कुशीनगर का इतिहास
[[chitr:Statue-Buddha-Kushinagar-1.jpg|thumb|300px|buddh moorti, kushinagar]] kushinagar prachin bharat ke tatkalin mahajanapadoan mean se ek evan mall rajy ki rajadhani tha.[1] yah nagar 26°45’ uttari akshaansh aur 83°55’ poorvi deshaantar ke bich sthit tha. vartaman samay mean yah gorakhapur se 32 mil (lagabhag 51.2 ki.mi.) poorv, devariya se 21 mil (lagabhag 33.6 ki.mi.) uttar aur padarauna se 13 mil (lagabhag 20.8 ki.mi.) dakshin-pashchim mean sthit hai.
vidvanh vichar
kaniangham ne kushinagar ko vartaman devariya zile mean sthit 'kasiya' se samikrit kiya hai.[2] apane samikaran ki pushti mean unhoanne 'parinirvan mandir' ke pichhe sthit stoop mean mile tamrapatr ka ullekh kiya hai. jis par 'parinirvanachaity tamrapatr iti' ullikhit hai.[3] kaniangham ke is samikaran se vianseant smith[4] aur parjitar prabhriti vidvanh sahamat nahian haian. unake anusar kasiya ke avasheshoan evan chini yatri hvenasaang ke yatra vivaranoan mean paryapt bhinnata hai. is bhinnata ko dhyan mean rakhate hue smith ne kushinagar ko nepal mean paha diyoan ki pahali shriankhala ke par sthit hone ke mat ko uchit mana hai.[5] rij devids ke anusar yadi ham chini yatriyoan ke yatra vivaranoan par vishvas karean to kushinagar ke malloan ka pradesh, shaky pradesh ke poorv mean paha di dhal par sthit hona chahie. kuchh any vidvanh unaka pradesh shakyoan ke dakshin mean evan vajjigan ke poorv mean sthit batalate haian.[6] lekin bad ke (1906-1907) puratatvik utkhanan se prapt samagriyoan ke adhar par kaniangham ki samiksha ko uchit manate hue 'kasiya' aur 'kushinagar' ko ek hi manana uchit hoga.
kaniangham ko in bhagnavasheshoan se ‘mahaparinirvan vihar’ namaankit anek mrinmudraean aur stoop ke bhitar se kuchh tamrapatr bhi mile haian. inake atirikt in khandaharoan se mahatma buddh ki vaisi hi vishal moorti prapt huee hai, jaisi ki hvenasaang ne kushinagar mean dekhi thi. 'tathagat' ki nirvan moorti bauddh shilpiyoan ka priy vishay rahi hai, parantu kasiya jaisi patthar ki vishal pratima anyatr nahian milati. ye vibhinn tathy bhi kaniangham ke samikaran ke auchity ki pushti karate haian.
vaidik sahity mean ullekh
vaidik sahity mean malloan athava unaki rajadhani ka koee ullekh nahian milata hai, parantu paravarti sahity mean unaka varnan anek granthoan mean milata hai. mahabharat ke bhishmaparv[7] mean yah mall rashtr ke roop mean varnit hai, jo aang, vang aur kaliang ke saman hi poorvi bharat mean ek pramukh rajy tha. buddh-poorv yug mean vahaan mahasammat vansh ka rajy tha. is kul mean ikshvaanku (ovakak), kush tatha mahasudassan pramukh shasak hue the.[8] unake samay mean yah nagar 'kushavati' nam se vikhyat tha. isaka vistar 144 varg ki.mi. kshetraphal mean tha. buddh metay ke shasan kal mean ise 'ketumati' nam se jana jata tha.[9]
gautam buddh ke poorv mall rajatantratmak rajy tha. vah kab aur kaise ganarajyoan mean parivartit ho gaya yah kahana kathin hai? kiantu buddh ke kal mean usaki sthiti nishchit roop se ek svatantr ganarajy ki thi. malloan ke sansthagar ka ullekh anek sthaloan par hua hai jahaan ekatr hokar ve vichar-vimarsh karate the. buddh kal mean malloan ki rajadhani kushinagar ek mahattvapoorn nagar ke roop mean prasiddhi prapt kar chuki thi.
bauddh sahity mean varnan
[[chitr:Kushinagar-1.jpg|left|thumb|250px|bauddh bhikshu dhyan sthali, kushinagar]] bauddh sahity mean kushinagar ka vishad varnan milata hai. isamean kushinagar ke sath 'kushinara'[10], kushinagari[11] aur kushigram[12] prabhriti any namoan ka bhi ullekh hai. buddh-poorv yug mean yah kushavati ke nam se vikhyat thi. buddh ne kushinagar ko prachin kushavati se abhihit kiya tha. vistar aur samriddhi ki drishti se unaka kahana tha ki yah rajadhani poorv se pashchim 12 yojan lanbi evan uttar se dakshin 7 yojan chau di thi.[13] isamean sat prakar, char toran aur khajoor vrikshoan ke sat nikuanj the.[14] yah nagar hiranyavati nadi ke pashchimi tat ke samip ek pramukh sthalamarg par sthit tha.[15] isi sthal-marg se bavari rrishi ke shishyoan ke jane ka ullekh hai.[16] buddh ki mrityu ke samay mahakashyap bhi rajagrih se kushinagar isi marg se ge the.[17]
nagar ki sthiti
is nagar ki sthiti, raksha evan vyapar ki drishti se sarvatha anukool thi. nagar ke samip hi upavattan namak shalavan tha, jisake ek bhag ko malloan ne pramod udyan mean parinat kar diya tha. yah hiranyavati ke doosare kinare par sthit tha.[18] is upavattan shalavan mean hi bhagavan ne aantim nivas kiya tha. aur yahian yugal sal vrikshoan ke niche unaka mahaparinirvan hua tha. upavattan shalavan ko kaniangham ne vartaman kasiya ke ‘matha kuanvar kot’ se samikrit kiya hai.[19]
bauddh granthoan mean kushinagar evan any pramukh nagaroan ke bich ki doori ullikhit hai, jo is nagar ki sthiti nishchit karane mean sahayak hai. kushinagar se pava ki doori tin gavyoot[20] buddh ne apani aantim yatra mean isi raste se kakuksha nadi ko par kiya tha.[21] rajagrih se is nagar ki doori 25 yojan[22] evan 'sagal' (syalakot) se 100 yojan thi.[23] hvenasaang kushinagar se 700 mil chalakar varanasi pahuancha tha.[24]
samriddhishali nagar
kushinagar bahut samriddhishali nagar tha. svayan gautam buddh ne isaki prashansa ki hai. 'buddhaghosh' ne un vishisht karanoan ka ullekh kiya hai, jinase prerit hokar buddh ne kushinagar ko parinirvanarth chuna tha-
- ‘mahasudassan’ sutaant ka upadesh vahian kiya gaya tha.
- subhadr ki pravajya vahian sanbhav thi.
- asthi vibhajan ki samasya hal karane vala vyakti vahaan upasthit tha.[25] digvijayi chakravarti samrat mahasudarshan[26] ke rajyakal mean 'kushavati' (kushinagar) 84000 nagariyoan mean pramukh thi.[27] yah samriddh, ramaniy, janakirn evan dhany-dhany sanpann thi. yah devataoan ki rajadhani 'alakamanda' ki bhaanti din-rat das shabdoan se guanjayaman rahati thi.[28] lekin yahaan yah ullekhaniy hai ki buddh ke kal mean yah nagar rajagrih, vaishali aur shravasti ki tarah prathamakoti ka nagar nahian tha.[29] at: yah kaha ja sakata hai ki is nagar ka kramash: hras hua tha.
buddh ki kri dasthali
buddh ka kushinagar se vishesh lagav tha. poorvajanmoan mean bhi yah nagari unaki kri dasthali rah chuki thi. ek ullekh ke anusar ve sat bar chakravarti samrat banakar kushinagar mean rajy kar chuke the.[30] aantim bar jab buddh yahaan ae to malloan ne unaka svagat kiya. svagat-satkar mean sammilit n hone vale vyaktiyoan ke lie 500 mudra dand ka pravadhan tha. is prakar kushinagar buddh ki shikshaoan se poornaroopen prabhavit hua aur vahaan ke anek sanbhraant vyakti unake samarthak bane. at: aise anek uddharanoan se yah spasht hai ki bauddh dharm ka svayan buddh ke samay mean hi bahuvidh vikas ho chuka tha. aur anek sanbhraant vyaktiyoan ne is dharm ki sadasyata svikar ki thi.
parinirvan sthal
[[chitr:Nirvana-Temple-Kushinagar.jpg|thumb|300px|nirvan mandir, kushinagar]] jnatavy hai ki kushinagar mean hi buddh ne parinirvan prapt kiya tha. vahaan ke malloan ne bhagavan ke aantim sanskar ka samuchit prabandh kiya tha. 6 dinoan tak ve log unake nishpran sharir ka nrity, git, vady evan gandy pushpadi se satkar karate rahe. satavean din ve use 'mukut bandhan chaity' le ge.[31] shalavan se chalakar ve nagar mean uttar dvar se pravisht hue aur poorv dvar se nikalakar chaity sthan par pahuanche. vahian par chakravarti rajochit vidhan ke anusar dah-sanskar kiya gaya.[32] 'mukut bandhan chaity' ko vartaman ramabhar talab ke pashchimi tat par sthit ek vishal stoop ke khandahar se samikrit kiya ja sakata hai, jo matha kuanbar ke kot se lagabhag ek mil ki doori par sthit hai.[33]
dah-sanskar ke pashchath asthi-vibhajan ke sandarbh mean vivad utpann ho gaya. is avasar par upasthit logoan mean vaishali ke lichchhavi, kapilavastu ke shaky, allakap ke buli, ramagram ke koliy, pava ke mall, magadharaj ajatashatru tatha veth-dvip (vishnudvip) ke brahman mukhy the.[34] kushinagar ke malloan ne vibhajan ka virodh kiya. pratidvandvi rajyoan ki senaoan ne unake nagar ko gher liya. yuddh pray: nishchit tha, kintu dron brahman ke a jane se asthi avasheshoan ka ath bhagoan mean vibhajan sanbhav hua.[35] vibhinn rajyoan ke pratinidhi asthi avasheshoan ko apani rajadhaniyoan mean le ge aur vahaan navarnimit stoopoan mean unhean sthapit kiya gaya. saanchi ke toran par utkirn chitr is ghatana ke jvalant udaharan hai.[36] isake atirikt toran ke madhy bhag mean niche ki or nagar ke parikha tatha prakar ka bhi aankan milata. prakar ke bhitar nagar ke kuchh vishisht bhavan bhi drishtigochar hote haian.[37]
kushinagar ke malloan ka apana santhagar tha, jahaan par rajanitik tatha dharmik vishayoan par vivad hote the. anand jis samay tathagat ki mrityu ka samachar lekar kushinagar ge, us samay mall apani rajy sabha mean the. tatpashchath unhoanne apane santhagar mean hi tathagat ke aantim sanskar ke praroop par vichar-vimarsh kiya tha. dighanikay mean mahaparinibban sutaant mean kushinara ke malloan mean 'purish' namak ek adhikari varg ka ullekh milata hai jo rij devids ke matanusar adhinasth karmachariyoan ka ek varg tha.[38]
- REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean
chini yatriyoan ka vivaran
paanchavian shatabdi ee. mean jab phahyan ne bharat ka bhraman kiya to kushinagar ko upekshit evan nirjan paya. keval kuchh sthanoan par stoop aur sangharam bane hue the. satavian shatabdi mean jab hvenasaang bharat aya to us samay bhi yah sthan nirjan tha. usane yahaan matr kuchh sangharam dekhe the. is sanbandh mean chini yatriyoan ka vivaran nimnalikhit hai-
phahyan ka ullekh
chini yatri phahyan 399-414 ee. ke bich kushinagar aya tha. usane kushinagar ko pippalivan ke aangar stoop ke poorv mean 12 yojan aur vaishali se 12 yojan ki doori par sthit batalaya.[39] usane sanpoorn janapad ko nirjan evan uja d paya tha. phahyan ne nagar ke uttar niranjana nadi ke kinare shalavan mean do vrikshoan ke bich buddh ke parinirvan prapt karane ke sthan ka ullekh kiya hai.[40] shalavan ke vihar mean us samay bhi kuchh bhikshu nivas karate the. phahyan likhata hai ki parinirvan stoop ke atirikt vahaan char any stoop the, jo kramash: nimnalikhit char sthanoan par bane the-
- jahaan subhadr[41] ne arhatattv ko prapt kiya tha.
- jahaan vajrapani yaksh ki gada giri thi.
- jahaan malloan ne buddh ke nishpran sharir ka saptahaparyant poojan kiya tha.
- jahaan buddh ke asthi avasheshoan ko vibhajit kiya gaya tha.
phahyan ke bharat agaman ke samay yahaan guptoan ka samrajy tha. us samay bharatavart kala aur sanskriti ke kshetr mean apani parakashtha par tha. kumaragupt ke shasan kal mean haribal svami ne kasiya ke suvikhyat parinirvan mandir ke nikatavarti stoop ka jirnoddhar kiya. phahyan yahaan se 12 yojan chalakar us sthan par pahuancha tha, jahaan buddh ne lichchhaviyoan ko vapas bheja tha, kyoanki ve log unake sath parinirvan sthal tak jana chahate the. yahi ek patthar ki lat (stanbh) thi, jis par unake parinirvan ki ghatana ka aankan tha.[42]
hvenasaang ka vivaran
[[chitr:Xuanzang.jpg|thumb|150px|chini yatri hvenasaang]] satavian shatabdi mean jab hvenasaang kushinagar aya to us samay is sthan ki sthiti achchhi nahian thi. yah nagar 10 li ki paridhi mean phaila matr khandahar sadrishy rah gaya tha.[43]yahaan ki janasankhya atyalp thi. nagar ke uttar pashchim chuand[44] ke nivas-sthan par ashok dvara banavaya gaya ek stoop tha.
nagar ke uttar-pashchim tin-char li ki doori par sthit 'ajitavati'[45] nadi ke pashchimi kinare par hvenasaang ne salavan ka ullekh kiya hai. is salavan mean vibhinn ghatanaoan ke smarakasvaroop anek stoop bane hue the. inamean se do ka sanbandh buddh ke poorv janm ki kathaoan se tha. vahaan par eeantoan se nirmit ek b da chaity tha, jisamean ek moorti rakhi thi. isamean buddh parinirvan ko prapt tatha uttar ki or sir kie hue leti avastha mean dikhae ge the. is chaity ke samip ashok dvara nirmit 200 phut ooancha ek bhagn stoop tha. stoop ke samane mauryakalin prastar-stanbh tha, jis par parinirvan ka vrittaant utkirn tha.[46]
any stoopoan mean subhadr ke maran-sthal se sanbaddh stoop ka ullekh kiya ja sakata hai, jo vihar se pashchim ki or sthit tha. vah brahman matavalanbi tha. subhadr ne ek sau bis varsh ki avastha mean gautam buddh se diksha li thi.[47] in stoopoan ke atirikt vajrapani yaksh ke gadapatan, devataoan dvara tathagat ke sharir poojan evan maya devi ke vilap adi ghatanaoan se sanbanddh sthanoan par bhi stoop nirmit the.[48] nagar ke uttar hiranyavati (ajitavati) nadi ke doosare tat se 300 pag door ek sthal par buddh ke dah sanskar ka ullekh hai.[49] is sthal par bhi ek stoop tha jisaki mitti mani jati thi. sthal par nirmit ek aise stoop ka bhi hvenasaang ne ullekh kiya hai, jo mahakavy dvara buddh ki padavandana se sanbaddh tha. ek doosare stoop ko ashok ne banavaya tha. vah us sthan par tha, jahaan buddh ki asthiyoan k bantavara ath nareshoan ke bich hua tha. usake samane ek stanbh tha, jis par uparyukt ghatana ka vrittaant utkirn tha.[50] yadyapi hvenasaang ne yahaan ke viharoan ke bhikshuoan ki sankhya ka ullekh nahian kiya hai, parantu usake varnan se tatkalin viharoan ke aur unamean sannihit tattvoan ka poorn parichay prapt hota hai.
iantsig ka ullekh
satavian shatabdi ke aant mean itsiang namak ek any chini yatri bhi kushinagar aya tha. usake samay mean kushinagar ki sthiti achchhi thi. sanbhavat: use maharaj harsh ka suphal sanrakshan tha. itsiang ne likha hai ki 'shalavan' tatha 'mukut bandhan' prasiddh chaity the, jahaan sharad tatha vasant rritu mean door-door se shraddhalu aya karate the. us samay vihar mean rahane vale bhikshuoan ki sankhya sau thi. vahaan ke bhikshuoan ke pas paryapt sadhan the, at: yatriyoan ke svagat-satkar mean unhean kathinaee nahian hoti thi. ek bar akasmath vahaan 500 bhikshuoan ka samooh (jattha) a pahuancha, jinaka sthaniy vihar mean bhojan adi se svagat-satkar kiya gaya. itsiang ne samay ki ganana ke lie prayukt ek aise vishisht vidhan ka ullekh kiya hai, jisaka in viharoan mean prayog kiya jata tha.[51]
puratatvik shodh ka itihas
kushinagar ke sandarbh mean prapt sahityik srotoan ki pushti pray: puratatvik sakshyoan se bhi hoti hai. kasiya ke avasheshoan ko sarvapratham prakash mean lane ka shrey bukanan[52] aur listan[53] ko hai. kushinagar ko kasiya se samikrit karate hue bhi ye vidvanh is sthal ke aitihasik mahattv se avagat n the. 1854 ee. mean ech.ech. vilsan ne bhi kasiya ko kushinagar se samikrit kiya.[54] parantu kushinagar ki or itihas premiyoan ka dhyan kaniangham dvara 1860-1861 ee. mean is kshetr ki khudaee ke bad hi akrisht hua. utkhanan ke parinamoan ke adhar par kaniangham ne adhunik ‘kasiya’ ko kushinagar se samikrit kiya.[55] kaniangham ke utkhanan ke samay yahaan par maya kuanvar ka kot evan ramabhar namak do b de tatha kuchh any chhote tile matr avashisht the. yah samast bhoo-bhag vanachchhadit evan durgamy tha. nikatavarti gramoan ke nivasi in tiloan ki eeantean nikala karate the, jisase prachin smarakoan ka durupayog ho raha tha. mukut bandhan chaity ke oopar ramabhar bhavani ki mathiya aur ek any stoop ke oopar kisi nat ki samadhi ban chuki thi.[56]
kaniangham ke pashchath unake sahayak adhikari karlail ne 1875 se 1877 ee. tak kasiya mean mahattvapoorn sarvekshan kiya aur kee tiloan ki khudaee karavaee. kasiya ke suprasiddh parinirvan pratima mandir evan nikatasth stoop ke anusandhan ka shrey karlail ko hi prapt hai.[57] sanh 1896 ee. mean praantiy sarakar ki or se vianseant smith ne kasiya ka sarveankshan kiya.[58] pun: puratatv vibhag dvara phogel ke nirdeshan mean 1904 se 1907 ee. tak tatha hiranand shastri ki dekh-rekh mean 1910-1912 tak utkhanan kiya gaya. isake parinamasvaroop bahut-se stoop, chaity tatha vihar prakash mean aye. ye smarak ek-doosare ke sannidhy mean hi nahian the, apitu inaka nirman vibhinn charanoan mean hua tha. tithi tatha sanvatayukt abhilekhoan ke abhav mean in smarakoan ka tithi-nirdharan dushkar hai. yadyapi in smarakoan mean prayukt eeantoan ki nap se tithi-nirdharan kiya ja sakata hai, parantu smarakoan ke paravarti nirmataoan dvara poorvakalin eeantoan ke tithi-nirdharan ke sandarbh mean inaki map ka prayog sarvatha nirapad nahian kaha ja sakata.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ aanguttaranikay, bhag 1, pri. 213 tatraiv, bhag 4 pri. 252 mahavastu, bhag 1 pri. 34
- ↑ e. kaniangham, di aianshyeant jyographi aphh iandiya, pri. 363
- ↑ arkiyolajikalh sarve aphh iandiya, varshik riport, 1911-12, pri. 17
- ↑ vistrit, jarnalh af di rayal eshiyatik sosayati (1902), pri. 139 aur age smith arli histri af iandiya (chaturth sanskaran), pri. 167, padatippani-5 (smith ka yah mat sarvamany nahian hai, kyoanki hvenasaang ke vivaranoan ke adhar par kuchh nishchit karana sanbhav nahian hai. hvenasaang ke agaman ke pashchath bhi is sthan par nirantar parivartan hote rahe. rochak hai, saranath mean bhi, jisaki sthiti sandigdh nahian hai, aisi hi vishamata paee jati hai.
- ↑ jarnal af di rayal eshiyatik sosayati, 1913, pri. 152 tu., vimal charan laha, prachin bharat ka aitihasik bhoogol, pri. 171
- ↑ rij devids buddhist iandiya, varanasi, iandolajikal buk haus (1979) punarmudrit, pri. 26
- ↑ mahabharat, bhishmaparv, 10/45
- ↑ mahavansh, bhag do, pri. 1-6 jatak (phausabal sanskaran), bhag do, pri. 65 dirghanikay, bhag 2, (hiandi anuvad rahul saankrityayan evan jagadish kashyap, mahabodhi sabha, saranath 1935), pri. 152
- ↑ ji.pi. malalasekar, dikshanari aph pali prapar nems, bhag 1, (landan, pali tekts sosaiti 1974, punarmudrit), pri. 563
- ↑ dighanikay, bhag do, pri. 109; dipavans, bhag 3, pri. 32
- ↑ divyavadan, pri. 152, 153, 194
- ↑ tatraiv, pri. 108
- ↑ drashtavy, dighanikay, (hiandi anuvad, rahul saanskrityayan evan jagadish kashyap, mahabodhi sabha, saranath (varanasi, 1935 ee.) bhag do, pri. 146-152 :ayan kushinara, kushavati nam rajadhani ahosi...)
- ↑ dighanikay, bhag do, pri. 170-171
- ↑ is nadi ko adhikaansh vidvanoan ne chhoti gandak se samikrit kiya hai; (dekhean, kaniangham, aianshyeant jyographi af iandiya, pri. 364) bhikshu dharmarakshit ke matanusar kasiya ke samip bahane vali 'kusaminara' tatha hirava ki nari usi ke avashesh haian. drashtavy bhikshu dharmarakshit, kushinagar ka itihas, pri. 32
- ↑ suttanipat, 5, 10, 12
- ↑ vinayapitak, bhag do, pri. 284
- ↑ saratthappakasini, jild pahali, pri. 222; tulaniy, bharat sianh upadhyay, buddhakalin bharatiy bhoogol (pratham sanskaran), pri. 320
- ↑ arkiyolajikal sarve aph iandiya, varshik riport, 1861-62, pri. 77-38; tul., aianshyeant jyographi aph iandiya pri. 364
- ↑ lagabhag ¾ yojan, adhunik 6 mil thi., sumangal vilasini, bhag do, pri. 573 (pavanagarato toni gavutani kusinara nagar)
- ↑ bharat sianh upadhyay, buddhakalin bharatiy bhoogol, (pratham sanskaran), pri. 318
- ↑ ‘kusinaratoan yav rajagahan panchasivati yojanani’ -sumangal vilasini, bhag do, pri. 609
- ↑ ‘ekahenev yojanasatikan maggan khepetv...savalanagaran pavisi’ jatak, khand 5, pri. 290 (phausabal sanskaran)
- ↑ thamash vatars, anh yuvanh chvaangs trevelsh in iandiya, bhag do, pri. 46
- ↑ sumangalavilasini, bhag do, pri. 573
- ↑ bhagavan buddh ka poorv janm mean yah ek nam tha.
- ↑ ‘chaturasoti nagarasahasani pamukhani’, dighanikay ka yah varnan atiranjit hai. dighanikay, (hiandi anuvad- rahul saankrityayan evan jagadish kashyap, mahabodhi sabha, saranath, 1935 ee.) bhag do, pri. 159 . jabaki 'sanyuktanikay' mean ise 84 nagaroan mean ek batalaya gaya hai. drashtavy-sanyuktanikay, bhag 3, pu. 144; tulaniy-dikshanari aph pali prapar nems, bhag 1 pri. 663
- ↑ ye shabd nagar ki samriddhi evan vaibhav ke soochak the jo the- ‘hatthisadd, assasadd, bherisadd, mutiangasadd, git (sankh), sadd, sammasadd, tatvasadd, tatha asnathapivasthasvad thatasabhanen sadd’, drashtavy- dighanikay, bhag do, pri. 147
- ↑ ullekhaniy hai isi karan anand ne buddh ko chanpa, rajagrih, shravasti, saket, koshaanbi, aur varanasi adi nagaroan ko parinirvan yogy bataya tha. drashtavy-dighanikay, bhag 2, pri. 152
- ↑ dighanikay, bhag do, pri. 198 (pali granthoan mean keval do poorv janmoan ka vrittaant milata hai. ek janm mean ve maharaja 'kush' the aur doosare janm mean chakravarti samrat 'mahasudarshan'. inaki katha any granthoan ke atirikt kush aur mahasudassan jatakoan mean bhi varnit hai)
- ↑ yah chaity 'mukut bandhan' isalie kahalata tha ki yahaan mall rajaoan ka abhishek kiya jata tha aur unake sir par mukut baandha jata tha.
- ↑ hvenasaang ne bhramavash dah-chaity ko nagar se uttar ki or bataya hai. dah-sanskar ki vidhi svayan buddh ne anand ko bataee thi. vahi vidhan anand ne malloan ko bataya. dekhean, dighanikay, bhag do.
- ↑ bharat sianh upadhyay, buddhakalin bharatiy bhoogol (pratham sanskaran), pri. 321
- ↑ ullekhaniy hai utkhanan se veth dvip vihar ki ek muhar mili hai jis par lekh ‘shri vishnu dvip vihar bhikshu-sanghasy’ aankit hai. drashtavy- arkiyolajikal sarve aph iandiya, varshik riport, 1906-7, pri. 61
- ↑ ji.pi. malalasekar, dikshanari aph pali prapar nems (pali tekts sosayati 1974, punarmudrit), bhag 1, pri. 654; dighanikay, bhag 2, pri. 150
- ↑ marshal, e gaid too saanchi, pri. 53-54 aur plet sankhya 4
- ↑ udayanarayan ray, prachin bharat mean nagar tatha nagar jivan, pri. 362
- ↑ ti.dablyoo. rij devids, buddhist iandiya (iandolajikal buk haus, varanasi, punarmudrit, 1979), pri. 21
- ↑ gails, trevels aph phahyan, pri. 41
- ↑ hvenasaang dvara varnit yah hiranyavati nadi hi thi, jo nagar ke dakshin mean bahati thi. jems legge, di traivels aph phahyan (dilli, 1972), pri. 70, pad-tippani.
- ↑ yah banaras ka ek brahman tha, jo buddh se shiksha grahan karane ke lie yahaan aya hua tha. dekhean, dighanikay, bhag 2, pri. 144
- ↑ jems legge, di traivels aph phahyan (dilli oriyantal pablishars, 1972, punarmudrit), pri. 82
- ↑ vatars, an yan chvaangs traivels in iandiya, bhag do pri. 134
- ↑ is chuand ko dighanikay mean pava ka nivasi batalaya gaya hai. phahyan ne bhi is stoop ka ullekh nahian kiya hai. dekhean, dighanikay, bhag do, pri. 135-136
- ↑ aisi sanbhavana hai ki hvenasaang ke samay hiranyavati nadi ko ajitavati (jo kabhi jiti n ja sake) nam se janate the.
- ↑ tatraiv, bhag do, pri. 28
- ↑ tatraiv, pri. 30
- ↑ vatars, an yuvan chvaangs traivels in iandiya, bhag 2, pri. 39; maya devi ke svarg se utarakar apane mrit putr ke lie vilap karane ki katha anek bauddh granthoan mean paee jati hai, parantu dighanikay mean isaka ullekh nahian milata.
- ↑ semual bil, buddhist rikardash aph di vestarn varld, bhag 3 (kalakatta, 1958), pri. 287. dighanikay ke anusar yah sthan nagar se poorv mean tha. bhag, 2 pri. 141
- ↑ poorvollikhit, an yuvan chvaangs traivels in iandiya, bhag do, pri. 42
- ↑ je. takakusoo, e rekard aph di buddhist rilijan (landan, aksaphord, 1896), pri0 29-30, 38-39 aur 145
- ↑ eestarn iandiya, bhag do, pri. 357
- ↑ j. e. si. ban., 1837, pri. 417
- ↑ j. ra.e. so., 1856, pri. 246, yahaan isaka nam ‘kusiya’ diya gaya hai.
- ↑ a.s.ri., aank 1, pri. 76-85
- ↑ nalinath datt aur krishnadatt bajapeyi, devalapameant aph buddhijm in uttar pradesh (pablikeshan byooro, lakhanoo, 1956), pratham sanskaran, pri. 357
- ↑ arkiyolajikal sarve aph iandiya (varshik riport), aank 18, kalakatta, 1883, pri. 62 aur age; aank 22 (kalakatta, 1885), pri. 16 aur age.
- ↑ j.ra.e.so, 1902, pri. 139
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