कोहिनूर हीरा

kohinoor hira|thumb|200px kohinoor hira (aangrezi:Koh-i-noor Diamond) duniya ke sabhi hiroan ka raja hai, jise golakuanda (bharat) ki ek khan se nikala gaya tha. kohinoor ko farasi mean "kooh-e-noor" kaha jata hai, jisaka arth hai- "kudarat ki vishal abha ya roshani ka parvat". yah hira 105 kairet (lagabhag 21.600 gram) ka hai. yah abhi tak vishv ka sabase b da jnat aitihasik hira rah chuka hai. kee mugal badashahoan aur farasi shasakoan se hota hua, yah hira anatat: british shasan ke adhikar mean chala gaya aur ab unake khazane mean shamil hai. bharat mean aangrez shasan ke dauran ise british pradhanamantri beanjamin dijaraeli ne maharani viktoriya ko tab bheant kiya, jab san 1877 mean unhean bharat ki bhi samrajni ghoshit kiya gaya tha.

itihas

kohinoor ka udgam v arambhik itihas spasht nahian hai. isaki kahani bhi pari kathaoan se kam romaanchak nahian hai. isake khanan se ju di dakshin bharat mean hiroan ki kee kahaniyaan rahian haian, parantu kaun-si kohinoor se sambandhit hai, yah kahana kathin hai. 14vian shatabdi se poorv is hire ka itihas thik jnat nahian hai.[[chitr:Babar.jpg|thumb|left|babar]]

babar ka adhikar

dilli saltanat mean khilaji vansh ka aant 1320 mean hone ke bad gayasuddin tugalaq ne gaddi sanbhali. usane apane putr uloog khaan ko 1323 mean kakatiy vansh ke raja prataparudradev ko yuddh mean harane bheja tha. is hamale ko k di takkar mili, parantu uloog khaan ek b di sena ke sath phir yuddh karane lauta. isake lie anapekshit raja prataparudradev varangal ke yuddh mean har gaya. tab varangal ki loot-pat, to d-pho d v hatya-kaand mahinoan chala. muslimoan ke hath sona-chaandi v hathi-daant ki b di matra lagi, jo ki hathiyoan, gho doan v ooantoan par ladakar dilli le jaee gee. kohinoor hira bhi is loot ka bhag tha. yahian se yah hira 'dilli saltanat' ke uttaradhikariyoan ke hathoan se mugal samrat babar ke hath 1526 mean laga.

babaranama mean ullekh

is hire ki pratham drishtaya pakki tippani yahian san 1526 se milati hai. babar ne apane sansmaran mean agara ki vijay mean ek brihath‌ uttam hira prapt karane ka ullekh kiya hai. sanbhavat: vah kohinoor hi tha, kyoanki us hire ka bhar ath miskal (320 ratti) bataya gaya hai. tarashe jane ke poorv kohinoor ka bhar itana hi tha. babar ne apane 'babaranama' mean likha hai ki yah hira san 1294 mean malava ke ek raja ka tha. babar ne isaka mooly yah aanka ki yah hira poore sansar ka do dinoan tak pet bhar sakata hai. 'babaranama' mean diya hai ki kis prakar malava ke raja ko jabardasti yah virasat alauddin khilazi ko dene par majaboor kiya gaya. usake bad yah 'dilli saltanat' ke uttaradhikariyoan dvara age badhaya gaya, aur antatah 1526 mean babar ki jit par use prapt hua. halaanki 'babaranama' 1526 se 1530 mean likha gaya tha, parantu isake srot jnat nahian haian. usane is hire ko sarvada isake vartaman nam se nahian pukara hai. balki ek vivad ke bad yah nishkarsh nikala ki babar ka hira hi bad mean kohinoor kahalaya. babar evan humayooan, donoan ne hi apani atmakathaoan mean babar ke hire ke udgam ke bare mean likha hai. yah hira pahale gvaliyar ke kachhavaha shasakoan ke pas tha, jinase yah tomar rajaoan ke pas pahuancha.

auragazeb ke pas

kohinoor hira|thumb|300px aantim tomar shasak vikramadity ko sikandar lodi ne haraya aur apane adhin kiya. usane use apane sath dilli mean hi bandi bana kar rakha. lodi ki mugaloan se har ke bad, muzaloan ne usaki sanpatti looti, kintu humayooan ne n keval madhyasthata karake usaki sanpatti vapas dilava di, balki use chhu dava kar meva d, chittau d mean panah lene di. humayooan ki is bhalaee ke badale vikramadity ne apana ek bahumooly hira, jo shayad kohinoor hi tha, humayooan ko sabhar de diya. parantu humayooan ka jivan ati durbhagyapoorn raha. vah sherashah soori se har gaya. soori bhi ek top ke gole se jalakar mar gaya. usaka putr v uttaradhikari jalal khan apane sale dvara hatya ko prapt hua. us sale ko bhi usake ek mantri ne takhtapalat kar hata diya. vah mantri bhi ek yuddh ko jitate-jitate aankh mean chot lag jane ke karan har gaya aur saltanat kho baitha. humayooan ke putr akabar ne yah ratn kabhi apane pas nahian rakha, jo ki bad mean sidhe shahajahaan ke khazane mean hi pahuancha. shahajahaan bhi apane bete aurangazeb dvara takhtapalat kar bandi banaya gaya, jisane apane any tin bhaiyoan ki hatya bhi ki thi. nishchit roop se jnat hai ki kohinoor aurangajeb ke pas tha aur vah use b de yatn se rakhata tha.

nadirashah ka svamitv

kohinoor ki bhinn konoan se taivarniyar ki abhikalpana ke anusar, mugal samrat shahajahaan ne kohinoor ko apane prasiddh 'mayoor sianhasan' ('takht-e-taus') mean j davaya. usake putr aurangazeb ne apane pita ko kaid karake agara ke qile mean rakha. yah bhi katha hai ki usane kohinoor ko khi daki ke pas is tarah rakha ki usake aandar shahajahaan ko 'tajamahal' ka pratibimb dikhaee de. kohinoor mugaloan ke pas 1739 mean hue eerani shasak nadirashah ke akraman tak hi raha. usane agara v dilli mean bhayankar lootapat ki. tab mugal badashahoan ki bahumooly vastuoan ke sath vah dilli ke mugal shasak shahamohammad se 'mayoor sianhasan' sahit kohinoor v agadh sampatti faras (eeran) loot kar le gaya aur kohinoor nadirashah ke svamitv mean a gaya. is hire ko prapt karane par hi nadirashah ke mukh se achanak nikal p da vah! koh-i-noor !! jisase isako apana vartaman nam mila. 1739 se poorv is nam ka koee bhi sandarbh jnat nahian hai.[[chitr:Nader-Shah.jpg|left|thumb|nadirashah]]

nadirashah ki patni ka kathan

kohinoor ka asali moolyaankan nadirashah ki ek katha se milata hai. usaki rani ne kaha tha ki "yadi koee shaktishali manav, paanch pattharoan ko charoan dishaoan v oopar ki or, poori shakti sahit pheanke, to unake bich ka khali sthan yadi suvarn v ratnoan matr se hi bhara jae, unake barabar isaki kimat hogi."

maharaja ranajit sianh ko bheant

san 1747 mean nadirashah ki hatya ke bad kohinoor afaganistan ke ahamadashah abdali (kabul ke amir) ke hathoan mean pahuancha. 1830 mean shoojashah, afaganistan ka tatkalin padachyut shasak kisi, tarah kohinoor ke sath bach nikala v panjab pahuancha. vahaan ke maharaja ranajit sianh ko yah hira bheant kiya. isake badale mean ranajit sianh ne eest iandiya kanpani ko apani tuk diyaan afaganistan bhej kar, afagan gaddi jit kar shahashooja ko vapas dilane ke liye taiyar kar liya.

pauranik manyataean

pauranik kathaoan ke anusar manyata hai ki- kohinoor ka pahala ulh‍lekh 3000/5000 varsh pahale mila tha aur yah prachin sanskrit itihas mean 'syamantak mani' nam se prasiddh raha tha. isaka nata shrikrishna kal se bataya jata hai. pauranik manyata ke anusar syamantak mani hi bad mean kohinoor kahalayi. hindoo kathaoan ke anusar, bhagavan shrikrishna ne svayan yah mani yuddh ke bad jamavant se li thi, jisaki putri jambavati ne bad mean shrikrishna se vivah bhi kiya tha. bhagavan shrikrishna ne yah mani jambavant rrishi se lobh mean le li tha. jab jamvant so rahe the, tab shrikrishna ne yah mani chura li. ek any katha ke anusar- ye mani soory se karn ko phir arjun aur yudhishthir ko mili. isake bad ashok, harsh aur chanh‍draguph‍t ke hath yah mani lagi. kahate hai vaidik yug mean dev-danav yuddh mean asuroan ne indr ke sianhasan se ukha d kar ise dakshin bharat mean kisi jagal mean ga d diya tha. ek any katha anusar- yah hira nadi ki tali mean ek machhuare ko mila tha, jisane sthaniy sahookar ko lagabhag 20 rupaye ke barabar dhanarashi mean ise bech diya tha. yah sari kahaniyaan lagabhag 3200 ee.poo. ki haian. [[chitr:Maharaja-ranjit-singh.jpg|thumb|maharana ranajit sianh]] any kee prasiddh javaharatoan ki bhaanti kohinoor ki bhi apani kathaean rahi haian. isase ju di manyata ke anusar, yah purush svamiyoan ke durbhagy aur mrityu ka karan bana v stri svaminiyoan ke lie saubhagy lekar aya. ek any manyata ke anusar, kohinoor ka svami sansar par rajy karane vala bana. lekin jab se isane apani pahachan banaee, yah bharat mean tabahi aur asthirata lane vala hi raha aur muslim shasakoan ke lie bhi yah barbadi ka soochak bana. kianvadanti hai ki kohinoor ek ashubh ratn hai aur apane svami par isaka prabhav anishtakari hota hai.

kohinoor bharat ke bahar nikala

maharaja ranajit sianh ne svayan ko panjab ka maharaja ghoshit kiya. lekin 1839 mean apani mrityu shayya par unhoanne apani vasiyat mean kohinoor ko puri (u disa) prasiddh shri jagannath mandir ko dan dene ko likha tha. kintu unake aantim shabdoan ke bare mean vivad utha aur antatah vah poore na ho sake. 29 march, 1849 ko lahaur ke qile par british dhvaj phaharaya. is tarah panjab british bharat ka bhag ghoshit hua. 'lahaur ki sandhi' ka ek mahattvapoorn aang yah bhi tha ki- "koh-i-noor namak ratn, jo shah-shooja-ul-mulk se maharaja ranajit sianh dvara liya gaya tha, lahaur ke maharaja dvara ianglaind ki maharani ko sauanpa jayega." sandhi ka prabhari gavarnar-janaral l aaurd dalahauzi tha, jisaki kohinoor ko arjit karane ki chahat is sandhi ke mukhy karanoan mean se ek thi. isake bharat mean kary sada hi vivadagrast rahe v kohinoor arjan ka krity bahut se british tikakaroan dvara alochit kiya gaya hai. halaanki, kuchh ne yah bhi prastav diya ki hire ko maharani ko sidhe hi bheant kiya jana chahie tha, bajay chhine jane ke. kintu dalahauzi ne ise yuddh ka munapha samajha v usi prakar saheja.[[chitr:Victoria.jpg|thumb|250px|left|maharani viktoriya]]

tarashana

bad ke samay mean dalahauzi ne 1851 mean kohinoor ko maharaja ranajit sianh ke uttaradhikari dalip sianh dvara maharani viktoriya ko bheant kiye jane ke prabandh kie. terah varshiy dalip sianh ne ianglaiand ki yatra ki aur maharani ko kohinoor bheant kiya. yah bheant kisi ratn ko yuddh ke mal ke roop mean sthanaantaran kie jane ka aantim drishtaant tha. ek mahanh pradarshani 1851 mean landan ke haid park mean rakhi gee thi, jahaan kohinoor ko british janata ke samaksh laya gaya. ne ratnatarashoan ki salah par kohinoor ki pratiratn ke katav mean kuchh badalav hue, jinase vah aur suandar pratit hone laga. 1852 mean maharani viktoriya ke pati prians albart ki upasthiti mean hire ko punah tarasha gaya, jisase vah 186.16 kairet/186.06 kairet (37.2 gram) se ghat kar 105.602 kairet/106.6 kairet (21.6 gram) ka ho gaya, kintu isaki abha mean kee guna badhottari huee. albart ne buddhimata ka parichay dete hue achchhi salahoan ke sath is kary mean apana ativ prayas lagaya. sath hi tatkalin 8000 pauand bhi ise tarashane mean kharch kiye, jisase is ratn ka bhar 81 kairat ghat gaya, parantu albart phir bhi asantusht the. hire ko mukut mean any do hazar hiroan sahit j da gaya. san 1911 mean kohinoor maharani mairi ke sarataj mean j da gaya aur aj bhi usi taj mean hai. bad mean ise maharaja ki patni ke kirit mean mukhy ratn j da gaya. maharani alekjeandriya ise prayog karane vali pratham maharani thian. inake bad maharani mairi thian. 1936 mean ise maharani elijabeth ke kirit ki shobha banaya gaya. san 2002 mean ise unake taboot ke oopar sajaya gaya.

durlabh aur beshakimati

prachalit itihas ke anusar duniya ke sabase durlabh aur beshakimati hire kohinoor ki briten ki maharani ke mukut tak pahuanchane ki dastan 'mahabharat' ke kurukshetr se lekar golakunda ke garib mazadoor ki kutiya tak phaili huee hai. briten ki maharani ke taj mean j da aur duniya ke anek badashahoan ke diloan ko lalachane ki kshamata rakhane vala anokha kohinoor duniya mean akhir kahaan se aya, is bare mean aitihasik ghatanaoan ke alava bahut-si kathaean bhi prachalit haian. yah hira anek yuddhoan, sajishoan, lalach, raktapat aur jay-parajayoan ka sakshi raha hai. kohinoor ko rakhane vale akhiri hindustani panjab ke maharaja ranajit sianh the. [[chitr:Shah-Jahan.jpg|thumb|shahajahaan]]

prapti sthan

kohinoor ke janm ki pramanit janakari nahian hai par 'jh‍velh‍s aauf bitren' ka manana hai ki san 1655 ke as-pas kohinoor ka janh‍m hinh‍dush‍tan ke golakunh‍da zile ki kohinoor khan se hua, jo aandhr pradesh mean vishv ki sabase prachin khanoan mean se ek haian. san 1730 tak yah vishv ka ekamatr jnat hira utpadak kshetr tha. isake bad brajil mean hiroan ki khoj huee. shabd golakunda hira, atyadhik shvet varn, spashtata v uchch koti ki paradarshita ke liye prayog ki jati rahi hai. yah atyadhik durlabh haian, atah kimati hote haian. tab hire ka vajan tha 787 kairet. ise bataur tohapha khan malikoan ne shahajahaan ko diya. san 1739 tak hira shahajahaan ke pas r‍ha. is hire ke bare mean dakshin bharatiy katha kuchh pukhta lagati hai. yah sanbhav hai ki hira aandhr pradesh ki kolar khan, jo vartaman mean guantoor zila mean hai, vahaan nikala tha.

vartaman mean

kohinoor hira san 2007 tak 'landan t aauvar' mean numaish ke liye rakha gaya tha. 'landan t aauvar' briten ki rajadhani landan ke keandr mean tems nadi ke kinare bana ek bhavy qila hai, jise san 1078 mean viliyam d k aauankarar ne banavaya tha. isake lie patthar fraans se mangae ge the. is parisar mean aur bhi kee imaratean haian. yah shahi mahal to tha hi, sath hi yahaan rajasi bandiyoan ke lie karagar bhi tha aur kee ko yahaan mrityu dand bhi diya gaya. henari ashtam ne apani rani ain bolin ka 1536 mean yahian sar qalam karaya tha. rajaparivar is qile mean nahian rahata hai, lekin shahi javaharat isamean surakshit haian, jinamean kohinoor hira bhi shamil hai.

kohinoor par dava

is hire ki labi katha ke bad kee desh is par apana dava jatate rahe haian. 1976 mean pakistan ke pradhan mantri julphikar ali bhutto ne british pradhan mantri jim kaileghan ko pakistan ko vapas karane ka anurodh kiya, jise unhoanne ek namr nahian kathor lahaje mean uttar diya. ek any dava bharat ne kiya tha. isake alava afaganistan ke taliban shasak aur phir eeran ne bhi is par apana dava pesh kiya.

bharat vapasi ka prayas

philahal kohinoor hire ko bharat vapas lane ko koshishean jari haian. ajadi ke phauran bad bharat ne kee bar kohinoor par apana malikana hak jataya hai. maharaja dalip sianh ki beti kaitharin ki san 1942 me mrityu ho gee thi, jo kohinoor ke bharatiy dave ke sanbadh mean thos dalilean de sakati thian. bharat ki golakuanda ki khanoan se kohinoor ke alava aur bhi duniya ke kee aitihasik beshakimati hire nikale, jaise-

1. gret mugal
2. oralov
3. agara dayamand
4. ahamadabad dayamand,
5. broliti aauf iandiya

ye sabhi hire kohinoor jitane hi beshakimati haian. kohinoor jitana to koee bhi hira beshakimati nahian ho sakata, ise ham dave ke sath kah sakate haian. aur kohinoor ki jo kahaniyaan haian, use padhane ke bad to yah anuman nahian lagaya ja sakata ki kaun si kahani sahi hai? vartaman samay mean is hire ki kimat hindustan ki adhi shahari jayadad ke barabar hai.

kohinoor ke sambandh mean

• vajan - 105-60 kairet (21 - 600 gram)
• vartaman kimat - lagabhag 150 hajar karod rupaye
• varn - mahanh shvet
• udgam khan - golakuanda
• mool svami - bharat
• vartaman svami - elijabeth dvitiy gret briten

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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