit prakar se prakat ki jati hai:

k + g = k g (asthayi madhyavarti yaugik);

k g + kh = k kh + g;

k + g = k g.

kriya ke aant tak yahi kram chalata rahata hai.

madhyavarti yaugik siddhaant ke dvara kuchh kriyaoan ke utpreran ki vyakhya saral hai. parantu adhikaansh vishamavayavi kriyaoan tatha utprerak vardhakoan athava vishoan ki kriyaoan ko samajhana kathin ya asanbhav sa hai.

adhishoshan siddhaant

yah utpreran ki vyakhya ke lie bhautik siddhaant hai. is siddhaant ke anusar pratikarmak utprerak ke tal par ghanibhoot ho jate haian. is prakar utprerak tal par pratikarmakoan ki saandrata badh jane se matra-anupati-niyam ke anusar kriya ka veg badh jata hai.

ab uparyukt donoan siddhaantoan ko milakar ek naya siddhaant pratipadit kiya gaya hai. isake anusar utprerak padarth ke tal par kuchh sakriy keandr hote haian. in keandroan mean anuoan ya paramanuoan ko adhishoshit karane ki kshamata hoti hai. at: dhatu ke tal par pratikarmakoan ke ghani bhoot hone se sadranta to badhati hi hai, jisake karan kriyaveg mean vriddhi hoti hai, sath hi in sakriy keandroan par pratikarmak inake sath asthayi yaugik bhi bana lete haian, jo madhyavarti yaugik siddhaant ke anusar utpreran ka kary karate haian.

eanzaimoan dvara utpreran-eanjaim jatil karbanik padarth hote haian jo paudhoan ya praniyoan se prapt kie jate haian. ye adhikaansh pratikriyaoan mean atyutm utprerak siddh hue haian. pe d paudhoan mean hone vali lagabhag sabhi kriyaoan mean eanjaim utprerak ka kary karate haian. isake atirikt hamare sharir mean honevali kriyaoan, visheshata bhojan ke pachan mean bhi eanjaim utpreerak ka kam karate haian.

upayog

audyogik tatha rasayanik kriyakshetr mean utprerak bahut hi upayogi siddh hue haian. naitrojan ka sthirikaran utprerit kriyao ka ek sadharan udaharan hai. pe d paudhoan ke lie sthayi naitrojan ki upalabdhi naitret ya amoniya ke roop mean hoti hai. naitrojan ke ye donoan hi roop utprerako ki sahayata se nirmit hote rahate haian.

dvitiy mahayuddh ke samay lagabhag samast vishv mean motar adi vahanoan ko chalane mean jo eeandhan kam mean laya jata tha vah sab utprerakoan ki sahayata se hi taiyar kiya jata tha. utpreran dvara petroliyam se bahut se aise padarth banae jate the jo eeandhan ke roop mean kam mean lae jate the. isake atirikt utprerit kriyaoan ka any mahatv bhi hai, udaharanat: byootadaeen tatha staeerin se sanshlisht rabar banane, gandhakaml ke nirman, tatha sookshm khandit nikal ki upasthiti mean vanaspatik teloan ke haidrojanikaran dvara vanaspati ghi ke nirman mean, ityadi.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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sanbandhit lekh

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