कुआँ

thumb|250px|kuaan kuaan (koop) mitti ya chattanoan ko katakar kritrim khodaee ya chhedaee se jab koee drav, visheshataya pani, nikalata hai tab use kuaan kahate haian. kuchh sthanoan ke kuoan se pani ke sthan par petroliyam tel bhi nikalata hai. kuean kee prakar ke hote haian. yah unaki khudaee, gaharaee, mitti ya chattan ki prakriti aur pani nikalane ki matra par nirbhar karata hai. kuean chhichhale ho sakate haian ya gahare. gahare kuoan ko usrut kuaan kahate haian, yadyapi yah nam galat hai. sadharanataya kuean vrittakar tin se pandrah phut, ya isase adhik, vyas ke hote haian. inaki gol divarean, jinhean kothi kaha jata hai, eetoan ki banaee jati haian aur unake niche tal par lak di ya prabalit kankrit ya chakka hota hai. aise hi kuoan ka pani pine ya sianchaee ke kam ata hai. chhichhale kuoan ka pani pine yogy nahian samajha jata, kyoanki unake dharatal ke pani se dooshit ho jane ki ashanka rahati hai. pine ke pani ke lie gahare kuean achchhe samajhe jate haian. unaka pani shuddh rahata hai aur adhik matra mean bhi prapt hota hai.

gaharaee

kuean sadharanataya 50 se lekar 100 phut tak gahare hote haian, par adhik pani ke liye 150 se 500 phut tak ke gahare kuean khode ge haian. kuchh vishesh sthanoan mean to kuean chhah hazar phut tak gahare khode ge haian aur inase b di matra mean pani prapt hua hai. aaustreliya mean char sau phut se adhik gahare kuean khode ge haian. inase ek lakh se lekar ek lakh chalis hazar gailan tak pani pratidin prapt ho sakata hai.

nianv

jin nadiyoan ya naloan ke tal ki mitti ksharanashil hoti hai unamean puloan ke payoan ya any nirman ki buniyad bhi kuanoan par rakhi jati hai. kuean vali nianv mean char bhag hote haian-

1. chakk:- jisamean kataee kor bhi sammilit hai,
2. kothi
3. dat tatha
4. koop-dhakkan

chakk

chakk kothi ki nianv aur katane ki kor ka kam deta hai. chhote kuoan ke lie yah kath ka bana hota hai par gahari nianv ke lie yah ispat athava prabalit kankrit ka bana hota hai. unake kataeekor mridu ispat ki patti aur koniyoan se banae jate haian. chakk ke abhyantar phalak ki dhal oordhvadhar 25-35 ke bich hoti hai.

kothi

kuean ki divar ko kothi kahate haian. niche se oopar tak yah poornataya sidhi (oordhvadhar) honi chahie. vyavahar mean mahattam jhukav 1/100 tak rah sakata hai. kothi pakki chunaee ya kankrit ki ho sakati hai.

dat

jab kuean ki aantim dhansan poori ho jati hai tab peande ko saf kar lete hai aur jal ke bhitar kankrit ki dat laga dete haian. dat chakk ke oopar lagabhag do phut tak phaili rahati hai.

koop dhakkan

kuean ka dhakkan do phut moti prabalit kankrit ki shila ka hota hai. vah kuean par rakha jata hai aur pae ke adhar par kary karata hai. dhakkan aur tale ke bich ka bhag ret se bhar diya jata hai.

kuoan ka akar

thumb|250px|kuaan se pani bharate mahila aur bachche kuoan ke akar sadharanataya ekahara vrittakar, dohara ashtabhujiy, dohara D- akar, dvivrittakar, ayatakar ya ek se adhik golakar, ek doosare ke sannikat hote haian.

• ekahara vrittakar kuaan kafi mazaboot hota hai. ise banane mean sugamata aur dhansane mean atyadhik saralata hoti hai. dhansane mean jo rukavat ho usako saralata se door kiya ja sakata hai aur jhukav par niyantran rakha ja sakata hai. yadi kankrit ka bana ho to yah sasta bhi hota hai.
• dohara ashtabhujiy akar gahare kuoan athava meharabadar stanbh ke liye upayukt hota hai. yadi mitti k di ho to aise sthan mean aise hi kuean khode ja sakate haian.
• dohare D-akar ke kuean baloo ya bulee mitti ke lie dohare ashtabhujiy kuoan ke achchhe hote haian.
• chhichhale kuoan ke lie ayatakar achchha rahata hai.

yadi pae ki lanbaee aisi ho ki sthan par dohara vrittakar kuaan n baithe to ek se adhik vrittakar kuean alag-alag banae jate haian. do vrittakar kuoan ko paridhiyoan ke bich kam se kam char phut ki doori rahani chahie.

nirman samagri

kuean ki nirman samagri mean char vastuean hoti haian :

1. lak di- isaka unhian kuoan mean prayog hota hai jo bahut chhichhale, pray 8 se 10 phut gahare hote haian.
2. ispat- b de akar ke gahare kuean ispat ke banae ja sakate haian. yah vrittakar hote haian aur bich ke balayakar sthan mean kankrit bhara jata hai taki bojh badh jay. isaki dhansaee mean samay kam lagata hai par kharch adhik hota hai.
3. pakki chinaee- sadharanataya eetoan ki chinaee simeant ke masale se ki jati hai. jis kshetr mean pray: bhoochal ate rahate haian vahaan sanpidan aur tanav ke pratibal bahut adhik ho jate haian, isaliye eetan ki chinaee ko ispat aur prabalit kankrit se dridh karana p data hai.
4. kankrit- kuean ke nirman mean kankrit adhikata se prayukt hota hai. atyadhik bhoochal ane vale sthaloan par kankrit ka kuanaan banana adhik sasta p data hai.

kuean ka abhikalp

isamean tin batean nishchay ki jati haian:

1. kuean ki gaharaee,
2. usaki akriti tatha
3. kothi ki motaee.

nianv ke niche tatha asapas ki bhoomi par oopari nirman ke bojh ke sthanaantaran ke dhang par yah nishchay kiya jata hai ki tal ki sabase gahari ho sakane vali kataee se kitane niche kuean ki nianv rakhi jae. kuean ka akar oopari nirman tatha bhoomi star ke prakar par nirbhar karata hai. bachat ke lie usaka akar chhote se chhota aur oopari nirman ke anukool hona chahie. kothi ka dijain aisa kiya jata hai ki vah sarvadhik gahare katav ke tal par bojhoan aur baloan se utpann adhikatam pratibal sah sake. achal bhar, chal bhar, bhookanp tatha jaladharajany kshaitij valoan, ga diyoan, bhookanpoan aur vayu baloan ityadi se yah pratibal utpann hota hai.

kuean ki galaee

isaka uddeshy kuoan ko thik avastha mean rakhana hai. kuean ki thik galaee ke liye nirmanakal mean hi barabar savadhan rahane ki avashyakata hai. oordhvadharata ko barabar jaanchate rahana chahie, jisase kuaan sahul se adhik bahar n chala jae. kuean jitana adhik niche galae jate haian utana hi adhik unaka sthayitv hota hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

sanbandhit lekh

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