कन्नड़

ek bahuvikalpi shabd hai any arthoan ke lie dekhean:- kann d (bahuvikalpi)

kann d bhasha kann di bhi kahalati hai. dakshin-pashchim bharat ke karnatak rajy ki rajabhasha, jo dakshin dravi d shakha se sambaddh hai aur sahityik parampara vali char pradhan dravi d bhashaoan mean doosari sabase prachin bhasha hai. halamidi sthit pahala kann d abhilekh 450 ee. ka hai.

lipi

kann d lipi ka vikas ashok ki brahmi lipi ke dakshini prakaroan se hua hai aur telugu lipi se isaka nikat sambandh hai. in donoan ki utpatti ek prachin kann d lipi (10vian shatabdi) se huee hai. is bhasha ke vikas mean tin aitihasik charanoan ki pahachan ki gee hai.

prachin kann d (450-1200 ee.),
madhy kann d (1200-1700 ee.) aur
adhunik kann d (1700 ee. se vartaman kal tak).

vyakaran

kann d mukhyatah karnatak aur isake p dosi rajyoan mean boli jati hai. tulu aur kadagu bolane valoan ki yah doosari bhasha hai. 1997 mean kann dabhashi logoan ki sankhya anumanatah char karo d sath lakh thi. vaky mean shabd kram karta–karm–kriya ka hota hai, jaisa any dravi d bhashaoan mean hai. kriyaoan ko purush, vachan aur liang ke adhar par chihnit kiya jata hai. is bhasha mean moordhany vyanjan hote haian, udaharan ke lie, t, d aur n ki dhvaniyoan ka uchcharan talu par mu di huee jihva ke chhor ki sthiti se hota hai. jo ek khas dravi d lakshan hai. sabase prachin upalabdh vyakaran nagavarma (arambhik 12vian shatabdi) ka hai. keshiraj (1260 ee.) ke shabd mani darpan ko ab bhi samman prapt hai.

samany bolachal

kann d ke tin kshetriy prakaroan ki pahachan ki ja sakati hai, dakshini (maisoor), uttari (dharava d) aur tatiy (mangalor). samajik, arthik aur shaikshik karakoan ke adhar par is bhasha mean boligat bhinnataean bhi parilakshit hoti haian. isi tarah se aupacharik aur samany bolachal ke prakar bhi haian. bangalor aur maisoor mean boli jane vali bhasha ko utkrisht koti ka mana jata hai.

kannad tatha karnatak shabdoan ki vyutpatti ke sanbandh mean yadi kisi vidvanh‌ ka yah mat hai ki 'kanriduanadu' arthath‌ 'kali mitti ka desh' se kannad shabd bana hai to doosare vidvanh‌ ke anusar 'kapitu nadu' arthath‌ 'sugandhit desh' se 'kannadu' aur 'kannadu' se 'kannad' ki vyutpatti huee hai. kannad sahity ke itihasakar ar.narasianhachar ne is mat ko svikar kiya hai. kuchh vaiyakaranoan ka kathan hai ki kann d sanskrit shabd 'karnat' ka tadbhoov roop hai. yah bhi kaha jata hai ki 'karnayo atati iti karnatak' arthat jo kanoan mean gooanjata hai vah karnatak hai.

prachin granthoan mean kannad, karnat, karnatak shabd samanarth mean prayukt hue haian. mahabharat mean karnat shabd ka prayog anek bar hua hai.^[1] doosari shatabdi mean likhe hue tamil 'shilappadikaramh‌' namak kavy mean kannad bhasha bolanevaloan ka nam 'karunadar' bataya gaya hai. varahamihir ke brihatsanhita, somadev ke 'kathasaritsagar' gunadhay ki paishachi 'brihatkatha' adi granthoan mean bhi karnat shabd ka barabar ullekh milata hai.

aangreji mean karnatak shabd vikrit hokar karnatik athava kenara, phir kenara se kenariz ban gaya hai. uttari bharat ki hiandi tatha any bhashaoan mean kann d shabd ke lie kanadi, kannadi, kenara, kanari ka prayog milata hai. ajakal karnatak tatha kannad shabdoan ka nishchit arth mean prayog hota hai–'karnatak' pradesh ka nam hai aur 'kannad' bhasha ka.

kannad bhasha tatha lipi

dravi d bhasha parivar ki bhashaean panchadravi d bhashaean kahalati haian. kisi samay in panchadravid bhashaoan mean kannad, tamil, telugu, gujarati tatha marathi bhashaean sammilit thian. kiantu ajakal panchadravi d bhashaoan ke aantargat kann d, tamil, telugu, malayalam tatha tulu mani jati haian. vastut: tulu kannad ki hi ek pusht boli hai jo dakshin kannad jile mean boli jati hai. tulu ke atirikt kannad ki any boliyaan haian–kodagu, tod, kot tatha badag. kodagu kurg mean boli jati hai aur baki tinoan ka nilagiri jile mean prachalan hai. nilagiri jila tamilanadu rajy ke aantargat hai.

ramayan-mahabharat-kal mean bhi kannad boli jati thi, to bhi eesa ke poorv kannad ka koee likhit roop nahian milata. praranbhik kannad ka likhit roop shilalekhoan mean milata hai. in shilalekhoan mean halmidi namak sthan se prapt shilalekh sabase prachin hai, jisaka rachanakal 450 ee. hai. satavian shatabdi mean likhe ge shilalekhoan mean badami aur shravan belagol ke shilalekh mahatvapoorn haian. pray: athavian shatabdi ke poorv ke shilalekhoan mean gady ka hi prayog hua hai aur usake bad ke shilalekhoan mean kavyalakshanoan se yukt pady ke uttam namoone prapt hote haian. in shilalekhoan ki bhasha jahaan sugathit tatha praudh hai vahaan usapar sanskrit ka gahara prabhav dikhaee deta hai. is prakar yadyapi athavi shatabdi tak ke shilalekhoan ke adhar par kannad mean gady-pady-rachana ka praman milata hai to bhi kannad ke upalabdh sarvapratham granth ka nam 'kavirajamarg' ke uparaant kannad mean granthanirman ka kary uttarottar badha aur bhasha nirantar vikasit hoti gee. kannad bhasha ke vikasakram ki char avasthaean mani gee haian jo is prakar hai:

atiprachin kannad^[2],
hळ kannad–prachin kannad^[3],
nadu gannad madhyayugin kannad^[4], aur
hos gannad–adhunik kannad.^[5]

charoan dravid bhashaoan ki apani prithak-prithak lipiyaan haian. d aau.em.ech. krishna ke anusar in charoan lipiyoan ka vikas prachin aanshakalin brahmi lipi ki dakshini shakha se hua hai. banavat ki drishti se kannad aur telugu mean tatha tamil aur malayalam mean samy hai. 13vian shatabdi ke poorv likhe ge telugu shilalekhoan ke adhar par yah bataya jata hai ki prachin kal mean telugu aur kannad ki lipiyaan ek hi thi. vartaman kannad ki lipi banavat ki drishti se devanagari lipi se bhinn dikhaee deti haian, kiantu donoan ke dhvanisamooh mean adhik aantar nahian hai. aantar itana hi hai ki kannad mean svaroan ke atanrgat 'e' aur 'o' ke hhrasv roop tatha vyanjanoan ke aantargat vatsy 'l' ke sath-sath moordhany 'l' varn bhi pae jate haian. prachin kannad mean 'r' aur 'ळ' pratyek ke ek-ek moordhany roop ka prachalan tha, kiantu adhunik kannad mean in donoan varno ka prayog lupt ho gaya hai. baki dhvanisamooh sanskrit ke saman hai. kannad ki varnamala mean kul 47 varn haian. ajakal inaki sankhya bavan tak badha di gee hai.^[6]

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

tika tippani aur sandarbh

↑ karnatakashch kutashch padmajala: satinara:, sabhaparv, 78, 94; karnataka mahishika vikalpa mooshakastatha, bhishmaparv 58-59
↑ athavian shatabdi ke aant tak ki avastha
↑ navian shatabdi ke aranbh se 12vian shatabdi ke madhyakal tak ki avastha
↑ 12vian shatabdi ke uttarardh se 19vian shatabdi ke poorvardh tak ki avastha
↑ 19vian shatabdi ke uttarardh se ab tak ki avastha
↑ hindi vishvakosh, khand 2 |prakashak: nagari pracharini sabha, varanasi |sankalan: bharat diskavari pustakalay |prishth sankhya: 289 |

sanbandhit lekh

varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj

a a i ee u oo e ai o au aan k kh g gh n ch chh j jh n t th d dh n t th d dh n p ph b bh m y r l v sh sh s h ksh tr jn rri rri aau shr aah

[1] rnatakashch kutashch padmajala: satinara:, sabhaparv, 78, 94; karnataka mahishika vikalpa mooshakastatha, bhishmaparv 58-59

[2] thavian shatabdi ke aant tak ki avastha

[3] vian shatabdi ke aranbh se 12vian shatabdi ke madhyakal tak ki avastha

[4] 12vian shatabdi ke uttarardh se 19vian shatabdi ke poorvardh tak ki avastha

[5] 19vian shatabdi ke uttarardh se ab tak ki avastha

[6] vishvakosh, khand 2 |prakashak: nagari pracharini sabha, varanasi |sankalan: bharat diskavari pustakalay |prishth sankhya: 289 |

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